Pressure Water Spray Research Articles

Improvement of residual oil recovery from oil palm biomass using high pressure water steam system for biodiesel production

Various applications of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) would be hindered by the presence of residual oil. This study aimed to remove and recover the residual oil from OPEFB using an integrated system, high pressure water spray system (HPWSS). The performance of the HPWSS was evaluated at different temperatures and water pressures, and the residual oil collected was recovered through water shaking method and tested for biodiesel application. A maximum of 84.9% of residual oil was removed by HPWSS at 60 °C and 8960 kPa and the highest residual oil recovery of 58.8% was observed at 95 °C, using power shaking 5 and 90% of dilution. The following ranges of deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI), free fatty acid (FFA), and peroxide value (PV) for the residual oil were 1.21 to 2.67, 7.11 to 10.4%, and 4.85 to 7.56, respectively. Biodiesel with different blends of recovered residual oil (5%, 10%, and 15%) showed lower values (9.87, 9.57, and 9.56 Nm) of brake torque as compared with diesel (10.89 Nm). Overall, this study showed the potential of HPWSS to obtain an acceptable quality of residual oil from OPEFB to be used in any value-added product generation.

UJI PERFORMANSI EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM PADA KUMBUNG JAMUR MERANG DENGAN VARIASI TEKANANNYA

The mushroom cultivation process carried out by farmers is usually in a kumbung measuring 7 meters long, 5 meters wide, and about 3 meters high. According to farmers' confessions, during the dry season or when the weather is sunny (daytime conditions) the temperatur inside the kumbung is relatively high and can reach temperatures of up to 40 oC. These conditions are clearly not in accordance with the optimum conditions of mushroom growth, where the optimum temperature of the mushroom growth ranges from 30 oC - 35 oC. For this reason, it is necessary to apply an air conditioning system in the mushroom room so that its growth can be optimally as expected. The method used to cool the mushroom room is to use high-pressure spray cooling, where the cooling method of the spray cooling is to utilize the evaporative cooling principle of pressurized water spray with the help of a compressor. The water spray pressure in this test will be varied at 5 psi, 10 psi, and 15 psi. From the experiments that have been carried out, the results of the test at a pressure of 5 psi have the highest efficiency, which is about 19,2%, while at a pressure of 10 and 15 psi it has an efficiency of about 34,2 % and 38,7%, respectively. The average room temperature for a pressure of 5 psi is about 34.8 oC, while for a pressure of 10 and 15 psi each has an average room temperature of about 33.7 oC and 33,4 oC. Furthermore, the cost operational for the 5 , 10 , and 15 psi tests have values of about Rp 18.860,- Rp 29.741,- and Rp 40.662,- montly.

Process for production of ready to drink iced teas from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and linden (Tilia cordata): pressurized hot water extraction and spray drying.

The aim of this study was to produce ready to drink (RTD) iced teas from sage and linden. For this purpose, phenolics of sage and linden were extracted by pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) and then the extracts obtained were spray dried by the addition of maltodextrin. The powders produced by spray drying were processed into RTD sage and linden iced teas by adding sucrose and citric acid. The optimum conditions of PHWE of sage and linden were at 160°C and for 10min and 5min, respectively. The solubility and microencapsulation efficiency of spray dried powders were found to be greater than 97%. In addition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of RTD iced teas are parallel with those of microencapsulated sage and linden powders after pasteurization at 80°C for 5min. The sensory analysis of RTD iced teas showed that products were well-accepted by the panelists.

Application of pressurized water extraction and spray drying techniques to produce soluble spearmint tea

Bioactive components of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) including essential oil and phenolics were obtained by pressurized water extraction technique. The influences of 3 factors (temperature, time and extraction cycle) on the extraction yield of phenolics and essential oil were examined. The optimum points in pressurized water extraction were determined as 140 °C and 10 min for simultaneous extraction of essential oil and phenolics of spearmint. One extraction cycle in pressurized water extraction resulted in 88.2 and 76.7% recoveries for essential oil and phenolics, respectively. The extracts obtained by pressurized water extraction were transformed into soluble spearmint teas by spray drying with the aid of coating materials including Arabic gum and maltodextrin. The difference between the physicochemical properties (solubility, water content, color, antioxidant capacity, total phenolics) of soluble spearmint teas were insignificant (p > 0.05) when maltodextrin was replaced with Arabic gum from 0 to 100%. However, increase in the ratio of Arabic gum to maltodextrin significantly (p < 0.05) improved the essential oil retention in soluble spearmint teas. Descriptive sensory analyses revealed that use of equal amount of maltodextrin and Arabic gum gave rise to substantial retention of the specific flavor and aroma of spearmint in the final products.

Weathering of Two Anti-Graffiti Protective Coatings on Concrete Paving Slabs

The durability of anti-graffiti coatings is of special relevance since, unlike other protective treatments, they are not only affected by environmental factors, but also by often aggressive cleaning procedures. However, little is known about the long-term performance of either permanent or sacrificial coatings. This study explores the durability of two commercial coatings on concrete paving slabs under both natural and artificial ageing tests. The results of this research show that a fluorinated polyurethane and a crystalline micro wax weathered in less than 2000 h in a chamber with UVB radiation and after one year of outdoor exposure in the south of England. The former weathered by getting yellow and dark, and eventually, only under the accelerated ageing test, by losing its adhesion to the concrete slabs, and the latter weathered by getting dark, cracked and by reducing its water repellency under natural conditions. Cleaning efficiency of the protected surfaces from graffiti paints was therefore diminished, particularly when pressurized water spray was used on the polyurethane coated surfaces, since the treatment was partially removed and the concrete surface eroded.

Experiments on aerosol removal by high-pressure water spray

An experimental research was managed in the framework of the PASSAM European Project to measure the efficiency of high-pressure sprays in capturing aerosols when applied to a filtered containment venting system in case of severe accident.The campaign was carried out in a purposely built facility composed by a scrubbing chamber 0.5×1.0m and 1.5m high, with transparent walls to permit the complete view of the aerosol removal process, where the aerosol was injected to form a cloud of specific particle concentration. The chamber was equipped with a high pressure water spray system with a single nozzle placed on its top.The test matrix consisted in the combination of water pressure injections, in the range 50–130bar, on a cloud of monodispersed SiO2 particles with sizes 0.5 or 1.0μm and initial concentration ranging between 2 and 99mg/m3. The spray was kept running for 2 min and the efficiency of the removal was evaluated, along the test time, using an optical particle sizer.With respect to low-pressure sprays, the removal efficiency turned out much more significant: the half-life for 1μm particles with a removal high-pressure spray system is orders of magnitude shorter than that with a low-pressure spray system.The highest removal rate was detected with 1μm particles at the highest water injection pressure, mainly because of the high concentration of droplets with high velocity, while lower removal was measured for 0.5μm particles. No influence of the initial aerosol concentration was observed for both particle sizes.

Enhanced oil recovery and lignocellulosic quality from oil palm biomass using combined pretreatment with compressed water and steam

A large volume of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is generated as waste feedstock around the globe. This abundant waste containing 0.75% oil on average could be a promising feedstock for biodiesel production if oil recovery could be accomplished in an economically-viable and environmentally-friendly manner. To achieve that, a new method called High Pressure Water Spray (HPWS) system was introduced and performed by spraying pressurized water (500 psi) at 30 °C, 60 °C, and 90 °C and combination of water-steam at 120 °C and 150 °C onto the surface of the oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB). The results obtained indicated that, the highest oil removal yield of 94.41 ± 0.02 wt% was obtained at 150 °C. Moreover, bioprospection of biodiesel properties based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile revealed that the biodiesels produced from the fresh crude palm oil and residual oil were comparable and were in accordance with international standards. In addition to that, the HPWS process led to an enhanced quality of the remaining lignocellulosic materials for conversion into other value added bio-products such as ligno-ethanol by decreasing lignin content and increasing cellulose content. In view of environmental impact assessment, the HPWS system showed favorable impacts on all the end-point damage categories especially in resources damage category. Moreover, economic assessment showed that the recovered CPO could be generated at a low price of USD 0.41 vs. USD 0.66 for CPO. Overall, this process could drastically increase the market value of an abundant type of waste in many parts of the world, i.e., EFB leading to the generation of additional wealth for the palm oil industry.

Effect of washing with a high pressure water spray on removal of Listeria innocua from Gorgonzola cheese rind

Contamination of Gorgonzola cheese surface by Listeria is a difficult problem to solve by only applying good manufacturing practices. Treating of the cheese rind at the end of ripening may be a tool to improve cheese safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a high pressure water spray washing technology in reducing Listeria load from Gorgonzola cheese rind without using oxidizing agents. The surface of Gorgonzola cheese was contaminated (up to 10 7 cfu g −1 of scraped rind) with a mixture of four strains of Listeria innocua. The count of Listeria was made by scraping (2 mm depth) the rind of the cheese. The contaminated cheeses were then washed at different pressures, ranging from 1 to 5 MPa for 1 min. The lower the pressure, the lower was the removal of Listeria. A reduction of up to 99.89% was achieved washing the cheese at 5 MPa, followed by rinsing at 1 MPa for 1 min. Changing the inoculum size (10 2, 10 4, and 10 7 cfu g −1), did not change the efficacy of Listeria removal, when the same water pressure was applied. The washing of Gorgonzola cheese with pressurized jet water, without adding any preservative to the water, can be considered a further important physical hurdle, in controlling pathogenic bacteria and improving cheese safety.

An investigation of descaling spray on microstructural evolution in hot rolling

High pressure water spray is used to remove oxide scales in hot rolling of steel plate. This would reduce the temperature temporarily on the workpiece surface. To investigate the effect of temperature variation due to the descaling spray on the microstructural evolution, a thermal-mechanical coupled FE model has been established. The heat loss due to the spray is experimentally measured and modelled using the established FE model. The heat transfer coefficient is determined using an inverse engineering method. A set of unified viscoplastic constitutive equations is implemented into the commercial FE solver MARC through the user-defined subroutine CRPLAW. The effect of descaling water spray on the surface temperature variation is numerically studied. Furthermore, the effect of surface temperature variation on the evolution of dislocation density, recrystallisation and grain growth is investigated for various hot rolling conditions.

Water Spray Protection of Machinery Spaces

This report provides an evaluation of the firefighting capabilities of fixed pressure water spray systems for machinery spaces as described in Regulation 10 of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). The objective of this evaluation was to determine if a system meeting the minimum SOLAS requirement can provide adequate protection of shipboard machinery spaces. To meet this objective, the capabilities and limitations of twelve water spray systems were determined using the International Maritime Organization (IMO) test protocol for water mist systems (MSC 668 and 728) as the basis for this analysis. The tests were conducted in a simulated 500-m3 machinery space onboard the U.S. Coast Guard's test vessel STATE OF MAINE. Generally speaking, the trends in performance of water spray systems were similar to those observed for water mist systems. All systems were capable of extinguishing larger fires (4 kW/m3 and greater) with variations in system capabilities becoming apparent as the fire size was reduced (2 kW/m3 and below). Only about half of the systems were capable of extinguishing the 1.0 MW obstructed spray fire located on the side of the engine mock-up (similar to IMO-6). Water mist systems typically exhibit slightly better capabilities primarily against the smaller fires. It was concluded that the capabilities of these systems cannot be associated with a single parameter such as application rate and must be determined empirically. As a result, the approval of these systems needs to be performance based as with all other fire suppression systems required by SOLAS. It was recommended that SOLAS Regulation 10 be re-written to cover all water based machinery space systems with the caveat that they pass a modified IMO test protocol based on the one currently used for approving water mist systems [MSC 668 and 728].

Different Control Measures Against the Insect Pests of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)

Different control measures, viz., M.Y. (Muhammad Yousuf) Strategy (Pressurized water spray), Cultural practice (Picking and burrying of infested fruit) and Diptrex (trichlorfon) as cover and bait spray with Protein hydrolysate were tested for their effectiveness against the insect pests of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) M.Y. Strategy gave better control of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) as compared with Diptrex and Diptrex plus Protein hydrolysate. In case of melon fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), Diptrex was the most effective followed by Diptrex plus Protein Hydrolysate and cultural practice but the M.Y. Strategy showed no effect.

Triboelectricity and some associated phenomena

Examples of phenomena associated with triboelectricity include the charged nature of amber rubbed with silk, sparks from flint striking steel, frictional van de Graaff generators, lightning, the explosion in an unloaded petroleum tanker during cleaning of the hold with a high pressure water spray, and the clinging of extruded polyethylene film foodwrap to a dish. Separation of positive and negative charges is the common feature. Triboluminescence and the phenomenon called sonoluminescence (the emission of light from a liquid when acoustic energy is absorbed by small, trapped gas bubbles) probably also involve separation of charges. In this review, some recent experiments are briefly discussed and the current problems of interpretation are pointed out. Electrorheology is concerned with field enhanced dipole–dipole interaction in relation to the mechanical stress required to achieve separation. A recent study of highly polarisable microparticles, made by coating small glass spheres with Ni metal followed by a thin insulating layer of TiO2 , is described.

Smartbox Insecticide Applicator and Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1994

Abstract The objective of this study was to obtain corn rootworm efficacy data for Force 3G and Fortress 5G insecticides applied through SmartBox and Noble granular applicator systems. The test plot was planted 3 May at the Iowa State University NW Research Center, located near Sutherland, IA. The research site, a silty clay soil, had been planted to a trap-crop the previous year. The experimental design was a RCB, with insecticide treatments applied to paired rows, 75 ft in length, replicated 8 times. A John Deere 7100, 2-row corn planter had been set up with the SmartBox delivery system and calibrated for application using the radar speed input device. The planter could also be set up to deliver insecticide with modified Noble metering units; SmartBox mounting cradles were removed and replaced with Noble mounting brackets. All treatments were applied at 4 mph and planter drag chains were used for insecticide incorporation. Prior to planting, previous SmartBox calibration settings were checked for accuracy. Controller (computer) settings for all Force and Fortress treatments delivered more than the + 5% allowable range. All treatments were recalibrated according the SmartBox Instruction Guide. Prior to planting, the research area was pre-flagged for treatment placements. All treatments utilizing the SmartBox system were applied and then the planter was converted for the Noble delivery system. When planting, both rows were constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being applied correctly. When using the SmartBox delivery system, it was observed that insecticide did not start flowing at the full rate until 5-7 paces (12-17 ft) into the plot. Seemingly, it took this long for the tractor/planter to reach 4 mph and the radar gun to give an accurate reading to the SmartBox controller. To ensure that plot measurements were taken from areas where insecticide was being dispensed at the proper rate, only the center portion of each replication was used. Following the majority of rootworm feeding (18 Jul), 5 consecutive roots were dug from each of the paired treatment rows (10 roots/treatment × 8 replications = 80 roots/treatment). Prior to transport back to Ames, roots were tagged for identification and excess soil was removed. In Ames, a pressurized water spray was used to remove remaining soil. Roots were then rated for rootworm feeding damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no damage or only a few minor feeding scars, and a 6 rating equal to 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken on 31 Aug. Corn was machine harvested from 30 row-ft per treatment on 14 Oct. Weights were converted to No. 2 shelled corn at 15.5% moisture and analyzed for treatment effects. On 9 Nov, stand counts were taken in the harvested area.

High Pressure Water Spray to Control Chaff Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Citrus

High Pressure Water Spray to Control Chaff Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in Citrus

Fruit development of Carina (Shiraz × Sultana) in response to growth regulators applied at calyptra dehiscence

Growth regulators known to improve yield and quality of Zante and a mechanical treatment utilizing high velocity air and a high pressure water spray to physically dislodge the calyptras were applied at dehiscence in 1979 and 1980 to vines of Carina, a male-sterile hybrid selection of Shiraz x Sultana. The vines were grown in the Barossa Valley, South Australia. The mechanical treatment was ineffective in dislodging the calyptras and there were no significant differences in yield or components of yield between treated and untreated vines in either year. The three growth regulators, CCC 100 ppm + GA 1 ppm, 4-CPA 20 ppm + GA 0.5 ppm, and GA 10 ppm, had marked effects on yield and components of yield, but the response varied between sprays and between years. In 1980 4-CPA + GA produced more berries per bunch, heavier bunches and more fresh fruit per vine than both CCC + GA and GA, while in I98 1, 4-CPA + GA and GA were superior to CCC + GA. There were no differences in concentration of soluble solids, pruning weight or dried berry weight in either year. The processed dried fruit of all treatments was of excellent quality.

Design, Evaluation and Effluent Water Quality Analysis of Three Oyster Shellstock Washers

ABSTRACT A rotary brush washer, a pressurized water spray washer and a rotary tumbler washer were designed, constructed, and their efficiency in washing oyster shellstock was determined. Washer effluent water quali-ty was determined for the brush and spray washer. The brush and spray washer did an acceptable job of washing oyster shellstock. The tumbler washer damaged oysters enough that it could not be used in any commercial operation. Water quality analysis of washer effluent showed that effluent must be disinfected prior to discharge, and in some instances, the pH must be lowered to meet existing Maryland and EPA limitations.

Respiration of sugarbeets following harvest in relation to temperature, mechanical injury and selected chemical treatment

The loss of sugar from sugarbeets during storage is a sIg­ nificant economic factor. Some factors which contribute to this post-harvest loss include dehydration, decay, mechanical injury, sprouting, freezing, respiration and sugar conv~rsions. Although quite variable, sugar losses alone have been estimated (6)3 at approximately I pound of sugar per ton of beets per day over the normal processing period, which may be as long as 4 montbs following harvest. Another es timate (2) places the average loss at more than 40 pounds of sugar per ton of beets pi led, excluding processing loss. There is , therefore, great interest within the beet sugar industry to minimize this loss by improving the handling and storage techniques. Accurate assessment of the various factors contributing to the overall loss is of paramount importance in order to determine where improvement should be made, if proven economically feasib le. Knowledge of sugarbeet respiration and factors which in­ fluel1Ce its magnitude may be of value in developing improved handling and storage techniques. This study was initiated to determine the influence of temperature, mechanical injury and selected chemicals on the respiration rate of sugarbeets. Materials and Methods The sugarbeets (variety GW H-l ) employed in these studies were grown near Fremont, Ohio. They were harvested on October 16 and November 6, 1967. Those from the first harvest were subjected to post-harvest chemical treatments, mecharii cal injury and ethylene treatment. Beets from the second harvest were employed for storage temperature and mechanical injury studies. The beets for both studies upon harvest were topped manuall y (cut just below the crown), a nd cleaned by a high pressure water spray to remove the adhering soil. The chemica l treatment study consisted of 4 lots of approximately 30 beets each, fairly uniform in size, which r eceived a IS-s econd immersion in one of the following treating solutions: 1) potassium azide - a res­