Pressure Condition Research Articles

Optimal post height and diameter in preformed zirconia crown restoration on 3D-printed primary incisors.

In this in vitro study, fracture resistance was evaluated according to the post-diameter and -length in zirconia crown restorations on three-dimensional printed primary incisors undergone pulpectomy. One hundred-and-sixty primary incisor abutments were used which were artificially fabricated through 3D-printing. Each group was divided into two subgroups based on the zirconia post-diameter (1.5 mm and 2.0 mm) employed for post setting after pulpectomy. Furthermore, each group was divided into four subgroups based on the zirconia post-height (3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mm). Zirconia post setting was made by applying flowable resin after filling the pulp cavity with calcium hydroxide up to 3.0 mm below cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). Finally, a preformed zirconia crown of size #1 was cemented to the abutment through resin cement. A compressive load was applied to the middle palatal surface of incisors restored with zirconia crowns by using a universal testing machine at 145° angle which is the normal interincisal angle of children. The root fracture specimens were excluded and the samples fractured within crown and core parts were included in the final fracture resistance analysis. The group with 1.5-mm post-diameter and 5.0-mm post-height had the highest fracture resistance strength (130.63 ± 55.75 N) under masticatory pressure condition. Fracture resistance was statistically greater in 5.0-mm than in 4.0-mm and 3.0-mm post-height groups for 1.5-mm post-diameter subgroup. Moreover, 5.0-mm post-height subgroup had a statistically greater fracture resistance than that of 3.0-mm post-height subgroup for 2.0-mm post-diameter group. The 2.0-mm post-diameter subgroup had a statistically greater fracture resistance than that of 1.5-mm post-diameter subgroup for 3.0-mm and 4.0-mm post-heights. If zirconia post incorporation is required for deciduous incisor restoration, a post-length equal to facial CEJ level is recommended for gaining additional retention against masticatory pressure.

Formation Kinetics Evaluation for Designing Sustainable Carbon Dioxide-Based Hydrate Desalination via Tryptophan as a Biodegradable Hydrate Promotor

Desalination using hydrates is a developing field, and initial research promises a commercially feasible approach. The current study proposes the natural amino acid, namely tryptophan, as a biodegradable gas hydrate promotor for desalination applications to speed up the hydrate formation process. Its kinetic behavior and separation capabilities with CO2 hydrates were investigated. The studies were carried out with varying concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 wt.%) of tryptophan at different experimental temperatures (274.15, 275.15, 276.15, and 277.15 K) at 3.5 and 4.0 MPa pressure and 1 wt.% brine concentration. The induction time, initial formation rates, gas uptake, and water recovery are characterized and reported in this work. Overall finding demonstrated that tryptophan efficiently acted as a kinetic hydrate promotor (KHP), and increased tryptophan quantities further supported the hydrate formation for almost all the studied conditions. The formation kinetics also demonstrated that it shortens the hydrate induction time by 50.61% and increases the 144.5% initial formation rate of CO2 hydrates for 1 wt.% addition of tryptophan at 274 K temperature and 4.0 MPa pressure condition. The study also discovered that at similar experimental conditions, 1 wt.% tryptophan addition improved gas uptake by 124% and water recovery moles by 121%. Furthermore, the increased concentrations of tryptophan (0.5–2 wt.%) further enhance the formation kinetics of CO2 hydrates due to the hydrophobic nature of tryptophan. Findings also revealed a meaningful link between hydrate formation and operating pressure observed for the exact temperature settings. High pressures facilitate the hydrate formation by reduced induction times with relatively higher formation rates, highlighting the subcooling effect on hydrate formation conditions. Overall, it can be concluded that using tryptophan as a biodegradable kinetic promotor considerably enhances the hydrate-based desalination process, making it more sustainable and cost-effective.

Emulating clinical pressure waveforms in cell culture using an Arduino-controlled millifluidic 3D-printed platform for 96-well plates.

High blood pressure is the primary risk factor for heart disease, the leading cause of death globally. Despite this, current methods to replicate physiological pressures in vitro remain limited in sophistication and throughput. Single-chamber exposure systems allow for only one pressure condition to be studied at a time and the application of dynamic pressure waveforms is currently limited to simple sine, triangular, or square waves. Here, we introduce a high-throughput hydrostatic pressure exposure system for 96-well plates. The platform can deliver a fully-customizable pressure waveform to each column of the plate, for a total of 12 simultaneous conditions. Using clinical waveform data, we are able to replicate real patients' blood pressures as well as other medically-relevant pressures within the body and have assembled a small patient-derived waveform library of some key physiological locations. As a proof of concept, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) survived and proliferated for 3 days under a wide range of static and dynamic physiologic pressures ranging from 10 mm Hg to 400 mm Hg. Interestingly, pathologic and supraphysiologic pressure exposures did not inhibit cell proliferation. By integrating with, rather than replacing, ubiquitous lab cultureware it is our hope that this device will facilitate the incorporation of hydrostatic pressure into standard cell culture practice.

Experimental and CFD Analysis on the Effect of Various Cold Orifice Diameters and Inlet Pressure of a Vortex Tube

An experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the effects of different cold orifice diameters and operating pressures of the vortex tube. A vortex tube test rig was employed to conduct the experiments for various cold orifice diameters and operating pressures. Cold orifice diameters range from 1 mm to 6 mm, whereas the pressure condition ranges from 2 to 5 bar. The vortex generators were made up of brass material having six inlet nozzles. It was found that the temperature separation of the vortex tube significantly depends on the cold orifice diameter of the vortex tube and operating pressure. The study demonstrates the deviation of cold temperature separation with respect to the cold orifice diameters and inlet pressure for different cold mass fractions. In addition, present experimental results are used to determine the optimum cold orifice diameter, which is 5 mm at 5 bar inlet pressure. The percentage improvement in average cold temperature separation for 5 mm cold orifice diameter is 66.18% compared to rest of the cold orifice diameters at an inlet pressure of 5 bar. The maximum cooling power separation is 0.08 kW at 0.3 cold mass fraction and inlet pressure of 5 bar. The CFD technique was approached to discuss the complex fluid flow inside the tube at various radial distances. A three-dimensional numerical study was done and validated with the present experimental work. It was found that the numerical results are in good agreement with the present experimental data.

손상 선박 기름 유출량 추정을 위한 수치해석과 이론식의 비교 연구

This paper provides the results of numerical and theoretical predictions of oil outflows from damaged single-hull and double-hull ships.Theoretical equations derived from the unsteady Bernoulli equation and a CFD method for multi-phase flow analysis were used to estimate the oil outflow rate from cargo tank. The predicted oil outflow rate from a single-hull cargo tank damaged due to grounding and collision accidents showed a good agreement with the available experimental results in both numerical and theoretical analyses. However, in the case of the double-hull conditions, the time variation of the amount of water and oil mixture inside the ballast tank predicted by the theoretical equation showed some different behavior from the numerical results. The reason was that the interaction of the oil flow with the water inflow in the ballast tank was not reflected in the theoretical equations. In the problems of the initial pressure condition in the cargo and ballast tanks, the oil outflow and water inflow were delayed at the pressure condition that the tanks were sealed. When the flow interaction between the oil and water in the ballast tank was less complicated, the theoretical and the numerical results showed a good agreement with each other.

Investigation of Pressure Dependence in Photoresist Ashing Process using Microwave Excited Water Vapor Plasma

Microwave-excited water plasma asher (WPA) is our laboratory's new technology for the photoresist (PR) ashing process in semiconductor manufacturing which uses water vapor as process gas. It has the potential to solve many problems of conventional PR ashing technologies including high temperature, oxidation of metal structure, low ashing rate for ion-implanted PR, and high costs of chemicals. In this study, the pressure dependence of various aspects of plasma in water plasma asher, including light emission area, emission intensity, and substrate temperature was investigated. The ashing rate of the novolak PR film on the silicon wafer at the various condition of process pressure was also investigated. Average emission intensity and emission area of plasma significantly increased as process pressure in the chamber were decreased, and they were the highest when the process pressure was 0.3 kPa. The average ashing rate of PR film was only 0.42 μm/min when process pressure was 2.14 kPa, and it gradually increased as process pressure was decreased. It is also found that the ashing rate was improved after reducing the temperature of the water. The ashing rate when using air-rich condition of plasma was observed to be higher than when only water vapor is used as process gas.

Emergence of traveling waves and their stability in a free boundary model of cell motility

We consider a 2D free boundary model of cell motility, inspired by the 1D contraction-driven cell motility model due to P. Recho, T. Putelat, and L. Truskinovsky [Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 (2013), p. 108102]. The key ingredients of the model are the Darcy law for overdamped motion of the acto-myosin network, coupled with the advection-diffusion equation for myosin density. These equations are supplemented with the Young-Laplace equation for the pressure and no-flux condition for the myosin density on the boundary, while evolution of the boundary is subject to the acto-myosin flow at the edge. The focus of the work is on stability analysis of stationary solutions and translationally moving traveling wave solutions. We study stability of radially symmetric stationary solutions and show that at some critical radius a pitchfork bifurcation occurs, resulting in emergence of a family of traveling wave solutions. We perform linear stability analysis of these latter solutions with small velocities and reveal the type of bifurcation (sub- or supercritical). The main result of this work is an explicit asymptotic formula for the stability determining eigenvalue in the limit of small traveling wave velocities.

Gas desorption and diffusion characteristics in different rank coals under different pressure-drop conditions

To compare gas desorption and diffusion characteristics under different pressure-drop conditions, different rank coals were collected to conduct desorption and diffusion experiments under the direct pressure-drop condition (DPDC) and the progressive pressure-drop condition (PPDC). Moreover, mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) analysis was performed to determine pore structure characteristics. When the pressure-drop condition is changed from DPDC to PPDC, the initial desorption rate decreases, while the desorption volume and diffusion coefficient increase, suggesting the damage on desorption capacity and diffusion capacity resulted from DPDC. The maximum changes of these three parameters occur in the medium-volatile bituminous coal, which decrease from 0.255 to 0.063 cm3/(g·min), increase from 2.96 to 18.82 cm3/g and increase from 0.4732 × 10−10 to 3.8239 × 10−10 cm2/s, respectively. Micropores and transition pores predominate in all samples. With increasing coal rank, the pore volume generally shows a decreasing trend, whereas the fractal dimension shows an increasing trend. The difference in diffusion coefficient between DPDC and PPDC of different rank coals is predominated by micropores, which arises from the various diffusion regimes at different pressure ranges in micropores. Specifically, the rapid pressure-drop rate in DPDC causes the atmospheric pressure condition, and Knudsen diffusion and Transitional diffusion play dominant roles in micropores, resulting in the lower diffusion coefficient. The difference in desorption volume between DPDC and PPDC of different rank coals is predominated by transition pores, which results from the water block effect in transition pores. In DPDC, large bubbles easily form in transition pore throats and show large deformation when they pass through transition pore throats, which increases capillary resistance and intensifies the water block effect. However, in PPDC, the size of gas bubbles in the same transition pore throats is smaller than that in DPDC, which weakens the water block effect and enhances desorption capacity. This research can provide strategies for optimizing the pressure-drop rate during CBM production. PPDC is more suitable for CBM exploration. The drainage intensity should be reduced, or secondary reformation measures should be taken to reduce the proportions of micropores and transition pores in DPDC to reduce the damage of desorption capacity and diffusion capacity.

Visualization study on combustion characteristics of direct-injected hydrous methanol ignited by diesel in a constant volume combustion chamber

Aiming to regulate the combustion and emission of diesel/methanol dual-fuel engine more effectively, the using of hydrous methanol was proposed in the current study. The ignition and combustion characteristics of direct-injected hydrous methanol ignited by diesel were investigated by optical diagnostics. Visualization experiments were conducted on a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) test bench with a dual-direct injection system. Diesel was injected into CVCC prior to methanol. The results show that adjusting water content in methanol and injection interval between diesel and methanol injection are two of the most important strategies that can control the ignition and combustion process. Higher water content in methanol results in much more heat absorption during water evaporation, which should be corresponding to longer ignition delay, longer flame lift-off length (FLOL) and lower spatial integrated natural luminosity (SINL). However, the decomposition of water under high temperature as well as high pressure condition can produce OH groups, which accelerates the combustion process. Moreover, the injection interval can alter the collision timing and position of spray plumes, which are very significant for diesel ignition and methanol combustion. There are almost no monotonic effect laws when water is introduced under different injection interval conditions. Suitable design and calibration of injection strategy is crucial for effective and clean combustion in diesel/hydrous methanol dual-direct injection mode.

Adsorbed and free gas occurrence characteristics and controlling factors of deep shales in the southern Sichuan Basin, China

Deep shale gas (3500–4500 m) will be the important succeeding field for the growth of shale gas production in China. Under the condition of high temperature and high pressure in deep shale gas reservoirs, its gas occurrence characteristics are markedly different from those of medium and shallow layers. To elucidate the gas occurrence characteristics and controlling factors of deep shales in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, methane adsorption, low-temperature N2, and CO2 adsorption experiments were conducted. The results show that in deep shales, the mesopores provide approximately 75% of the total specific surface area (SSA) and 90% of the total pore volume (PV). Based on two hypotheses and comparing the theoretical and actual adsorption capacity, it is speculated that methane is adsorbed in deep shale in the form of micropore filling, and free gas is mainly stored in the mesopores. Correlation analysis demonstrated that TOC is the key material constraint for the adsorption capacity of deep shale, and micropore SSA is the key spatial constraint. Other minerals and mesopore parameters have limited effect on the amount of adsorbed gas. Moreover, the free gas content ranges from 2.72 m3/t to 6.20 m3/t, with an average value of 4.60 m3/t, and the free gas content ratio is approximately 58%, suggesting that the deep shale gas reservoirs are dominated by free gas. This ratio may also increase to approximately 70% when considering the formation temperature effect on adsorbed gas. Gas density, porosity, and gas saturation are the main controlling factors of free gas content, resulting in significantly larger free gas content in deep shale than in shallower formations.

A comparative study on high pulse energy femtosecond laser drilling of high-aspect-ratio holes under different pressure conditions

Laser drilling of high-aspect-ratio holes is gradually on the agenda in the field of aerospace manufacturing. We present a comparative study of high pulse energy femtosecond laser micro-hole machining of thermal barrier coated superalloys under different pressure conditions. The ablation results showed that severe contaminative ablation patterns occurred near the geometric focus position, which is related to the remarkable refraction of the plasma near the geometric focus. Adopting negative defocus positions can restrain the plasma defocusing effect and eliminate these ablation defects. As compared to the case in the atmospheric pressure condition, the drilled holes had good retention in diameters, and the aperture size as small as 30 μm can be achieved in the low-pressure environment, which is attributed to a good suppression of the plasma defocusing effect. The drilled samples have convergent and divergent shapes struck within the hole in the low-pressure condition while the hole profiles show good collimation along the thickness direction in the atmospheric pressure environment. This can be attributed to the fact that the pulse energy can be well dispersed to the hole sidewall because of the plasma defocusing effect in the atmospheric pressure environment, and the sidewall materials can be effectively removed. The maximum aspect ratio of the hole can reach 15.7 based on the drilling results. The presented results provide some guidance for the machining of micro-holes with high aspect ratios on other occasions.

Fairness-Aware VNF Sharing and Rate Coordination for High Efficient Service Scheduling

Network service provisioning becomes flexible and programmable with the help of Network Function Virfitualization (NFV), since NFV abstracts various service functions into software components called Virtual Network Function (VNF) and VNFs can be flexibly and quickly composed to form new services. It is commonly known that sharing the same VNF among different services can improve the resource utilization. However, we should be aware that such sharing also leads to serious resource preemption. In addition, VNF sharing aggravates the generation of the performance bottleneck, which then causes the rate mismatch problem between the upstream and downstream VNFs belonging to the same service chain. In this article, we propose a dynamic and flexible algorithm to jointly address the VNF sharing resource allocation and the rate coordination between the upstream and downstream VNFs. Specifically, 1) the VNFs are shared among different service chains with a fairness factor considered for the purpose of reducing the resource preemption probability and improving the resource utilization; 2) the backpressure indicator of each VNF is defined to judge its pressure condition, based on which we can dynamically adjust the processing rates between it and its downstream or upstream VNFs by maximizing the idle resource utilization. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other methods in terms of the average delay, the flow completion time, the throughput and the backlog, etc. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm achieves more stable performance than the other methods.

Optical Detection Method for Partial Discharge of Printed Circuit Boards in Electrified Aircraft Under Various Pressures and Voltages

Realization of an electrical aircraft demands a low-weight electric distribution and propulsion system. The use of high voltage and power electronics operated at high switching frequencies is essential to achieve this objective. However, printed circuit boards (PCBs) in electrified aircraft are in a harsh working environment, which can make PCBs more susceptible to generate partial discharges (PDs). The current PD detection technology has poor immunity to the electromagnetic interference and acoustic interference in the operating environment of aircraft. Therefore, this article proposes an optical-based PD detection method for PCBs, which is effectively immune to electromagnetic and acoustic interference. This method uses fluorescent fiber as a PD optical signal sensor and then collects the optical signal by the avalanche photodiode (APD). Experiments have verified that the detection sensitivity, sensing range, and anti-interference performance of this method are well satisfied with the PD detection. In addition, single PD pulse, optical phase resolved PD (PRPD) patterns, and PD inception voltage (PDIV) under different air pressure and voltage conditions are investigated. Finally, the relationship between the optical signal and PD amplitude is found to be proportional, which proves that the severity of the PD on PCBs can be effectively detected and evaluated by this method.

Microscopic analysis of Trichel's pulse characteristics and the effect of air pressure and temperature

The negative direct current corona discharge experiment under the needle-plate electrode is conducted, and the typical Trichel pulse waveform is obtained. Furthermore, to analyze the microscopic process of corona discharge, a plasma-fluid discharge simulation model, including air chemical reactions, is established, and a Trichel pulse waveform is obtained, which is consistent with the experimentally obtained waveform. Thus, the chemical reaction that plays a dominant role in the generation and disappearance of charged particles as well as the spatiotemporal distribution and quantitative variation of charged particles during the discharge process are clarified. On this basis, the variation of the microscopic and macroscopic parameters in the discharge process under different air pressure and temperature conditions is studied. The results show that microscopic parameters, such as charge density and electric field intensity, are negatively associated with air pressure and positively associated with temperature, while macroscopic parameters, such as Trichel pulse average current, average peak current, and discharge frequency, are positively associated with the microscopic parameters.

Comparative Study on Nose Cones with respect to Angle of Attack using CFD

A nose cone is the conically shaped forward most section of a rocket, guided missile or aircraft, designed to modulate oncoming airflow behaviours and minimize drag. In this paper, the authors analysed by means of a computational procedure the influence of varying the angle of attack for shapes of rocket nose cones in each of them, with this analysed and calculated the values of the, coefficient of lift and the coefficient of drag generated by our nose cones having as a working parameter in subsonic medium ranging from a Mach 0.03 to approximately 0.50, considering standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Drag and Lift both are aerodynamic forces which need to be calculated for cones. Objects with every kind of shapes experience a significant magnitude of Cl and Cd from airflow with the use of the ANSYS platform based on the CFD Fluent method it was possible to measure behaviour in the 3 shapes of cones and thus analyse the different contours. We showed the variation of pressure and velocity with their graphs. The scope of this paper is to simulate the different nose cones with different angle of attack for taking out the best result and comparing which one cone is best for which angle of attack.

Shock Train Leading Edge Detection Method under the Condition of Steady Back Pressure and Fluctuating Back Pressure

In this paper, the shock train in the isolator is taken as the research object, and the method of detecting the leading edge position of the shock train during self-excited oscillation and forced oscillation is studied by conducting the wind tunnel test. A steady-state throttling system and a fluctuating throttling system are designed to apply the required steady-state and fluctuating back pressure downstream of the isolator. Then, the four methods of pressure ratio method, pressure difference method, standard deviation method, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis method are used to detect and study the position of the shock train leading edge under steady and fluctuating back pressure to verify their applicability. The results show that under the condition of steady-state back pressure, the four methods can get effective results, and the results are consistent. Under the condition of fluctuating back pressure, the pressure difference method could not give effective results, but the other three methods could give effective and consistent results. And the results of the standard deviation method and the Fast Fourier Transform analysis method are similar in image and principle.

Shrimps distribution and their relationship to the environmental variables in Arafura Sea

Arafura Sea is well-known as the important area for commercial shrimp fisheries in Indonesia. The density of shrimps was highly influenced by their fishing pressure and environmental condition. The objective of this research was to study the distribution of shrimps based on its stock density and their relationship with the environmental variables. Trawling swept area method was used in 16 sampling sites of Arafura Sea during the transition monsoon in 2016. Some environmental variables in bottom layers as shrimp habitat were measured, including chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, depth, salinity, temperature and pH. The results showed that the largest density of shrimps was found in the southern coast of Aru where it has the largest concentration of chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen. Among all the environmental variables, Chlorophyll-a was the main variable affected the density of shrimps. Three most dominant species were Penaeus semisulcatus, Metapenaeus endeavouri and Metapenaeus ensis. There was indication of the decreasing shrimp stock in Arafura Sea. The ecosystem-based fisheries management should be developed to rebuild the stock density and to enhance the environmental quality of Arafura Sea.

Experimental study on the fissure structure and permeability evolution characteristics of coal under liquid nitrogen freezing and freeze–thaw

Liquid nitrogen (LN2) fracturing technology as a kind of waterless fracturing technology has received extensive attention in recent years. In order to investigate the evolution law of fissure structure and seepage characteristics of coal samples under LN2 freezing and freeze–thaw, the evolution of fissure of coal samples before and after LN2 freeze–thaw was monitored by micro-computed tomography, the change of permeability of coal samples under different LN2 freezing time and freeze–thaw cycles was measured, and the damage mechanism of LN2 freezing and freeze–thaw to coal was discussed. The experimental results show that (1) LN2 freeze–thaw can cause the shrinkage of the coal matrix, resulting in damage to the fissure structure of the coal sample, which promotes the initiation, expansion, and extension of fissure of coal sample to form new fissure and, finally, forms a fracture network. (2) The permeability and the increment of permeability of coal samples increase with increase of LN2 freezing time and the number of freeze–thaw cycles under different gas pressure and confining pressure condition. (3) Under the same freezing time, the permeability growth rate of coal samples under LN2 freeze–thaw condition is significantly greater than that of coal samples under LN2 freezing condition. (4) The frost-heave force and thermal stress are the main factors leading to the damage, promoting fissure formation and increasing permeability of coal samples LN2 freezing and freeze–thaw. This study provides a theoretical basis for the understanding of fracturing technology with LN2.

Comparative study of microstructure and ablation behaviour of C/C-HfC-SiC composites prepared under two different conditions

C/C-SiC-HfC composites were prepared using reactive melt infiltration (RMI) under a vacuum (noted as HS-V) and normal pressure (noted as HS-NP), separately. The distribution of the introduced SiC and HfC ceramics can be regulated by adjusting the RMI pressure. Different pressures of the environment at the high temperature stage led to the difference in volatilization of Si in the melt and the ratios of C and HfSi2 in unit volume on the surface of the sample, resulting in the different composition of the sample surface. A HfSi2-HfC-SiC mixed layer was formed on the surface of HS-NP, while HfC coating was formed on the surface of HS-V. HS-NP possessed better ablation performance than HS-V. After ablation for 120 s, its mass ablation rate decreased by 87.81%. The presence of HfSi2 improved the densification of HfO2 film, which made the ablation resistance of HS-NP better than HS-V. This work provides a guide for choosing an idea pressure condition during RMI to obtain C/C-SiC-HfC composites with high ablation resistance.

Evaluating the effective pressure applied by a valgus knee orthosis in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis based on the dose–response relationship

BackgroundThere is evidence that valgus knee orthosis improves clinical and biomechanical outcomes in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis (MKOA). It is unclear whether variations in pressure application by orthosis straps can affect the biomechanical outcomes. This study aimed to determine the dose–response relationship between different orthosis straps tensions and changes in knee adduction moment (KAM) parameters in individuals with MKOA. MethodTwenty-four individuals with symptomatic MKOA were enrolled in this quasi-experimental study. Five tension conditions in orthosis straps were tested in 20-mmHg increments, from 0 (no pressure) to 100 (maximal pressure) mmHg. Patients were asked to adjust the orthosis strap tension based on their perceived comfort. After each condition, a 3D gait analysis was performed, and KAM parameters were calculated. The participants also reported their satisfaction with knee orthosis adjustment for each pressure condition. ResultsWith successive increases in strap tension from 40 to 80 mmHg, the first peak, second peak, and angular impulse of KAM decreased nonlinearly (from 6 % to 25 %). Increasing the orthosis strap tension to 100 mmHg significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the participants’ satisfaction level. The effective dosages (IC50) of pressure for the first peak, second peak, and angular impulse of KAM as responses were 58, 65, and 69 mmHg, respectively. ConclusionThe KAM decline was not linear as the strap pressure increased. Patients were dissatisfied with orthosis adjustment when strap tension was above 80 mmHg. The optimum dosage of pressure on the knee joint's lateral side for adjusting an orthosis' strap tension is approximately 69 mmHg.