Pressure-State-Response Model Research Articles

The coordination of technological and financial innovation concepts on the marine economy and its ecological development

This study first constructs an evaluation index system based on the pressure state response model, and assigns weights through entropy method and coefficient of variation method, providing theoretical and methodological support for comprehensive measurement and evaluation. Second, the least squares decision model is introduced and the PVAR model is used to analyze the development level of China's marine economy, ecology, and technological and financial innovation. The results indicated that from 2012 to 2022, the marine economic development level, marine ecological development level, and marine technology and financial innovation development level of 9 coastal provinces in China all showed a certain growth trend. However, in terms of the level of marine ecological development, various provinces had shown a downward trend, with Hebei performing the best, with an average of 0.230. Although various regions have achieved significant development in marine economy, ecology, and technological and financial innovation, the level of development varies among regions, and some regions have relatively low levels of technological innovation. The pressure and challenges between the marine economy and ecological environment protection caused by these real environments remain significant.

Precise Identification of Site Characteristics and Risk Management of Ningdong Coal Power Base

With the active development of coal-related industries in Ningdong, problems such as land degradation caused by coal-based site expansion and soil pollution caused by coal-based solid waste discharge are getting progressively worse. The identification of space types and the proposal of risk management are the key basic issues of regional energy resource low-carbon development and ecological protection. This article proposes an index system for feature extraction at the regional and site scales. The spatial–temporal evolution trends and differences in Ningdong coal power base from 2003 to 2021 were identified and interpreted through feature recognition based on Landsat images at the regional scale. Accurate site type recognition was conducted based on 10 m resolution Sentinel-2 images from 2021. We utilized the PSR (pressure–state–response) model for a comprehensive assessment of risk management in Ningdong. The results of this study show that the coal site > the coal chemical site > the coal power site, and the risk of the coal power base is in a controllable state; thus, we put forward a zoning control strategy. Our data on the pollution risk management of large-scale coal-fired power generation complexes are of significant importance for site remediation and regional ecological restoration.

A Hybrid DEMATEL and Bayesian Best–Worst Method Approach for Inland Port Development Evaluation

Inland ports are gaining more and more attention as important hubs for inland cities to promote foreign trade. However, studies on the evaluation of inland ports are lacking. In this work, we aim to construct an index system and propose a multi-criteria group decision-making method to comprehensively evaluate the development of inland ports. Unlike previous studies, using pressure–state–response model as a reference, we built up a demand–risk–power–potential framework for the index system proposed in this study. To determine the different weights for each indicator, which is a typical multi-criteria decision-making problem, we innovatively combined the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and the Bayesian best–worst method (BBWM) based on their distinct advantages in dealing with data coupling and group decision-making. In addition, this work introduces a case study of inland ports in the Huaihai Economy Zone to validate the efficacy of the proposed evaluation model and method. After calculating and obtaining the comprehensive scores and rankings of each inland port in this case, we compared the evaluation results with those under the BBWM, TOPSIS, and CRITIC methodologies, and found that the results under the DEMATEL–BBWM methodology can provide better differentiation for inland port evaluation results. Moreover, based on the evaluation results, a performance–importance matrix is formulated to identify the areas requiring attention in the development process of each inland port. Subsequently, rational managerial insights are put forward to achieve the sustainable development of inland ports in the Huaihai Economy Zone.

Construction of ecological security evaluation model of healing landscape based on deep learning

With the rapid growth of the global population and the increasing urbanization, the urban landscape in China is gradually enriched, and the scale of the landscape that plays a healing role is expanding. However, curing the problem of landscape ecological security is an important part of Homeland security, economic and social sustainable development. We must deal with the relationship between high-quality social development and ecological environment protection on the basis of scientific evaluation. To address this issue, research has provided better data support for feature extraction through image preprocessing. Then the Convolutional neural network in deep learning is trained through a large number of collected measured data. Finally, the pressure state response model is used to evaluate the ecological security of the healing landscape. The results show that the average error of the ground class in 2010 was 13.65%, and the fitting accuracy reached 86.35%, indicating that this method has high accuracy and can be effectively applied in evaluation. Meanwhile, in 2010 and 2019, the average landscape ecological security levels of City A were 7.27 and 6.65, both at a “safe” level, but the overall security level showed a downward trend. It is recommended to optimize the land use pattern in future urban planning and construction, improve the urban landscape ecological security index value, and maintain consistency with the actual situation of the city. This can provide reference for the evaluation model of urban landscape ecological security, and further provide scientific basis and guidance for the ecological civilization construction of urban agglomerations. In subsequent research, the evolution trend of urban landscape ecological security can be taken as the research goal, and finally, guidance on optimizing urban landscape ecological security can be provided.

Cloud model assessment of urban flood resilience based on PSR model and game theory

The frequency of urban floods is increasing due to extreme precipitation events, necessitating urgent improvements in urban flood resilience (UFR). To effectively assess the level of UFR, this contribution proposes an improved cloud model UFR assessment model based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model and game theory. A UFR index system is constructed based on the PSR model, incorporating urban constituent elements, resilience characteristics and resilience realization process. Based on game theory, the analytic hierarchical process (AHP) and entropy weight method (EWM) are combined to build an improved cloud assessment model of UFR. Taking Zhengzhou City as an example, the assessment results show that with nine years of continuous efforts, the UFR of Zhengzhou has improved year by year from 2012 to 2020 and reached medium resilience level III from lower resilience level II. The pressure layer is found to be risky, the state layer is moderate resilience, and the response layer is more responsive. The assessment model is feasible, and the results are consistent with the actual situation. Optimization suggestions are made in terms of infrastructure and ecological environment, early warning and emergency management, and flood resilience knowledge learning, respectively, to provide theoretical support and decision-making reference for the improvement of the UFR management level.

Spatio-Temporal Patterns and Driving Factors of Green Development Level of Urban Agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin

ABSTRACT Promoting green development (GD) is key for the Yellow River Basin (YRB) to step into the phase of high-quality development. This study constructs a green development level (GDL) evaluation system based on the PSR (Pressure-State-Response) model, and estimates the GDL of urban agglomerations (UAs) in the YRB from 2008 to 2019 using the entropy weight-TOPSIS model. Then the Moran’I and the Theil index are adopted to explore the spatio-temporal patterns of the GDL, and the Geo-detector is used to investigate the driving factors of the GDL. The results suggest that: (1) The GDL of UAs in the YRB is characterized by “low growth” and “unbalanced,” with a general pattern of “east-west prominence but central collapse”. (2) The GDL in the YRB shows significant spatial correlation characteristic. (3) The main sources of regional variation of the GDL in the UAs is inter-group differences in 2008–2013 and intra-group differences in 2014–2019. (4) The main driver of the differences of the GDL is economic development, and the effect of the interaction of any two driving factors is greater than that of the single factor.

Spatiotemporal evolution of ecological entropy in an ecologically vulnerable area

Abstract The spatiotemporal evolution of ecological entropy (EE) reflects the differences and correlations among the different elements (roads, rivers, land, etc.) and regions in an ecosystem. In this study, an index system for evaluating the EE in an ecologically vulnerable area in China from 2005 to 2020 is constructed according to the pressure–state–response model. Models of the EE and its gradient are constructed, and they are evaluated using GIS and remote sensing. The results show that except for the utilization rate of solid waste, the index values of EE have increased dramatically in the past 16 years. Investment in waste pollution control, GDP per capita, vegetation index in July, and utilization rate of solid waste make large contributions to the EE. The EEs on the edge of the ecologically vulnerable area increased from 2005 to 2020, indicating that the ecological environment in these areas has deteriorated year by year. The regions with the largest outflow of EE indicate that the EEs of these regions had a large impact on those of their surrounding regions. The regions with the largest inflow of EE indicate that the ecological security of these regions is relatively stable to the surrounding regions. Large EE gradients existed between adjacent regions show large rate of change and inflow and outflow of EE. The results contribute to alleviating the high entropy, reversing the ecological imbalance, enhancing the ecological benefits, and improving the environmental quality in an ecological entropy system. The present results offer decision support for ecological evaluation, protection, restoration, compensation, and security.

A sustainable solution to manage ecosystem health of wetlands in urban and peri-urban areas of Lucknow district, India using geospatial techniques and community based pragmatic approach

Wetlands are multi-functional landscapes between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that provide habitat for wildlife, support groundwater recharge, moderate climate, control flood and fulfil the livelihood of the communities. Rapid population growth, urban expansion, and industrialization have caused the degradation of wetlands over the last few decades. The wetlands located in the urban and peri-urban areas are generally the most threatened ecosystems globally. The present study assessed the ecosystem health of urban and peri-urban wetlands of Lucknow district in India and recommended a sustainable solution for their management. Remote sensing data derived from the normalized difference vegetation index, modified normalized difference water index, and land use/land cover change were utilized for analyzing the spatiotemporal change in areas under wetlands, from 1989 to 2018. Site-specific indicators on pressure, state and response were integrated in FRAGSTATS-based assessment to construct a Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model. A qualitative field survey has been conducted through focus group discussion and expert opinion to validate the result from the PSR model. The results revealed that the overall health of the wetlands has deteriorated drastically in these peri-urban areas owing to anthropogenic activities. The wetland ecosystem's health is significantly correlated with land transformation. The study recommended community participation, and involvement of local authorities in storing rainwater, constructing culverts and channels, and interlinking them with wetlands for sustainable conservation and effective management of the wetland ecosystem.

Ecological security assessment and ecological management zoning based on ecosystem services in the West Liao River Basin

Ecological security (ES) can express the health and integrity of regional ecosystems; hence, a better understanding of regional ES levels and their influencing factors can help to specify sustainable ecological management policies. Levels of ES in the West Liao River Basin were computed for the years of 2000 to 2020 at both the grid and county scale by using the pressure–state–response model, with ecosystem services also included in the assessment system. From 2000 to 2020, the area of both the forests and grasslands increased, due to the Grain for Green Project, which augmented net primary productivity (NPP), an ecosystem production service, and enhanced the overall habitat quality of the basin and promoted improvements to the regional ecological environment. The ES levels in most areas of the West Liao River Basin were improved over time, in that >90% of its area was above the middle level in 2020. The coordinates of “very insecure” moved to the basin's southeast, while “very secure” moved to its northwest, which indicated serious ES problems in the southeast of the basin. When compared with the most economically developed areas or remote areas having societal progress and human activities, generally the moderately developed areas have better ES levels. Further, human factors are more important to ES than natural factors, though all driving factors had enhanced impacts on the change in ES via their interactive effects. By determining the ES levels of the basin, four ecological management zones were then derived for it. We identified the main environmental problems in each ecological management zones and put forward the corresponding management measures, which would make the results more useful for supporting resource management and ecological protection of ecologically fragile areas in the agriculture and pasture interlaced landscape of northern China.

Construction and Application of a Groundwater Overload Evaluation System Based on the PSR Model

Groundwater assessment has several technical deficiencies, especially because the decision-making platform for basic data collection, analysis, and evaluation has not been established. Based on the computer architecture theory and business processing logic, we designed a set of groundwater resource overload evaluation systems using the ArcGIS platform and Python language based on the comprehensive analysis of many research schemes. According to the pressure–state–response (PSR) theoretical programming model, the system pre-sets the evaluation index from three aspects: overexploitation, bearing capacity, and overload. The entropy weight method was used to determine the factor weight. The system was used to evaluate and analyze the groundwater overload in Xi’an, and the performance and accuracy of the system were also verified. The results showed that the serious overload area of groundwater in Xi’an was located in the alluvial fan area of Yanliang District, Gaoling District, and Huyi District, and the alluvial fan area of Lintong District, City Six Districts, and Zhouzhi County. The general overload area was located in the alluvial plain area of City Six Districts, Chang’an District, the flood plain and the first terrace of Huyi District, the loess tableland area of Zhouzhi County, and the alluvial fan area of Lantian County. The remaining areas were not overloaded. The evaluation results matched the study, which confirmed that the evaluation system was stable and that the results were reliable.

Ecological Environmental Quality in China: Spatial and Temporal Characteristics, Regional Differences, and Internal Transmission Mechanisms

In recent years, ecological environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect, soil erosion, climate change, and biodiversity reduction have become more and more salient, and ecological environmental quality has gradually become a research hotspot. This paper constructs an index system for evaluating ecological environment quality based on the pressure–state–response (PSR) model, which contains three elemental layers, natural resources, ecological environment, and government inputs, measures the ecological environment quality index by using the “vertical and horizontal layer by layer” scatter degree method, and discusses the spatial and temporal evolution trends of ecological environment quality in each province and six regions in China during 2005–2020. This paper further measures the regional ecological environment quality differences by using the Thiel index and analyzes the transmission mechanism within the pressure–state–response model by using the mediation models. The results show that the ecological environment quality of all Chinese provinces and six regions has improved significantly during the period under study, the response system and state system scores have improved significantly, the unbalanced development of ecological environment quality within north China has improved the most, and there are significant direct and mediation effects among the subsystems within the ecological environment quality with high system transmission efficiency. Therefore, the government should improve the quality of the ecological environment by seeking cross-provincial linkage development, improving the level of pollution control, and formulating relevant standards and laws and regulations.

Wetlands ecological security assessment in lower reaches of Taoerhe river connected with Nenjiang river using modified PSR model

Over the past two decades, with the implementation of a series of ecological restoration projects and the comprehensive improvement projects of agriculture, most of the ecological environments in Western area of Northeast region have been significantly improved. Therefore nearly all the wetlands have been significantly improved from the perspective of landscape and vegetation cover. In particular, China has just promulgated a Wetland protection law to further promote the concept of wetland protection into society. How safe the wetlands will be after the changes is a priority. The objective of this paper is to construct an improved comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the wetland safety situation based on several types of data. In this paper, a typical wetland area situated in the Momoge National Protected Area is selected, based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model and the mathematical method of catastrophe progression theory, geographical information system (GIS) approach is involved to improve the model parameters, the ecological security situation within the study area is evaluated from 2000 to 2020. The results show: (i) the ecological security in study area varied nonlinearly, and has been turning worse from 2000 to 2009, while during 2009 to 2020 has been turning better; (ii) the ecological security levels in Momoge wetlands region were in moderate and primary warning during the past two decades, with higher value of ecological security comprehensive index in the middle region and lower value in the east and west region in the area; (iii) the area with lower value of eco-security index is corresponded with the distribution of settlements and river valleys where the the intensity of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) is much wider and deeper than the other area. From above, it is clearly that even within national protected areas, wetlands are mostly at a moderate ecological level and unevenly distributed in study area. Influenced by human factors, wetlands are at a lower security level. From that, wetlands protection only is in the initial stage, and wetlands protection and restoration still has a long way to go.

Evaluation and Prediction of Land Use Ecological Security in the Kashgar Region Based on Grid GIS

Predicting trends in land use/cover change (LUCC) and assessing future ecological security (ES) can help effectively balance regional ecological conservation and economic development. In this study, a land use simulation model was used to predict the spatial-temporal variation in land use in Kashgar in 2030 under three scenarios (inertial development, agricultural land protection, and forest and rangeland conservation). Subsequently, by combining the pressure–state–response model and predicted land use, the ES of the Kashgar region in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were evaluated. We found that (1) only agricultural land and built-up land in the Kashgar region increased from 2000–2020 by 4174.79 and 434.44 km2, respectively. (2) The area of the region belonging to a generally safe level or above decreased from 38.36% in 2000 to 36.89% in 2010 and then increased to 37.71% in 2020. (3) In 2030, the ES status under the three scenarios will be improved, among which the agricultural land protection scenario corresponds to the best ES status. This research is valuable for deeply understanding the interaction mechanism between LUCC and ES in typical artificial oases in arid areas of the Kashgar region and sustaining relatively stable internal structures and socioeconomic activities in the arid oasis of the Kashgar region.

Spatial and temporal changes in the coupling of ecological environment and tourism development: the case of Kyushu, Japan

The relationship between the ecological environment and tourism development is extremely complex. Summarizing evolutionary trends, temporal patterns and spatial differences in time and space can contribute to the coordinated development of an ecological environment and tourism. Based on the Carrying capacity–Supporting capability–Attraction capability–Evolutional capability–Development capability model and the Pressure–State–Response model, this paper proposes a conceptual index system using the entropy weight method and the coupled coordination degree model. The coupling coordination relationship between the ecological environment and tourism development in seven prefectures in the Kyushu region of Japan from 2010 to 2019 was analyzed. Then, using the membership degree model, the coordinated development of each prefecture was further analyzed. The results mainly show that in the Kyushu region, the degree of coupling coordination between the ecological environment and the tourism development system changed from moderate coordination to marginal coordination during the study period, then steadily improved, with large differences between regions. Based on the analysis results, this paper puts forward specific suggestions for the prefectures with lagging tourism development and lagging ecological environment development, respectively, to provide a reference path for the sustainable development of the ecological environment and tourism in the Kyushu region. For prefectures in the ecological environment development lag-type stage, the following requirements were identified: (a) the need for the government to strengthen tourism infrastructures; (b) the need for the government to focus on developing regional ecotourism, focusing on the fragility of island ecosystems and the sustainability of resources in the Kyushu region; (c) the need for the government to scientifically formulate tourism-related policies and plan tourism-related investments. For prefectures in the tourism development lag-type stage, the following were identified: (a) the need for the government to develop a variety of tourism products and create regional tourism brands based on local conditions; (b) prefectures should determine the main tourism functions and themes it offers based on the specifics of their resource advantages.

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Level of Water Ecological Civilization Construction in the Min River Basin, China

Water Ecological Civilization Construction (WECC) is critical for promoting long-term resource, economic, and social development. The Min River is the longest in Fujian Province, China, and is known as the “golden canal” for shipping. In this study, data from cities around the Min River were used to build an evaluation index system for WECC in the Min River, incorporating the Pressure–State–Response model, and the matter element extension model was used to examine the WECC level in the Min River Basin. The results indicate that notable progress has been made for WECC in the Min River Basin, despite evident regional variation. The upper parts of the Min River have seen the most development; however, the downstream regions have been mainly stable and retained a high WECC level. Changes in industrial structure and government actions substantially affect the degree of WECC. This study can act as a reference for river basin WECC.

Assessment of Sustainable Water Utilization Based on the Pressure–State–Response Model: A Case Study of the Yellow River Basin in China

Based on the pressure–state–response (PSR) framework, in this paper, we construct an assessment system for sustainable water utilization (SWU) in 60 prefecture-level cities along the Yellow River Basin. Then, a spatial autocorrelation model is employed to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of SWU. Further, nine related variables are selected to explore the key factors affecting the spatial differentiation of SWU with a geographic detector model. The results are as follows: (1) The overall level of SWU in the Yellow River Basin is not high, and the level of SWU in five cities is much higher than that in other cities. (2) Overall, the SWU shows noticeable spatial autocorrelation characteristics along the Yellow River Basin. Additionally, locally, it shows high–high agglomeration, low–high agglomeration, and low–low agglomeration. (3) The most important factors affecting the spatial differentiation of SWU in the Yellow River Basin are precipitation, population density, and the proportion of tertiary industry in regional GDP.

Analysis of ecological security evaluation and zoning threshold determination of typical energy industrial area based on PSR model

Ecological security is the main way to measure the effects of urbanization and industrialization in developing regions on the ecological environment. As an important coal chemical industry base in China, Taiyuan is located in the Loess Plateau, resulting in great pressure on the ecological environment. Based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) model, this study selected 15 evaluation indicators to evaluate the ecological security of 10 counties(districts/city) in Taiyuan City. Using the spatial principal component analysis (SPCA) method and GIS technology to simulate and analyze the ecological security distribution of this area, for the first time, the typical method and average method were used to divide the threshold of the ecological security level to achieve a more reasonable ecological security classification method. The results showed that from 2000 to 2016, the ecological security level of Taiyuan city and its surrounding areas was relatively low, mainly concentrated in Xinghualing, Yingze and Jiancaoping districts, while the ecological security level of Loufan county, Qingxu County, Gujiao city and Yangqu County was relatively high. Among these, energy mining and urbanization have had a relatively obvious impact on ecological security. It could provide more detailed ideas for the protection of ecological security in different areas and enrich the research on the ecological security of important coal chemical bases.

An Analysis of the Impact of E-Commerce Supply Chain Collaboration on the Ecological Environment in Central Plain

Abstract In recent years, the ecological environment has been severely damaged and has evolved into a problem threatening human health due to the construction of the ecological environment. Therefore, studying the eco-environmental (ecological environment) issues in the process of the new eco-environment is of great significance to the comprehensive development of the region. The basic research framework of this article is to ask questions, analyse problems and solve problems. With the rise of e-commerce media platforms as the background, we use case studies and in-depth interviews to discuss the characteristics of the ecological crisis of e-commerce media platforms and analyse them in depth. This paper takes the new ecological environment as the research background, selects six major cities in the Central Plains as the research objects, and digs deep to find out the current ecological and environmental problems in the Central Plains. By citing the PSR (Pressure-State-Response) model, we construct the initial pressure and use the factor analysis method to determine the evaluation index model of the 16 sub-indices. Finally, we use the entropy method to standardise the original indicators. We determine the index weights, etc., to analyse the level of the ecological environment of the six cities. At the same time, this article evaluates the ecological environment in the process of the new ecological environment in the Central Plains. First, an evaluation index system is established, and then the evaluation index weight is determined to obtain the order of the ecological environment problems. According to the total score value of ecological environment quality, for different areas, comprehensive ecological environment zoning is proposed so that resources can be better and rationally developed and utilised. The ecological environment of mining areas is protected and improved to the maximum extent. At the same time, the mine ecological environment monitoring work plan is formulated; the construction of ecological restoration is proposed for areas (mine parks, geological parks, forest parks, and ecological parks). Through organisational structure adjustment and overall supply chain optimisation, relevant feasible solutions are proposed, and examples are given to illustrate the optimisation effects; the part summarises the significance of this research and the main existing problems and proposes future research recommendations. In the context of the new ecological environment, analysing the current situation of the ecological environment in the Central Plains, identifying the ecological and environmental problems in the process of the ecological environment, and proposing corresponding solutions based on the problems are conducive to the development of the new ecological environment in the Central Plains.

Evaluation and Optimization on Urban Regeneration Sustainability from the Perspective of Multidimensional Welfare of Resettled Resident—Evidence from Resettlement Communities in Xi’an, China

Urban regeneration is an important means for building sustainable cities and implementing China’s high-quality development strategy. In this paper, a sustainable regeneration PSR (Pressure-State-Response) model was established, and a state-layer evaluation model was constructed based on the perspective of resettled residents’ multidimensional welfare. Through questionnaire surveys with 210 centralized resettled households in Xi’an, China, the changes in the living conditions of resettled residents before and after the centralized resettlement were measured, the differentiation in individual changes were explored, and the sustainability of urban regeneration was evaluated, so as to optimize the sustainability of urban regeneration. The results show that, before and after urban regeneration, the changes at the state layer are not obvious on the whole. The sharp decline of social dimension welfare indicates that urban regeneration generates some new pressures while alleviating the imbalance of social development, and at the response layer, there is not sufficient attention to the residents’ emotions at the social level. Changes in the state layer are different due to individual characteristics, but there is no matching differentiated response to maintain the stability of the state. The research results are of great significance for optimizing residents’ welfare and solving the problems of sustainable regeneration from the perspective of humanistic welfare.

Influence of Internal and External Pressure Sensing on Green Travel Intention: Based on a Theoretical Model of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Pressure-state-response Model

Factors that affect environmentally sustainable travel behavior (or “green travel”) and their mechanisms of action are important to understand to conserve energy and reduce emissions. We constructed a model by integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the pressure-state-response (PSR) model with individual cognition of green travel policies (external pressure) and sensitivity of environmental problems (internal pressure). Then, an empirical study of 796 urban residents in eastern China was conducted. The results show that, with regard to the TPB, attitude has a direct and significant impact on self-practiced and interpersonal intentions, while perceived behavior control has a similar effect on self-practiced green travel intentions. Further, our results also indicate that subjective norms have indirect influence on both self-practiced and interpersonal intentions by affecting attitudes. With regard to the PSR model, urban residents’ cognitions of external and internal pressures affect their green travel intentions in various ways. Based on the results, some relevant policy recommendations aimed at promoting green travel are proposed.