Pretest-posttest Control Group Design Research Articles

The Effect of Interpersonal Communication on Prevention Behavior of Early Hypertension among Student at SMAN 6 and SMAN 19 Bone

Background: Hypertension is a health issue that is not only experienced by adults but can also develop during adolescence. This condition often continues into adulthood, with essential hypertension in adults frequently stemming from habits and risk factors that emerge during adolescence. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2023 revealed that one in every 25 adolescents aged between 12 to 19 years old is diagnosed with hypertension. Among adolescents diagnosed with hypertension, 10% were found to have a prior history of prehypertension. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of interpersonal communication on early hypertension prevention behavior among students of SMAN 6 and SMAN 19 Bone. Materials and Methods: The research design used was Quasi Experiment with pretest-posttest control group design. 110 grade 11 students made up the study population. They were split into two groups: the experimental group, which got an interpersonal communication intervention (n=55), and the control group, which received counseling (n=55). This study was carried out at SMAN 6 and SMAN 19 Bone. Simple random sampling was the method of sampling employed in this study, and a questionnaire was utilized as the research tool to gauge students' knowledge, attitudes, and action both before and after they received the intervention, which had been validated and proven to be reliable. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used for both univariate and bivariate data analysis. Results: This study showed significant differences in knowledge, attitudes, and actions in the experimental group regarding hypertension prevention behaviors, with p-values for knowledge (p=0.017), attitude (p=0.000), and action (p=0.002). Conclusion: The interpersonal communication approach applied in the intervention proved to have an influence on hypertension prevention behavior, including knowledge, attitudes, and actions in students of SMAN 6 and SMAN 19 Bone.

Effectiveness of a scenario-based simulation course on improving the clinical communication skills of dietetic students

BackgroundEffective clinical communication skills are essential for dietitians as it impacts patient outcomes and satisfaction across diverse clinical and public healthcare settings. Despite its importance as a core competency, many dietetics programs, including those in Taiwan, need to provide sufficient training in this area. This study aimed to develop and assess a scenario-based simulation course to improve communication skills in dietetic students.MethodsA non-randomized control group pretest–posttest design was used. The intervention consisted of a 12-week scenario-based simulation communication course divided into three units employing diverse teaching methods. One hundred nineteen third-year dietetic students from two universities were enrolled through convenience sampling, with 59 students in the experimental group and 60 in the control group. The experimental group participated in the course intervention, whereas the control group received no clinical communication skills training. Effectiveness was assessed by comparing participants' self-assessment of communication skills and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) scores before and after the intervention and collecting feedback on learning satisfaction. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and ANCOVA.ResultsThe results showed that the post-test scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group in terms of self-assessed clinical communication confidence, self-efficacy, and competence after controlling for pre-test scores. In the experimental group, the post-test OSCE scores were significantly higher than the pre-test scores, except for one item related to the nutrition assessment of diabetes. The intervention course's average learning satisfaction score was above 4.4 (out of 5 points).ConclusionsThis course effectively enhanced dietetic students’ clinical communication confidence, self-efficacy, and communication skills. These results can provide a reference for integrating clinical communication courses into undergraduate dietetics curricula.

Development of Class V STEM-R Based Science Teaching Materials

The aim of this research is to test the effectiveness of science teaching materials based on Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Religion (STEM-R). The research design used is Research & Development (R&D) research with the ADDIE development model. This research also uses a pretest-posttest control group design, namely a research design with 2 comparison classes. This research was carried out at Cahaya Ilmu Islamic Elementary School, Semarang. The research subjects were class V students in the first semester of the 2024/2025 academic year, which consisted of two classes with a total of 50 students, namely 25 children as the experimental class and 25 children as the control class. Data collection techniques in this research are test and non-test techniques. The test data collection instrument uses essay questions, and the non-test data collection instrument consists of a questionnaire and observation guidelines. Data analysis techniques in research consist of normality tests, homogeneity, linear regression tests, and N-Gain tests. The results of this research are that STEM-R-based science and science teaching materials are effective in improving student learning outcomes. This is proven by student learning results during the pretest and posttest. The average student posttest score was 84.4. The results of the linear regression test show that the Sig value, namely 0.00, is less than 0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of STEM-R-based science teaching materials on the learning outcomes of fifth-grade students at Cahaya Ilmu Islamic Elementary School. The students' n-gain scores showed that there was a significant increase from pretest to posttest or after learning with STEM-R-based science teaching materials on the learning outcomes of fifth-grade students at Cahaya Ilmu Islamic Elementary School. Next, an average calculation was carried out to obtain an average n-gain for fifth-grade students at Cahaya Ilmu Islamic Elementary School of 0.61, which is in the medium n-gain criteria. The conclusion is that STEM-R-based science and science teaching materials are effective in improving student learning outcomes. Keywords: Teaching Materials, Science, STEM-R

Effect of core stabilization exercises on cervical sagittal balance parameters in patients with forward head posture: a randomized controlled trial in Egypt.

A randomized controlled trial using a pretest-posttest control group design. This study investigated the effects of core stabilization exercises (CSEs) on cervical sagittal vertical alignment (cSVA), Cobb's angle, and Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores in patients with forward head posture (FHP). FHP is a local poor neck posture. However, it is frequently caused by sagittal lumbopelvic malalignment. Therefore, an alternative view by which we can begin proximal neuromuscular control is necessary. This study included 36 patients with FHP with a mean age of 27±2.63 years. These patients were randomly assigned to the two following groups: experimental group A (n=19), which received CSEs and postural correctional exercises (PCEs), , and control group B (n=17), which received only the PCE program. Randomization was performed using the computer-generated block randomization method. Training was applied 3 times per week and lasted for 6 weeks. Data were collected before and after training using lateral view cervical X-ray and NDI. Two-way mixed-design multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant improvements in mean cSVA and NDI values after training (p <0.05) in experimental group (A) compared with pre-training values, whereas no significant differences in these values were observed after training in the control group. In contrast, no significant difference in the mean Cobb angle values after training was observed between the groups. Adding CSEs to PCEs is more effective than performing PCEs alone for managing FHP. The trial was registered in the ClinicalTrials. gov registry under the registration number NCT06160245.

Effectiveness of a blended (distance and in-person) simulation education program on advanced cardiac life support for nursing students using the PARTNER model

BackgroundThe incidence of acute cardiac arrest is increasing and is directly linked to patient survival, highlighting the critical role of nurses. Advanced nursing skills for cardiac arrest patients, such as self-directed pre-learning applied to various clinical situations, require a systematic blended learning approach to integrate knowledge and enhance clinical performance through face-to-face practice. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a blended simulation education program for Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) using the PARTNER model.MethodsA nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design with a time-lagged approach was used to collect data from 34 third-year nursing students. The experimental group(n = 17) received a 480-minute blended simulation education program based on the PARTNER model and flipped learning, while the control group(n = 17) participated in a 480-minute traditional simulation education program.ResultsThe study found that knowledge, confidence, performance in advanced cardiac life support, and clinical performance ability were effectively enhanced, although no significant effect was observed in learning satisfaction.ConclusionsThe program provides a new direction in applying blended simulation using the PARTNER model for advanced cardiac life support nursing education, ultimately contributing to the training of nurses competent in advanced cardiac life support.

Fa‘āliyatu Wasīlati Articulate Storyline li Tarqiyati Natā’iji Ta‘allumi al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah fī Maḍati al-Naḥwi

This study aims to improve the effectiveness of learning Nahw material using engaging and interactive media in class 2 of Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Kota Cimahi. Articulate Storyline is a type of interactive media accessible via smartphones or other devices, either online through links or offline, making it easier for students to access multimedia content. The research employed a quantitative True-experiment method with a Pretest-Posttest Control Groups design. The population comprised 252 students, with 72 students sampled from two classes: Religious and Science, each with 36 students. Data analysis involved Descriptive Statistics, Normality Test, Homogeneity Test, and Mann-Whitney Test using SPSS. The results showed significant differences in learning outcomes between experimental and control classes, with the experimental class achieving higher average scores (85.78 &gt; 81.009). The Mann-Whitney test revealed a significance value of 0.004 &lt; 0.05, confirming that the intervention effectively improved Arabic (Nahwu) learning outcomes.

Effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom Learning Model in Improving Students' Mathematical Reasoning Abilities in the Application of School Mathematics Course

This research aims to measure the effectiveness of the flipped classroom learning model in improving students' mathematical reasoning abilities in the Application of School Mathematics course at the Universitas Terbuka. The research method used was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample consisted of 60 students, who were divided into two groups: an experimental group that used the flipped classroom (n=30) and a control group that used the conventional method (n=30). The results of data analysis show that the average score of students' mathematical reasoning ability in the experimental group increased from 58.2 (SD = 8.7) in the pretest to 81.4 (SD = 7.2) in the posttest, with an average increase (N -gain) of 0.64 which is included in the medium category. In contrast, the control group experienced an increase from 57.6 (SD = 9.1) to 70.3 (SD = 8.5), with an N-gain of 0.38 which is in the low category. The t test showed that the increase in mathematical reasoning ability in the experimental group was significantly higher than in the control group (t = 4.12, p &lt; 0.001). These results indicate that the flipped classroom is an effective learning model in improving students' mathematical reasoning abilities. These findings provide an important contribution to the development of distance learning, especially at the Universitas Terbuka. This research recommends implementing the flipped classroom integrated with active learning strategies for other courses in mathematics education programs.

Shifting Student Attitudes of Gerontology Nursing: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of a Clinical Educator Programme.

Enduring shortages in the gerontology nursing workforce are projected to increase as demand for services for older persons grows. Recruitment of Registered Nurses in gerontology is further hindered by negative perceptions held by students towards nursing older people. To determine whether a professional development activity designed to assist clinical supervisors to build the mentorship capacity of care staff in residential aged care facilities could positively improve their clinical learning environment and improve student attitudes towards working with older adults. A quasi-experimental, non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. Clinical settings in which participants were undertaking an older person-focused clinical placement. A purposive sample of 466 first-year undergraduate nursing students. Forty-seven students responded to both the pre- and post-placement surveys. The intervention comprised four professional development sessions delivered to clinical supervisors supervising nursing students during clinical placement across three residential aged care facilities. Pre- and post-placement surveys measured Student Perceptions of Working with Older People (SPWOP). The modified Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI) was included in the post-placement survey to measure student perceptions of the clinical placement learning environment. Control group participants reported higher pre-placement SPWOP scores yet showed no significant improvement in score post-placement; however, the intervention group reported a statistically significant increase in SPWOP score post-placement. Modified CLEI results revealed the control group reported higher levels of engagement in the learning environment, yet the intervention group reported greater motivation to learn. An intervention designed to build staff mentorship capacity in gerontology care settings can positively influence student perceptions of working in gerontology. Despite these positive gains, results indicated that students who undertook placement at the intervention sites were less engaged. This disparity illuminates the need for continued efforts to build staff mentorship capacity in older person-focused clinical learning environments to improve student experiences and perceptions of gerontology nursing. Further research that engages directly with unregulated healthcare workers in geronotological care settings could provide new insights into what this cohort need to become effective mentors and shift student nurse attitudes towards caring for older adults.

The effectiveness of green technology-based STEAM projects to improve scientific literacy

Indonesian students' scientific literacy is classified as low in terms of international and regional research results. This research aims to increase students' scientific literacy through learning green technology-based STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics)-projects. This research is a quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent pretest-posttest control-group design. The research sample consisted of 288 junior high school students in Yogyakarta. The details of sample involved in this study were 144 students from the experimental class and 144 students from the control class. The sampling technique is cluster random sampling because the population is divided into regions or clusters. The instrument is in the form of scientific literacy test questions. The test items were analyzed using the gain score test and the Independent Sample T-Test with SPSS 22. The results showed that green technology-based STEAM projects can increase scientific literacy in the high category. The increase in students' scientific literacy in the experimental class was higher than in the control class. The results of the study also showed that there were differences in scientific literacy between the experimental class and the control class. Green technology-based STEAM projects can be an alternative for teachers to develop student's scientific literacy.

Peningkatan Kemampuan Berfikir Kritis dan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Siswa antara Siswa yang Diberi Pelajaran Kooperatif Tipe TPS Square dan TPS Share

This study aimed to assess the difference in improving critical thinking and mathematical problem-solving abilities among students receiving cooperative learning with the TPS Square and TPS Share methods. The experimental method utilized a pretest-posttest control group design involving two groups of students from a secondary school. One group received instruction using the TPS Square method, while the other group utilized the TPS Share method. Research instruments comprised tests on critical thinking and mathematical problem-solving abilities. Data collected were analyzed using non-parametric statistical techniques. The results of the analysis revealed a significant improvement from the pretest to the posttest, as reflected in higher test scores in the final stage. Based on the t-test calculations, the critical value (t-table) at a significance level of 5% (α = 0.05) was found to be 2.514. With the computed t-value exceeding the critical value (2.157 &gt; 2.514), it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the average critical thinking and mathematical problem-solving abilities before and after instruction using the cooperative learning models TPS and TPSq among the students of grade XII at SMA Al Washliyah 1 Medan during the academic year 2022-2023.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Auditory, Intellectually, Repetition dengan Pendekatan RME untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Siswa pada Materi Bangun Ruang Sisi Datar Kelas VIII SMP

This study aims to analyze the improvement of students' mathematical problem-solving abilities through the implementation of the AIR learning model with the RME approach on the topic of flat sided geometric material in Grade VIII at SMP Negeri 45 Batam. This research is a quasi-experimental type of research, with a pretest-posttest control group design. The sample was selected using probability sampling with a cluster random sampling method, so that two sample classes were obtained, VIII C as the experimental class and VIII F as the control class. The test instrument in the form of essay questions to measure students' mathematical problem solving abilities on flat-sided geometric material was used to collect research data. The research results showed that the average improvement in mathematical problem-solving abilities for the experimental class was 0.42, while for the control class it was 0.31. From the Independent t-test of N-Gain, the Sig. value was 0.044, it can be concluded that the average mathematical problem solving ability of students through the application of the AIR learning model with the RME approach is higher than the average mathematical problem solving ability of students using conventional learning models.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Berorientasi Socio-Scientific Issue Terhadap Keterampilan Pemecahan Masalah Ditinjau dari Kemampuan Akademik Siswa Pada Pembelajaran Biologi

This study aims to determine problem-solving skills through the application of socio-scientific issue-oriented problem-based learning reviewed from the academic abilities of grade X students and to find the interaction of the application of socio-scientific issue-oriented problem-based learning with academic ability on the biology problem-solving skills of grade X students. This research is a quasi-experimental design. The research design used is Pretest-Posttest Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The population of this study is Class X of SMA Negeri 1 Wonomulyo which consists of five classes, namely Classes X1 to X5 with the research samples used, namely Classes X3 and X6. The data collection technique uses eight-number essay questions that are arranged using problem-solving skill indicators that have been validated by expert validators. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The results of the study showed that (i) The average score of students who were taught with the SSI-oriented PBL model with a score of 74.38 (ii) The scoring criteria obtained from problem-solving skills are in the good category. (iii) The problem-solving skills of students who were taught with the SSI-oriented PBL learning model on high academic ability obtained an average score of 81.88 and students with low academic ability had an average score of 64.82. (iv).There was no effect of interaction between the model and academic ability on problem-solving skills. The conclusion of this research is that the problem-based learning model oriented towards socio-scientific issues has an effect on students' problem solving skills.

Flipped learning's impact on junior high students' critical thinking in ecology topic

Environmental issues have become a major global focus, with various stakeholders including practitioners, media, governments, and academics expressing concerns about ongoing environmental changes. To address these challenges, there is a need to enhance students' critical thinking skills to analyze ecological problems, equipping the next generation to understand and respond effectively. This study investigates the impact of the flipped learning model on middle school students' critical thinking skills in ecology topic. A quasi-experimental design was used, specifically a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design. Conducted at SMPN 216 Jakarta from January to June 2024, the research involved a sample of 72 students. Results analyzed with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test on gain scores indicate that the flipped learning model positively influences students' critical thinking skills in environmental issues, with an N-gain score of 0.49, categorized as medium. Therefore, this form of learning can be an effective alternative in improving students' critical thinking skills.

The Impact of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model utilising animated video learning media on student learning outcomes

This study aims to assess the effects of using an animated video medium in a problem-based learning approach on the learning outcomes of students. The research sample comprised 56 students in class XII at SMA Negeri 1 North Dampal, selected through non-random purposive selection methods. The research employed a pretest-posttest control group design. Information regarding student learning outcomes was acquired via pretest and posttest scores. Both pretest and posttest results have shown improvements across all indicators of creative thinking ability. The elaboration thinking indicator, with a percentage value of 90%, indicates creative thinking skills that approach the optimum score post-learning. It may be concluded that the problem-based learning methodology utilizing animated video media positively influences students' creative thinking abilities.

Improving Self-Efficacy and Behavior to Prevent Transmission in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients through Health Coaching Based on Social Cognitive Theory

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease that can be prevented with appropriate measures. However, many patients show low self-efficacy, leading to a lack of motivation to follow treatment and implement preventive measures. The research aim was Analyzing the Effect of Health Coaching based on Social Cognitive Theory on Self-efficacy and Transmission Prevention Behavior in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Methods: This quantitative research method uses a quasi-experiment design with a pretest-posttest control group design approach. The population of all Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients in the Working Area of the Lingat Health Center, Selaru District, Tanimbar Islands Regency is 49 people. The sample size was 34 respondents. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The study's independent variables are Health Coaching based on Social Cognitive Theory, and the dependent variables are Self-efficacy and Transmission Prevention Behavior. Results: The analysis using the Wilcoxon test obtained p=0.000 Self-efficacy and p=0.001 Transmission Prevention Behavior, which means that there is an Effect of Health Coaching based on Social Cognitive Theory on Self-efficacy and Transmission Prevention Behavior in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients Conclusion: Blood circulation becomes smooth because of pressure point massage which can stimulate endorphin neurotransmitters in the autonomic nerves so that the body relaxes. Pressure point massage intervention can be applied as an alternative therapy option in the management of hypertension which supports the treatment of hypertension so that blood pressure can be well controlled.

The Effects of ChatGPT-Generated Feedback on Saudi EFL Learners’ Writing Skills and Perception at the Tertiary Level: A Mixed-Methods Study

Corrective feedback plays a critical role in enhancing writing skills among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, but large class sizes often hinder the provision of personalized feedback. Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT have emerged as promising solutions that offer immediate and individualized feedback for writing. This study examined the effects of ChatGPT-generated feedback in comparison to teacher-generated feedback on Saudi EFL students’ writing skills and perception at the university level. A mixed-method approach was employed to ensure comprehensive data collection and analyses. Using the pretest-posttest control group design, 102 participants were assigned to an experimental group, which received ChatGPT-generated feedback, and a control group, which received teacher-generated feedback. Pretests, posttests, and a perception survey were used to collect the data. ANCOVA, with pretest scores as a covariate, and content analysis of perception data were conducted. The results indicated no statistically significant differences in posttest scores between the experimental group and the control group, suggesting that ChatGPT-generated feedback was as effective as teacher-generated feedback. The perception survey revealed an overall positive attitude toward the use of ChatGPT for academic writing. The study provides empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of generative AI tools in academic writing contexts.

Fostering entrepreneurial spirit: Elevating attitudes through local wisdom-infused project-based learning

Students often complete assignments just to fulfill their obligations, so project-based learning with an entrepreneurial orientation is expected to produce products with more market value. The purpose of this study was to improve students' entrepreneurial attitudes after implementing project-based learning on ecology material. This quasi-experimental study used a pretest-posttest control group design. A total of 48 students selected through purposive sampling technique were divided into experimental and control groups. The data collection instruments used were concept mastery tests, questionnaires, observations, and documentation while data analysis used descriptive analysis and mean difference tests. The results of the analysis showed that there was an increase in students' local wisdom-based entrepreneurial attitudes through the application of project-based learning models on Ecology material. Therefore, educators and curriculum developers adopt an approach that not only improves academic outcomes but also fosters entrepreneurial skills that are important for students' future success.

EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN VIDEO ANIMASI: STUDI EKSPERIMEN PADA PEMBELAJARAN FIQIH DI MTS ASH SHABIRIN SAMARINDA

This study is motivated by the low learning outcomes of students at MTs Ash Shabirin Samarinda. The aim of this study is to determine whether the use of animated videos is effective in improving the learning outcomes of eighth-grade students in the subject of Fiqh at MTs Ash Shabirin Samarinda. This research is an experimental study with a quantitative approach. The population used in this study consists of all eighth-grade students at MTs Ash Shabirin Samarinda. The research design used is the pretest-posttest control group design, which aims to determine whether there is a significant difference between the experimental class and the control class. Data collection techniques used include observation, tests, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used non-parametric tests due to the non-normal distribution of data, namely the Wilcoxon test, and the hypothesis test used the Mann-Whitney test. The validity and reliability of the data were tested using IBM SPSS version 24 for Windows. The results of the study show that the average Fiqh learning outcomes using animated videos are higher than the average Fiqh learning outcomes without using animated videos. The results of the Mann-Whitney hypothesis test show an Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.040 &lt; 0.05, which means the hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of animated videos is effective in improving students' learning outcomes at MTs Ash Shabirin Samarinda.

Optimizing Discovery Learning to Enhance HOTS: Why Use Argumentative Worksheets?

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) is very important for learners to master because they can develop the critical, analytical, and creative thinking skills needed to face complex challenges in daily life This study aims to examine the HOTS of students on the use of the Argumentative LiveWorksheet of Plant Tissue Structure through the Discovery Learning model. This type of research is a quasi-experiment using a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design. The subject of this study is 60 students of grade VIII of junior high school in Metro City which are divided into experimental classes and control classes. The research instrument is in the form of a HOTS essay test that measures the ability to analyze (C4), evaluate (C5), and create (C6) according to Bloom's taxonomy. In addition, questionnaire instruments are also used to find out students' responses to the learning carried out. The results showed that the experimental group that used the LiveWorksheet argumentative with the Discovery Learning model had a significantly higher HOTS score when compared to the control group. The argumentative LiveWorksheets with Discovery Learning creates a more dynamic learning environment by encouraging active student involvement in discussions, arguments, discovery, and reflective practices.

Pemanfaatan Augmented Reality sebagai Media Inovatif dalam Pembelajaran IPAS untuk Melestarian Sumber Daya Alam

The aim of this research is to explore the effectiveness of using Augmented Reality (AR) technology as an innovative medium in learning Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) to increase elementary school students' awareness and understanding of preserving natural resources. This research uses a quasi-experimental research method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research subjects were fifth grade students at an elementary school in Indonesia, who were divided into an experimental group that used AR media and a control group that used conventional learning media. The research results show that the use of AR media significantly increases students' understanding of the concept of preserving natural resources compared to traditional learning methods. In addition, students in the experimental group showed higher levels of learning motivation as well as active participation in class discussions. The implication of this research is that AR technology can be an effective and interesting learning tool in teaching complex environmental topics. The use of AR not only helps students understand concepts visually and interactively, but also motivates them to be more actively involved in efforts to conserve natural resources. The results of this research provide a basis for the development of technology-based learning media that can be applied in various educational contexts, especially to support sustainable education at the elementary school level.