Press Method Research Articles

Effect of Composition on Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Epoxy Resin Biocomposite

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are wastes from oil palm processing. The objective of this work is to study the effect of composition on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of OPEFB epoxy resin biocomposite. Particles of OPEFB (100 mesh) were mixed with epoxy resin with the ratio of OPEFB to epoxy resin 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10 (vol.%/vol.%). Biocomposites were produced by a press method at room temperature with 9 tons-load. The physical properties (density, porosity, water absorption, thickness swelling) of the biocomposite were evaluated. The mechanical properties (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity) of biocomposite were determined by using a universal testing machine. The thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to examine the thermal properties of the biocomposite. The results show that the density of biocomposite is 1.18 g/cm3 for 60 vol.% of OPEFB composition. It decreases significantly as the OPEFB composition increases. For 60 vol.% of OPEFB, the porosity, water absorption, and thickness swelling of biocomposite (after soaking in water for 24 hours) are 11.9%, 10.1%, and 6.5%, respectively. All these values increase significantly with the increase of OPEFB composition. For 60 vol.% of OPEFB, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of biocomposite are 2.31 kgf/mm2 and 267 kgf/mm2, respectively. The values of MOR and MOE decrease significantly with the increase in OPEFB composition. TGA results show that degradation of biocomposites occurs significantly at 350°C for 60 vol.% OPEFB. The degradation temperature reduces as the composition of OPEFB increases. In general, the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of biocomposites decrease with increasing OPEFB composition. This happens because the bond between the matrix and the particles decreases as the OPEFB composition increases. The maximum OPEFB composition that can be used for particleboard applications is 80 vol.%, which meet the ANSI 208.1-2009 requirements for application as grade M-2 particleboard.

Extending African walnut oil (Tetracarpidium conophorum) shelf-life by blending it with palm, groundnut and avocado oils and study of their oxidative stability during accelerated storage

Oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids are beneficial for health. However, their high content in polyunsaturated fatty acids makes them unstable during processing which limit their application. In the food industry, hydrogenation and the addition of antioxidants are used to extend their shelf-life. However, hydrogenation leads to trans fatty acid which promote coronary heart disease, and synthetic antioxidant has been reported to be related to cardiovascular diseases, cancer etc. As solution, researchers have been looking for natural ways to preserve oils and fats by blending less stable with more stable ones or by using natural antioxidants. The objective of this study was to extend African walnut oil shelf life by blending it with palm oil, groundnut oil, avocado oil which are more stable. Palm, groundnut, African walnut and avocado oils were obtained through mechanical cold press method. Multisource edible oils were formulated using the binary model. The blends were prepared following the ratios 50:50, 60:40 and 70:30 (Palm oil/groundnut oil/avocado oil: African walnut oil). Each of the oils involved was also used at 100 %. The samples were initially tested for their initial quality and stored at 65 °C for 21 days, 8 h heating daily. Samples were withdrawn after every 7 days for analysis, by determining their peroxide, p-anisidine, TOTOX, thiobarbituric and acid values. Results showed that all the tested oil were of good quality. African walnut oil 100 % was the most altered in terms of the presence of free fatty acids, primary and secondary oxidation products compared to the other oils samples and their blends. Africa walnut oil shelf life can be extended by blending it with Palm oil, Avocado oil or Groundnut oil.

Quality assessment of artisanal palm oil from smallholders in the department of Man, western region of Côte d'Ivoire

In the western region of Côte d'Ivoire, more particularly from the department of Man, artisanal crude palm oil enjoys a reputation for quality among consumers and is the subject of a developed trade. To guarantee consumers quality palm oil, it is crucial to register this product as a Geographical Indication artisanal palm oil. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of this artisanal palm oil to better understand his quality. A descriptive survey of palm oil processing was conducted among 200 smallholders in 10 localities in the department of Man, Western region of Côte d'Ivoire. Then, samples were collected from the producers and were taken to the laboratory for analysis. The physicochemical properties of CPO samples were determined using standard analytical method. The results showed that manual processing and screw hand press methods were used for palm oil extraction. About 58% of the processors have 11-20 years’ experience in oil palm processing and have no formal education (48.2%). Concerning the physicochemical quality of artisanal palm oil producing, the lipid oxidation, carotenoids contents, DOBI, slip melting point, iodine and saponification indexes were relatively conformed to the standard while FFA, moisture and impurities content were different. These results demonstrate a need for monitoring of artisanal palm oil production by smallholders in the sector who should adopt good agricultural practices.

Influence of Silicon Carbide Incorporation on Thermal and Ablation Properties of Carbon Fabric-Phenolic Resin Composites

To shield re-entry spacecraft from the extreme heat experienced during hypersonic flight through a planet's or the earth's atmosphere, thermal protection systems (TPS) were developed. This work involved the fabrication of composites using a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fabric (Cf)-phenolic resin matrix (PR) modified with different weight percentages (wt.%) of silicon carbide (SiC), namely 0 wt.% (Cf/PR), 1wt.%, 3wt.%, and 5wt.%. The composites were prepared using the hydraulic hot press method. The manufactured composites were analyzed for their thermal conductivity and resistance to ablation using an oxyacetylene torch test. Furthermore, the ablated composites underwent X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealing a SiO2 compound layer on the ablated composite surface. The experimental results demonstrated that the Cf/PR composites modified with 3wt.% of SiC exhibited superior characteristics. The composites consist of 3wt.% Cf/PR-SiC exhibited a thermal conductivity value of 0.57 W/m K. Additionally, these composites showed a noticeable decrease in the mass ablation rate (MAR) at 0.0052 mm/sec and linear ablation rates (LAR) at 0.025061 gm/sec. This study proposed an effective way to improve the thermal and ablation characteristics of TPS materials.

A flexible porous polyimide/copper composite film toward high-mass-loading anodes in lithium-ion batteries

Conventional metal foil current collectors are essential for electronic conduction in lithium-ion batteries, but the planar structure limits the fast transporting of electron and the power density. Herein, a light, conductive, self-extinguishing, and flexible porous polyimide/copper composite film (PIF/Cu) derived from a polyimide foam was fabricated via hot pressing and electroless plating methods. The honeycomb structure was illustrated in PIF/Cu under a 3D X-ray tomography microscope, revealing the successful construction of a 3D conductive network. PIF/Cu-30 possessed an electronic conductivity of as high as 3.6 × 105 S m−1 at a bulk density of 0.26 g cm−3 and exhibited exceptional structural stability even after successive and harsh mechanical loads. Graphite with a mass load of 12 mg cm−2 was loaded into the PIF/Cu-30 to prepare the anode for cell assembly. The cells using PIF/Cu-30 achieved a better performance in capacity retention (98.2 %@60 cycles) than those using traditional Cu foils (55.1 %@60 cycles), which resulted from the fast transport of electrons and Li-ion through the 3D conductive networks in the porous PIF/Cu-30.

CsPbBr3 and Cs2AgBiBr6 Composite Thick Films with Potential Photodetector Applications

This paper investigates the optoelectronic properties of CsPbBr3, a lead-based perovskite, and Cs2AgBiBr6, a lead-free double perovskite, in composite thick films synthesized using mechanochemical and hot press methods, with poly(butyl methacrylate) as the matrix. Comprehensive characterization was conducted, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and photoluminescence (PL). Results indicate that the polymer matrix does not significantly impact the crystalline structure of the perovskites but has a direct impact on the grain size and surface area, enhancing the interfacial charge transfer of the composites. Optical characterization indicates minimal changes in bandgap energies across all different phases, with CsPbBr3 exhibiting higher photocurrent than Cs2AgBiBr6. This is attributed to the CsPbBr3 superior charge carrier mobility. Both composites showed photoconductive behavior, with Cs2AgBiBr6 also demonstrating higher-energy (X-ray) photon detection. These findings highlight the potential of both materials for advanced photodetector applications, with Cs2AgBiBr6 offering an environmentally Pb-free alternative.

Nifty-ls: Fast and Accurate Lomb–Scargle Periodograms Using a Non-uniform FFT

We present nifty-ls, a software package for fast and accurate evaluation of the Lomb–Scargle periodogram. nifty-ls leverages the fact that Lomb–Scargle can be computed using a non-uniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT), which we evaluate with the Flatiron Institute NUFFT package (finufft). This approach achieves a many-fold speedup over the Press & Rybicki method as implemented in Astropy and is simultaneously many orders of magnitude more accurate. nifty-ls also supports fast evaluation on GPUs via CUDA and integrates with the Astropy Lomb–Scargle interface. nifty-ls is publicly available at https://github.com/flatironinstitute/nifty-ls/.

Synthesis and characterization of metakaolin-based geopolymers doped with CRT waste glass for radiation shielding applications

This study presents the influence of CRT glass on the gamma-ray interaction processes in metakaolin-based geopolymers. Four batches of G-CRT composites (namely, G, G-10CRT, G-20CRT, and G-30CRT, which represent geopolymer (G) samples doped with 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt% of CRT glass) were prepared using the cold hydrostatic press method. The mass attenuation coefficients of the prepared C-xCRT samples were computed using XCOM and FLUKA simulations for photons within the energy range of 15 keV–15 MeV. The density of the pristine geopolymer increased from about 1.86 g/cm3 to 2.09, 2.26, and 2.34 g/cm3 for G-10CRT, G-20CRT, and G-30CRT, respectively. The photon mass and linear attenuation coefficients of the geopolymers increased with CRT glass concentration. The half-value layer and mean free path were within the ranges 0.070–18.079 cm and 0.101–26.083 cm for G; 0.036–15.110 cm and 0.052–21.799 cm for G-10CRT; 0.024–13.197 cm and 0.014–19.039 cm for G-20CRT; and 0.018–12.074 and 0.026–17.419 cm for G-30CRT. The G-30CRT had the best gamma attenuating prowess in contrast to other G-xCRT. CRT-rich G-xCRT had a higher effective atomic number. For 10 mm thick geopolymer, the absorbed dose rates were 0.211 μR/h, 0.66 μR/h, 1.11 μR/h, and 1.55 μR/h for G, G-10CRT, G-20CRT, and G-30CRT, respectively, for 100 keV photons. The introduction of CRT glass into the geopolymer matrix improved their photon interaction cross-section. The geopolymers showed outstanding photon interaction ability compared to ordinary concrete and some shielding glasses at low photon energies. The CRT glass-doped geopolymer samples are useful for preparing radiation shielding concrete.

A Study on Printing Method of the First Edition of Kim So-wol’s Poetry Collection Azalea Flower through Image Comparison and Analysis

Two first editions of Kim So-wol’s poetry collection Azalea Flower(진달래꽃), published by Maemunsa on December 26, 1925, became registered cultural properties. The first edition was sold with a different cover through Joong Ang Seorim(中央書林) and Hanseong Book Co., Ltd.(漢城圖書株式會社). Among the poems published in the two editions, the printed image of the poem titled Azalea Flower, which is the same as the title of the poetry collection, was compared and analyzed using image analysis software PicMan. As a result of image analysis, it was confirmed that the height of the area where the poem was printed was the same, but there was a difference of about 2.4% in width. We looked into the printing method to determine why the Joong Ang Seorim edition was narrow and the Hanseong Book Co., Ltd. edition was about 2.4% wider. By investigating the letterpress printing methods used for printing in the 1920s, it was assumed that the difference in printing area width was due to the difference between the platen press or flatbed press method and the rotary press printing method. The possibility of systematic research was presented by identifying various characteristics such as printing methods of modern bibliographies through image analysis.

An analysis of diffusion mechanism and mechanical properties of jute, JUCO, and banana fiber composites in three different mediums

Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPC) are the most desirable for their low-cost, eco-friendly, and high-durability properties. Scientists are facing numerous challenges with this type of composite in a wet or high-humid environment. High water absorption and reduced mechanical properties are the main concerns for this type of composite. A new kind of fiber mat called JUCO, which is a mixture of jute and cotton, is introduced here. Banana fiber and jute yarn were used to fabricate unidirectional mats, which were made using a custom-designed handloom. The composite fabrication was done by hand layup with the cold press method. The tensile and flexural strengths decreased after immersion in three mediums (pH 3, pH 7, and pH 8) for 150 days due to the water aging effect. Minimum strength was found when the samples were immersed in pH 3 mediums. Tensile and flexural test results were also evaluated by the finite elemental method (FEM) to validate the experimental results. The main objectives of this study are to investigate the mechanical properties and degradation due to the aging of newly developed JUCO fiber-based composites.

Optimizing Peat and Wood Fiber Blends: Impacts of Liming and Fertilization on Growth of Petunia (Petunia x hybrida Vilm.) and Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

This study investigated the effects of substrates composed of various ratios of wood fiber and peat (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% peat (v/v)) mixed with different amounts of lime (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g L−1) and start fertilizer (0, 2, and 4 g L−1 Multimix) on the growth and biomass accumulation of petunia (Petunia x hybrida Vilm ‘Finity F1 Purple’) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L. ‘Marian’) in an ebb-and-flow greenhouse system. Growth parameters included plant height, weight, canopy diameter, and chlorosis symptoms for petunia, along with substrate pH and EC measurements. Petunia showed optimal growth in substrates with higher peat content, while basil produced satisfactory biomass across a pH range of 5–7 regardless of substrate type. Optimal petunia cultivation in 100% wood fiber required a significant dose of start fertilizer without lime. Monitoring pH and EC using pour-through and press methods revealed a pH decrease in substrates with added start fertilizer, while substrates with higher wood fiber content were less acidic. Substrates with over 50% (v/v) wood fiber without lime showed a rapid pH increase over five weeks. The pour-through method generally underestimated EC values compared to the press method. These findings contribute to optimizing the wood fiber/peat blends for sustainable horticulture.

Phytochemical Analysis and in vivo Toxicity Study of Extracted Walnut oil in Sprague Dawley Rats

Background: Medicinal plants have been the focus of scientific research for many decades worldwide, especially those used in traditional medicine. Objective: To perform the phytochemical analysis of extracted walnut oil (EWO) and its subchronic toxicity profile in Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: In this experimental study, the collected Kurdish walnut was authenticated by an authorized taxonomist and the core was obtained. Then, the walnut oil was extracted using the cold press method and sent for phytochemical analysis using GC-MS. Accordingly, the male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with varying doses of the EWO for four consecutive weeks, and animals were checked daily for abnormality and toxicity behaviours while they were weighed each week. At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed under deep anaesthesia, blood samples and organs were collected, and various hematological and biochemical tests were performed together with histopathological analysis. Results: GC-MS analysis showed that EWO contained 49 compounds, some critical in biomedical fields. The body weight of all treated animals was increased significantly. No significant changes were seen for hematological tests except platelets, which decreased in all treated groups (p = 0.015) compared to the control group. At the same time, AST and chloride levels were decreased (p = 0.002 and p = 0.012, respectively), while total protein and calcium were increased (p = 0.004 and p = 0.033, respectively). Simultaneously, histopathological analysis showed no severe lesions in the brain, moderate lesions in the liver and mild, moderate and severe lesions in the kidneys. Conclusions: EWO is rich in various compounds that contain active medicinal components. The EWO can be used at low doses as it does not affect most hematological and biochemical tests and has no significant toxicity in the vital organs of experimental rats.

The effect of pressure and temperature on the properties of 88 W-10Ni-2Mn tungsten heavy alloy produced by cold press method

This research explored the impact of pressure and temperature to determine the optimal conditions for producing an 88 W-10Ni-2Mn tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) suitable for industrial purposes. To achieve this objective, tungsten, nickel, and manganese powders with predetermined ratios underwent wet milling in a two-step process. Subsequently, the powder mixture underwent compression at two pressures, namely 200 MPa and 250 MPa, employing the cold press method. The compressed mixture was then subjected to sintering in a tubular furnace at temperatures of 1200 °C, 1250 °C, 1350 °C, and 1400 °C. Microstructural characterization was conducted using optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). The findings indicated that increasing both pressure and temperature resulted in an enhancement of the sintering density in the samples. The optimum value was achieved at 1400 °C and 250 MPa, reaching 90.11 g/cm3. Furthermore, in the quenching sintering process, the carburization of 88 W-10Ni-2Mn WHA contributed to an increase in the micro hardness of the samples, reaching a maximum of 529 HV. The hardness exhibited an increase from 355 HV to 529 HV with a temperature rise from 1200 °C to 1250 °C. However, it decreased from 377 HV to 352 HV when the temperature increased from 1350 °C to 1400 °C. The increase of sintering temperature also led to slightly increases the continuity of tungsten‑tungsten due to the growth of tungsten particles. By increasing the temperature from 1350 °C to 1400 °C, ductile fracture was observed in WHA.

A new diagnostic technique for identifying Angiostrongylus spp. larvae in intermediate snail species by examining the buccal cavity

BackgroundAngiostrongyliasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis are gastropods, and snail species such as Pomacea canaliculata play a key role in the transmission of human angiostrongyliasis. Detecting A. cantonensis infection in snails is an important component of epidemiological surveillance and the control of angiostrongyliasis.MethodsIn this study, a new method for diagnosing A. cantonensis infection in gastropods was developed by recovering larvae from the buccal cavity of three snail species. The entire buccal cavity of a snail was extracted, and the tissue was pressed between two microscope slides to observe whether A. cantonensis larvae were present. Our new method was compared with traditional pathogenic detection methods of lung microscopy, tissue homogenization, and artificial digestion. We artificially infected 160 P. canaliculata, 160 Cipangopaludina chinensis, and 160 Bellamya aeruginosa snails with A. cantonensis. Then, the four different detection methods were used to diagnose infection in each snail species at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post exposure.ResultsWe found no significant difference in the percentages of infected P. canaliculata snails using the four methods to detect A. cantonensis larvae. The radula pressing method had a mean detection rate of 80%, while the lung microscopy (81.3%), tissue homogenization (83.8%), and artificial digestion (85%) methods had slightly greater detection rates. Similarly, the percentages of infected C. chinensis snails that were detected using the radula pressing (80%), tissue homogenization (82.1%), and artificial digestion (83.8%) methods were not significantly different. Finally, the percentages of infected B. aeruginosa snails that were detected using the radula pressing (81.3%), tissue homogenization (81.9%), and artificial digestion (81.4%) methods were not significantly different. These results showed that the radula pressing method had a similar detection rate to traditional lung microscopy, tissue homogenization, or artificial digestion methods.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates a new method for the qualitative screening of gastropods that act as intermediate hosts of A. cantonensis (and other Angiostrongylus species), provides technical support for the control of human angiostrongyliasis, and furthers research on A. cantonensis.Graphical

Prediction of Wear Properties of CaO and MgO Doped Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics with Artificial Neural Networks

In this research, the production and wear behavior of CaO and MgO doped stabilized zirconia ceramics prepared by powder metallurgy method were investigated and artificial neural network (ANN) models were established and predicted with the data produced as a result of real experiments. CaO/MgO doped stabilized zirconia ceramics were produced using a combination of ball milling, cold pressing - cold isostatic pressing and sintering methods. CaO and MgO were mixed with zirconia in different amounts (0-8 mol%). These mixtures were prepared by mechanical alloying. Green compacts were sintered at 1600°C. The wear experimental results produced from the trials were converted into data suitable for modelling with ANN. Wear load, wear time of the load, MgO and CaO were given as input to the ANN model. The amount of wear according to the pressing method was set as the output variable value of the ANN. An ANN approach model was established to predict the wear behavior characteristics of zirconia ceramic composites. In order to emphasize the success of the model, the test data set was presented to the ANN model and the results produced were compared with the results produced experimentally, and as a result of these tests, high R2 values of 0.99409 for 65N and 0.97512 for 80N were produced.

Fabrication and Characterization of Reaction-Resistant LaYO3 Material for the Melting Crucible of Metal Fuels

LaYO3 which has phase stability at high temperature is introduced as a promising candidate for reaction-preventing crucible materials with Uranium-Zirconium (U-Zr) melt containing rare-earth elements (RE). RE is composed of rare-earth elements such as Nd, Ce, Pr and La. The LaYO3 material was synthesized by a solid-state reaction method at elevated temperature according to a pseudo-phase diagram of LaYO3 and Y2O3. Green compacts blended with La2O3 and Y2O3 powder were made by the Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) method, with La2O3 and Y2O3 powders varying with molar ratios from 1.0 to 1:2. LaYO3 synthetics were fabricated at sintering temperatures ranging from 1450°C to 1600°C. LaYO3 pellets sintered at below 1550°C showed a highly dense orthorhombic phase with a perovskite structure, resulting in an enhancing reaction-resistant effect with RE.

Fabrication of PZT/PVDF composite film and the influence of homogeneity to dielectric constant

AbstractThe Lead Zirconate Titanate/polyvinylidene fluoride (PZT/PVDF) piezoelectric composite with various volume fractions of PZT is successfully fabricated by the proposed solution casting and hot press methods. The aim of this study is to determine the quality of the composite material being fabricated by its homogeneity. Homogeneity can be determined by computing the free path space between particles based on the binary image of SEM, using dispersion and distribution quantitative methods, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the particles' scattering conditions. In comparison to several selected models providing adjustable factors that are highly related to the effect of homogeneity of the composite's internal structure, a suitable model is found.

Cement-based external wall insulation material with thermal performance improvement by partial substitution of calcium silicate

External wall composite insulation materials have shown great potential for energy saving and emission reduction in the construction industry, but cement-based material as one of the external wall composite insulation materials has the problem of high thermal conductivity. Herein, a composite insulation material was prepared using the press method by expanded polystyrene (EPS) and cement of different calcium silicate content. The addition of porous calcium silicate provides nucleation sites for cement hydration to promote hydration reaction and increase the porosity of the inorganic cementitious phase from 75 % to 85 % and refine the average pore size from 2826.09 nm to 421.31 nm. The cement-based composite insulation material which the calcium silicate content is 20 % has 0.0423 W/(m·K) in the thermal conductivity, which is 23.1 % lower than the non-calcium silicate content of cement-based composite insulation material (0.055 W/(m·K)). The simulation analysis proves that the improved insulating properties are attributed to the increased interface between solid-phase and gas phase, thinner heat transfer walls, and longer heat transfer paths due to the pore structure changes in the inorganic cementitious phase. This proposed composite insulation material provides a new choice for external wall insulation.

Solvent‐free grafting route to develop thin and flexible polymer film from lignin

AbstractThe recent advancements on the development of sustainable copolymers from lignin, has led us to explore a novel two‐step methodology for the development of lignin‐derived copolymers for flexible film preparation. In this work, firstly, chemical modification of lignin with itaconic acid (IA) in green solvent followed by grafting with lactic acid (LA) via solvent free polycondensation pathway was used to produce Lig‐g‐PLA copolymers. The effect of various reaction parameters like IA and LA amount, reaction time, solvent, temperature was studied to optimize yield of the reaction. Analytical techniques (FT‐IR, NMR, and XPS) confirmed successful chemical modification of lignin and copolymer (Lig‐g‐PLA) synthesis. The change in flexibility behavior of the polymer thin films (250 microns) prepared through hydraulic hot press method found to be dependent on the LA grafting. Notably, smooth surface of the films prepared with LA amount (IAL:LA 1:3 wt ratio) indicates enhanced compatibility between copolymer molecules due to the grafting of LA. Additionally, films prepared with a higher LA amount (i.e., IAL:LA 1:4 wt ratio) exhibited superior mechanical property with 3 times higher storage modulus as compared to the film prepared with lower LA amount (i.e., IAL:LA 1:2 wt ratio).

The effect of different hydrodistillation times on the composition and yield of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel essential oil and a comparison of the cold‐pressing method

AbstractBergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) is not consumed as fresh fruit as other members of Citrus. Bergamot essential oil has a unique aroma. Bergamot essential oil is a very valuable product used in perfumery, cosmetics, aromatherapy and food industry due to its beautiful scent and functional properties. As with other Citrus species, the composition of bergamot essential oil can vary according to harvest time, climate and extraction technology. Bergamot essential oil could be obtained by cold press extraction or distillation method. Within the scope of the study, the effect of four different hydrodistillation (HD) times (5, 10, 60 and 120 min) on the composition of bergamot essential oil obtained from Turkish fruits was investigated. In the first 60 min, 96.11% of the total essential oil was obtained. Research findings have shown that the distillation time is quite effective in the composition of bergamot essential oil. Limonene, linalool and linalyl acetate, which are the main components of bergamot essential oil, varied in the range, 42.36%–53.25%, 5.59%–12.18% and 20.84%–26.73%, respectively, with respect to distillation time. In cold press method, bergamot essential oil has lower linalool/linalyl acetate ratio (0.15) compared to HD method and a higher quality essence was obtained.