Decrease In Pressure Drop Research Articles

Optimization of Y-Shaped Micro-Mixers With a Mixing Chamber for Increased Mixing Efficiency and Decreased Pressure Drop

Abstract In this study, Y-shaped micromixers with mixing chamber design optimized as rotation and chaotic advection in the fluid domain increase with the chamber. Motivated by the advantages of Y-shaped mixers, a parametric study was performed for inlet angles (α, β), inlet channel eccentricities (x-ecc, z-ecc) and length scale ratios (L1/L2, D1/D2, and Vsp). z-eccentricity is introduced in addition to x-eccentricity to create a design that further enhances the swirl and chaotic advection inside mixing chamber for the first time. The results reveal that the maximum mixing efficiency can be achieved for Reynolds number of 81 and α, β, x-ecc, z-ecc, D1/D2, and L1/L2 values of 210°, 60°, 20 μm, 20 μm, 1.8, and 4, respectively. In addition, the proposed Y-shaped micromixer leads to a lower pressure drop (at least 50% reduction for all Reynolds numbers) in comparison to competing design. The maximum reduction in pressure drop is 72% less than the curved-straight-curved (CSC) (Re = 81) with mixing efficiency of 88% and pressure drop of 9244.4 Pa. Overall, an outstanding mixing efficiency was offered over a wide range of Reynolds numbers with distinctly low pressure drop and a compact micromixer design, which could be beneficial for a wide variety of applications where volume and pumping power are limited.

Flow dynamics characteristics of flow boiling in minichannels with distributed pin fin structures

Bubble dynamics and flow dynamics are crucial for understanding the heat transfer mechanisms in small-scale flow boiling and can be manipulated with surface modification to enhance performance. While numerous investigations have been conducted on minichannels with pin fins, there are few research efforts on bubble dynamics and flow characteristics. Motivated by this fact, this study covers flow boiling experiments using five pin-fin structured configurations with low (1 mm) to high (3 mm) pin-fin heights and distribution (circular) to reveal the flow characteristics and bubble behavior in mini channels with pin fin structured surfaces. Pressure drops (ΔP) were obtained at effective heat flux values ranging from 18 to 175 W/cm2 and mass fluxes from 125 to 325 kg/m2s. The visually obtained images were also presented and discussed in terms of bubble growth, departure time, and departure frequency. The effect of elliptical pin fins and distributed pin fins, along with the consideration of tip clearance, was evaluated. According to the results, three different boiling patterns could be detected over the configurations: bubbly, intermittent, and wavy-annular flow. Elliptical pin fins resulted in a higher pressure drop penalty. In contrast, the distribution pin fins offered a more uniform flow distribution and decreased pressure drop, particularly for low tip clearances (<35 %).

Research on the influence of gas ionization on pulse forming in linear transformer driver (LTD) electron beam generator

Currently, there is limited research on the influence of gas ionization on the pulse formation process in pulse power source-driven loads. This paper introduces a road-field-Particle-In-Cell (PIC)/Monte Carlo Collision (MCC) collaborative simulation method that can accurately simulate gas ionization in Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) electron beam generation (EBG). The method couples the electromagnetic field and charged particle simulated through PIC/MCC with the circuit modules, and the load's voltammetry characteristics can real-time feedback to the Blumlein Pulse Forming Network (BPFN) of the LTD. In contrast to prior simulations that used fitted ideal T-shaped pulse input waveforms to model the load, this method provides a clearer depiction of the influence of gas ionization on the pulse shape. Additionally, the paper conducts simulation studies on LTD electron beam generator operating at different argon gas pressures. The findings indicate that introducing gas can effectively increase current while reducing voltage amplitude, thereby lowering the diode impedance. A small amount of gas can slightly enhance peak power, but excessive gas diminishes peak power and significantly shortens voltage pulse width. This is attributed to the beneficial effect of a small amount of gas ionization-produced plasma on the device. However, an excessive amount of gas ionization-generated plasma can lead to impedance mismatch in the device, even resulting in a load short circuit. This phenomenon causes a decrease in pressure drop at the top, consequently shortening the pulse width.

Experimental study of compact room temperature magnetic cooling system based on different flow time ratios

Magnetic refrigeration has become a promising new technology to replace conventional vapor-compression refrigeration technology, for it has excellent application characteristics such as the high efficiency, environmental friendliness and structural simplicity. Many studies have been carried out to analyze the various subsystems, but the interaction laws between the systems are not yet clear, and the optimization of each subsystem is still an area of research worth exploring. This work is based on a compact room temperature magnetic refrigeration system developed before, and carries out experimental research on the different flow time ratio to explore the correlation among refrigeration temperature span, cooling capacity, pressure drop, coefficient of performance (COP) and blow fraction under a fixed magnetic field timing. Especially, the effects of different flow time ratios (100%, 80%, 60%) on the system performance are studied under magnetic field timing of 1∶4∶1∶4 and a frequency of 0.45 Hz. The experimental results reveal that a low utilization factor combined with a high flow time ratio can achieve a greater temperature spread, whereas a high utilization factor combined with a high flow time ratio can accomplish a bigger cooling capacity. When the utilization factor is 0.42 and the flow time ratio is 100%, the maximum unloaded cooling temperature span is 26.2 K. Meanwhile, the effects of the utilization factor and flow time ratio on the pressure drop and COP of the regenerator are studied in detail. It is discovered that raising the flow time ratio and reducing the utilization factor both result in a fall in fluid velocity, which leads the pressure to further decrease and the COP to rise. In a word, this research investigates the relationship among cooling temperature span, cooling capacity, pressure drop, COP, and flow time ratio in a fixed magnetic field timing, thus providing the groundwork for future improving the performances of room temperature magnetic refrigeration systems.

Numerical investigation of the thermo-hydraulic performance of a shark denticle-inspired plate fin heat exchanger

Growing demand for increased power dissipation is fuelling the need for the design of more efficient heat exchangers. Modifying fin geometry is an effective way of improving heat transfer efficiency and of reducing flow resistance for plate fin heat exchangers. To date, fin designs have mostly revolved around classical shapes such as pins, ellipses, and rectangles, due to limitations of conventional manufacturing technologies. However, with recent advancements in metal additive manufacturing, there is an opportunity of redesigning approaches and ways of thinking to create novel fin geometries. In this study, biomimicry was used as a tool to reverse engineer a novel geometry for a plate fin heat exchanger based on a denticle, which is a mesoscopic structure on the skin of sharks. The shape of the denticle is streamlined; therefore, showing the possibility of enhancing fluid-to-solid contact if used as geometry for a plate fin heat exchanger. The thermo-hydraulic performance of the denticle was evaluated with respect to a rectangular, cylindrical and an elliptical fin (NACA 0030), using conjugate-heat-transfer simulations on ANSYS-Fluent. The numerical model was calibrated and validated based on experimental results from an additively manufactured rectangular plate fin heat exchanger. Results demonstrated that over the range of tested Reynolds Numbers, 9.8x104 < Re ≤ 22.9x104, the denticle fin had average Nusselt number improvements of 13.1 %, 5.4 % and 75.7 % with respect to the rectangular fin, the NACA 0030 and cylindrical fin, respectively. At Re = 22.9x104, a 26 % decrease in pressure drop was noted for the denticle with respect to the rectangular fin, with maximum thermal performance factors (ƞ) of 1.29, 0.81 and 1.53 as noted for the denticle fin with respect to the rectangular fin, NACA 0030 fin and cylindrical fin, respectively.

Lubrication approximation of pressure-driven viscoelastic flow in a hyperbolic channel

We investigate theoretically the steady incompressible viscoelastic flow in a hyperbolic contracting channel. The fluid viscoelasticity is modeled using the upper convected Maxwell (UCM), Oldroyd-B, Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT), Giesekus, and the finite elasticity non-linear elastic dumbbell with the Peterlin approximation (FENE-P) models. We first develop the general governing equations for flow within a non-deformable channel whose cross section varies with the distance from the inlet. We then exploit the classic lubrication approximation, assuming a small aspect ratio of the channel to simplify the original governing equations. The final equations, which we formulate in terms of the stream unction, are then solved analytically using a high-order asymptotic scheme in terms of the Deborah number, De, and the formulas for the average pressure drop are derived up to eight orders in De. The accuracy of the original perturbation solution is enhanced and extended over a wide range of parameters by implementing a convergence acceleration method for truncated series. Furthermore, convergence of the transformed solutions for the average pressure drop is demonstrated. The validity and accuracy of the theoretical results is independently confirmed through comparison with numerical results from simulations performed using high-order finite differences and pseudospectral methods. The results reveal the decrease in the average pressure drop with increasing the Deborah number, the polymer viscosity ratio, and the ratio of the inlet to the outlet height. We also show that the fundamental UCM and Oldroyd-B models can predict the major viscoelastic phenomena for this type of internal and confined lubrication flows, while the effect of the rheological parameters of the PTT, Giesekus, and FENE-P models on the results is minor.

Effect of inlet temperature on flow boiling behavior of expanding micro-pin-fin type heat sinks

Heat sinks that cool electronic systems through flow boiling are exposed to working fluids at different inlet temperature. Therefore, in the present study, influence of inlet temperature on boiling performance of a micro-pin-fin-type heat sink with expanding cross-sectional area is experimentally investigated. The analysis is supported by comparing the results with those obtained via a plain-wall (conventional) heat sink. The experimental range covers two heat sinks (HS − 1: Conventional; HS-2: Expanding pin-fin-type), two values of mass flux (G = 120 and 190 kg m−2 s−1), three inlet temperatures (Ti = 25 °C, 45 °C, 65 °C) and five values of heating power (170 W – 210 W with 10 W increments). It is concluded that inlet temperature is an influential parameter for thermal characteristics as well as values of pressure drop. A remarkable increase is obtained for heat transfer coefficient with decreasing inlet temperature for HS-2. When a decrease occurs from Ti = 65 °C to Ti = 25 °C, heat transfer coefficient increases between 94.7%–620.8% for HS-2 at G = 190 kg m−2 s−1. HS-2 increases heat transfer coefficient up to 841.3% compared those of HS-1. Regarding both HS-1 and HS-2, a decrease in inlet temperature also leads a decrease in pressure drop for a given heat flux.

Pressure Drop Decrease and Heat Transfer Increase in the Internal Flow Using a New Geometry

Pressure Drop Decrease and Heat Transfer Increase in the Internal Flow Using a New Geometry

A numerical investigation of the thermal–hydraulic performance during subcooled flow boiling in MMCs with different manifolds

Thermal management of high-heat-flux electronics has been a critical bottleneck for integrated circuit miniaturization and increased power density, and manifold microchannel (MMC) heat sinks are expected to be an efficient near-junction thermal solution. A numerical investigation based a self-developed solver has been conducted to explore the effects of manifold geometries on the thermal–hydraulic performance of MMC heat sinks during subcooled flow boiling, and phase, pressure, and mass distribution among microchannels are analyzed combined with temperature distribution. Heat flux makes little difference on the mass maldistribution among microchannels of MMCs regardless of single-phase and flow boiling, and flow patterns in the outlet manifolds of Z-type MMCs changes from bubbly flow, slug flow to vapor columns with segmented bubbles with increasing heat fluxes. As for the effect of manifold numbers, both the maximum temperature and the pressure drop decrease with increasing manifold numbers, and a relatively uniform distribution of mass and void fraction has been found for all cases of HU-type MMCs regardless of heat fluxes with the best thermal–hydraulic performance at N = 10. However, the thermal performance of Z-type MMCs would improve firstly and then flatten out with increasing manifold number, while the pressure drop presents an opposite trend. The differences in thermal–hydraulic performance are attributed to the longer flow path in Z-type manifolds, and the increasing manifold number presents a higher manifold pressure drop and thus would worsen the mass maldistribution. As for tapered manifolds, a tapered ratio of 0.33 could provide a slightly lower base temperature than the original case with a pressure drop decreased by over 25 %, and the pressure drop fluctuation at high heat fluxes could be suppressed by 70 % with significantly improved flow boiling stability. This work can serve as a basis for the further optimization of subcooled flow boiling in MMC heat sinks, and the results indicate that both an even mass distribution among microchannels and a desirable inlet/outlet port ratio for improved flow field are of great importance for the manifold design applied in MMC heat sinks for two-phase heat dissipation.

Effect of Vortex Generator Placement and Nanofluids on Channel Flow Heat Transfer

In this research, an attempt has been made to enhance the heat transfer for a plate-fin heat exchanger with the new arrangement of classic delta winglets used for vortex generators and compared the same with the existing literature. The computational domains are developed by dislocating delta winglets from their original position, so there is no additional pressure loss with flow geometry. All the flow domains are analyzed by computing the 3D Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations using ANSYS Fluent. Two different working fluids are considered one is water and nanofluids (water with Aluminum oxide). Heat transfer characteristics are analyzed for different placements of winglets for both water and nanofluids. The plate-fin heat exchanger’s performance has been optimized with the optimum location of winglets and nanofluids from the analysis of numerical results. For the case of 0% nanofluids at 300 Reynolds number, Case 3 Nusselt number has been increased by 23.2% with a decrease in pressure drop of 17.7% with the dislocation of one winglet. It represents the enhancement of heat transfer.

Numerical investigation of a thermoelectric generator system with embedded sickle-shaped fins

To enhance the utilization efficiency of exhaust gas in thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems, a polygonal heat exchanger with embedded sickle-shaped fins was proposed in this study. A coupled fluid-thermal-electric multiphysics numerical model was developed to analyze the impact of different fin variables on system performance. Subsequently, the established model was validated on a test bench. The results indicate that embedded sickle fins significantly improve the TEG performance. Higher fins enhance the system's output power and temperature uniformity, albeit with increased pressure drop. Conversely, elongated linear fins and increased arc fin radius decrease pressure drop but reduce its output power. Additionally, increasing the end angle of the arc improves temperature uniformity with minimal effect on output power and pressure drop. Moreover, the TEG system exhibits optimal performance when the linear fin length is 180 mm, the height is 45 mm, the radius of arc fins is 305 mm and the end angle is 8°. At the inlet air temperature of 600 K and the velocity of 40 m/s, the TEG output power, temperature uniformity coefficient and pressure drop for this configuration are 116.59 W, 0.99 and 845 Pa, respectively. This work contributes a theoretical reference for the structural optimization of low-backpressure TEG systems in future automotive exhaust applications.

Experimental investigation of viscous oil–water–sand flow in horizontal pipes: Flow patterns and pressure gradient

Fluid production from unconsolidated reservoirs often leads in sand production, which poses a number of issues. Sand deposition in flowlines can result in significant pressure dips, pipe and facility damage, and obstructions that decrease productivity. More research is needed to understand the movement and deposition of sand in oil–water–sand (O–W–S) fluxes. This article focuses on O–W–S flows in a 6-meter-long horizontal pipe with an inner diameter of 0.0381 m. The study looks at the flow behavior of high viscosity oil–water (O–W), water–sand (W–S), and oil–water–sand (O–W–S) flows. Experiments were carried out at 250 psig pressure in a laboratory flow test facility using various heavy synthetic oils (viscosities ranging from 3500 cP to 7500 cP at 25°C) and tap water. The sand concentration varied from 1% to 10%, with an average sand particle diameter of 145 μm and material density of 2630 kg/m3. Water cuts ranged from 0.0 to 1.0. The experimental results revealed a minor change in pressure gradient between (O–W) and (O–W–S) flows. However, increasing the sand concentration in (O–W–S) flow resulted in higher pressure losses. The reduction factor of pressure gradient indicated that the highest decrease in pressure drop occurred at higher superficial oil velocities. Furthermore, a direct relationship was observed between the reduction factor and the decrease in water cut. The results also showed that the minimum required transportation velocity for sand slurry decreased with increasing superficial oil velocity, while the minimum transportation condition increased with higher sand concentration. The comparison between the expected pressure gradient from Bannwart and McKibben et al. and the actual experimental data demonstrated significant accuracy for the oil viscosities and superficial oil velocities used in the study.

Numerical investigation of filtering cyclones using response surface methodology and CFD simulation approaches

The cyclone separator pressure drop depends on the geometry and the operating conditions. Alternative equipment to decrease pressure drop is the filtering device. In this paper, the effect of inlet height, inlet flow rate, and conical section permeability about the filtering cyclone performance (Euler number) is studied through CFD simulations. The experimental and numerical results indicate that the turbulence model Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) reasonably predict the pressure drop in high swirling flows in filtering cyclones. CFD simulations suggest the Euler number increase with the increase of inlet height and decrease with the increase of flow rate and permeability. However, there is an interaction between the permeability with the other two variables. Therefore, this study suggests that CFD models can be used as instruments to evaluate same structural and operational variables in the filtering cyclone performance.

CFD simulation of a spiral-channel dust separator for removal of black powder from natural gas pipelines

A spiral-channel dust separator was investigated experimentally and numerically for its efficiency to separate black powder from natural gas pipelines. Effects of gas flowrates and concentration of black powder on separation efficiency and pressure drop were studied. The size distribution (0.15–5 µm) of the black powder particles was measured. Efficiency for the finest particles (mean 0.327 µm) reached 86%, compared to < 1% for a high-efficiency Stairmand cyclone of equal throughput capacity. The separation efficiency reached spiral-channel dust separator 100% for particles > 1 µm. Results of CFD simulations are reported for velocity and pressure fields in the channels, particle separation contours, and local enrichment within the channels. Calculations showed that the radial contraction and diversion of the gas flow at the separator's outlet generated highly decontaminated air above the clean air inlet tube. The distance between the separator outlet and the cleaned gas inlet has been identified as a significant design parameter due to its impact on the separation efficiency. Modeling results showed further that reducing the swirling angle of the channels leads to a decrease in pressure drop with minimal effect on separation efficiency. An evaluation of the RNG k-ε code is provided as well.

Intramodule pressure profiles and protein accumulation during tangential flow filtration.

Tangential flow filtration (TFF) through a 30 kDa nominal molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) ultrafiltration membrane is widely employed to concentrate purified monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to levels required for their formulation into injectable biologics. While TFF has been used to remove casein from milk for cheese production for over 35 years, and in pharmaceutical manufacture of biotherapeutic proteins for 20 years, the rapid decline in filtration rate (i.e., flux) at high protein concentrations is a limitation that still needs to be addressed. This is particularly important for mAbs, many of which are 140-160 kDa immunoglobulin G (IgG) type proteins recovered at concentrations of 200 mg/mL or higher. This work reports the direct measurement of local transmembrane pressure drops and off-line confocal imaging of protein accumulation in stagnant regions on the surface of a 30 kDa regenerated cellulose membrane in a flat-sheet configuration widely used in manufacture of biotherapeutic proteins. These first-of-a-kind measurements using 150 kDa bovine IgG show that while axial pressure decreases by 58 psi across a process membrane cassette, the decrease in transmembrane pressure drop is constant at about 1.2 psi/cm along the 20.7 cm length of the membrane. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of the membrane surface at the completion of runs where retentate protein concentration exceeds 200 mg/mL, shows a 50 μm thick protein layer is uniformly deposited. The localized measurements made possible by the modified membrane system confirm the role of protein deposition on limiting ultrafiltration rate and indicate possible targets for improving membrane performance.

A novel 3D fine-mesh flow field design and performance analysis for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Optimizing flow field structures plays a crucial role in enhancing the mass transfer of reactant gas and improving the output power density of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, a PEMFC model with a three-dimensional (3D) fine-mesh flow field is developed and investigated in detail using a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The flow velocity, oxygen partial pressure and oxygen molar fraction distribution in the 3D fine-mesh flow field are analyzed and compared with the parallel flow field. The numerical simulation results show that as the porosity of the 3D fine-mesh structure increases, the local flow velocity increases, the oxygen partial pressure drop decreases, and the oxygen molar fraction increases, which are conducive to improving the output performance of fuel cells. At an operating voltage of 0.4 V, the peak power density of the 3D fine flow field model with a porosity of 0.9 is 21.5% higher than that of the parallel flow field model.

Optimization Design and Comparative Analysis of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Anti-Vibration Performance of Twisted-Elliptic-Tube Heat Exchanger: A Case Study

The intercooler is a crucial component of the rich gas compressor. Due to the shortcomings of the conventional segmental baffle intercooler, an optimization design of the novel industrial-grade twisted-elliptic-tube intercooler is proposed. This study aims to compare the heat-transfer performance of these two types of intercoolers in a delayed coking unit at Sinopec. During the plant revamp operation, the original segmental baffle intercooler was replaced by the novel twisted-elliptic-tube intercooler. Experimental determination and comparison analysis of the industrial locale operation of the two types of intercoolers before and after the revamps were conducted. The evaluation results show that the novel twisted-elliptic-tube intercooler has a higher cooling capacity, with a 13.2% increase, compared to the conventional intercooler. Under identical operating conditions, the overall heat-transfer coefficients increase by 87.8%. Moreover, the heat-transfer area and gas pressure drop decrease by 37.4% and 36.9%, respectively. The tube bundles’ vibration and loud noise problems of the old intercooler are eliminated. The average exit temperature of the enriched gas that requires cooling is 38.4 °C, which is 7.3 °C lower than that of the conventional intercooler. These outcomes indicate that utilizing this innovative twisted-elliptic-tube heat exchanger can provide substantial advantages in terms of high heat-transfer efficiency and exceptional anti-vibration performance.

Investigating the performance of conventional and hydrophobic surface heat sink in managing thermal challenges of high heat generating components

In the pursuit of optimizing heat dissipation and improving performance in electronic devices, liquid-cooled heat sinks have garnered significant interest due to their potential to improve heat transfer efficiency. Presented study set out to assess the effectiveness of straight channel heat sinks as a thermal solution for high heat generating electronics components, while also investigating the impact of applying a hydrophobic coating on their performance. A series of tests were conducted at different heating powers (50W-250 W) and flow rates (200–950 ml/min), while also considering different orientations and directions of flow. The investigation focused on analysing critical aspects such as heat transfer performance, wall temperature variations, thermal resistance, and pressure drop characteristics of straight channel heat sinks with conventional and hydrophobic-coated surfaces. The results showed that the Nusselt number increased with higher Reynolds numbers and heating powers, indicating improved heat transfer efficiency. However, the hydrophobic coating on the heat sink surface led to a reduction in the Nusselt number due to the formation and retention of bubbles, hindering heat transfer. The maximum average reduction of 20.85% in Nusselt number was noticed at 100 W for the vertically positioned hydrophobic-coated heat sink with downward flow compared to conventional surface (CS) heat sink. Additionally, the findings revealed that pressure drop is influenced by Reynolds number and the presence of bubbles, with gravity playing a role in reducing pressure drop in certain orientations. A hydrophobic coating shows a small decrease in pressure drop, but bubble formation limits its effectiveness to some extent. Comparisons also indicated that the highest average decrease in pressure drop about 11.92% was observed for the same configuration, vertically positioned hydrophobic heat sink with downward flow, at 50 W. Moreover, the study's findings have broader implications beyond electronics. Heat sinks are widely employed in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, renewable energy systems, and industrial processes.

Correlation between permeation performance and structural evolution of Al-doped lamellar porous Ti3SiC2 through freeze casting

In order to meet the requirements for heat and mass transport and filtration applications, a lamellar porous Ti3Si(Al)C2 has been prepared. The resulting scaffold phase and porous structure have been thoroughly investigated to fully understand the thermal and fluid transport properties. It has been observed that the porous structure evolves in response to changes in solid content, which subsequently leads to changes in permeability. Specifically, as the solid content of the material increases from 15 % to 25 %, the pressure drop increases from 0.22 to 2.81 MPa/m. The unique lamellar structure, low tortuosity, small roughness, and small surface area of the Ti3Si(Al)C2 contribute to lower flow resistance and induces a decrease in pressure drop. Additionally, high temperatures have been found to have little effect on the porous Ti3Si(Al)C2 material, in terms of both its structural integrity and permeability. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the lamellar porous Ti3Si(Al)C2 has significant potential for application in mass transport and filtration applications due to excellent permeability.

Experimental study on the pressure drop and thickness variation of carbon black particle layer during oxidation on DPF channels

Investigating the evolution of pressure drop and particle layer thickness during oxidation is crucial for comprehending the regeneration performance of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and optimizing the regeneration process. In this study, a visualized single-channel test bench was employed to actively regenerate carbon black particle layers on DPF channels. Online measurements and dynamic analysis of pressure drop and particle layer thickness were conducted to examine their behaviors. The results demonstrated that the particle layer regeneration process can be categorized into three stages. In the first stage, the pressure drop gradually decreased while the thickness continued to increase. In the second stage, the pressure drop reduction rate significantly accelerated with increasing deposition thickness (particularly between 112 μm and 147 μm), while the particle layer continued to thicken due to thermal expansion, reaching a peak of 193 μm before declining. For layers thicker than 273 μm, continuous thickening was observed. In the third stage, the pressure drop reached its minimum value, and the rate of thickness decrease became relatively high. Notably, a time delay was observed between the rapid decline in thickness and the steep decrease in pressure drop, which increased with the thickness of the particle layer. At a deposition thickness of 404 μm, the particle layer became suspended on the filter wall during the heating process, creating a gap .