Press In England Research Articles

Authorial Designs: Daniel Berkeley Updike, Edith Wharton, and Institutional Reciprocity in the American Literary Marketplace

Abstract: Daniel Berkeley Updike (1860–1941) was an American printer whose Merrymount Press began operating in the 1890s out of Boston, aspiring to standards set by William Morris's Kelmscott Press in England. Central to Updike's success was his relationship with the writer Edith Wharton. Updike oversaw typographical design for four of Wharton's earliest works: The Decoration of Houses (1897), The Greater Inclination (1899), Crucial Instances (1901), and Sanctuary (1903). This essay examines the relationship between Updike and Wharton with an eye for American institutional exchange and argues Updike's design schemes helped engineer her reputation as a serious literary figure.

The Restraint of the Press in England, 1660–1715: The Communication of Sin, by Alex W. Barber

<i>The Restraint of the Press in England, 1660–1715: The Communication of Sin</i>, by Alex W. Barber

The Restraint of the Press in England, 1660–1715: The Communication of Sin, by Alex W. Barber

"The Restraint of the Press in England, 1660–1715: The Communication of Sin, by Alex W. Barber." Library & Information History, 38(3), pp. 236–237

La presse arabophone en Angleterre au prisme des politiques du Golfe

Dans le cadre de cet article, nous choisissons d’étudier trois journaux arabes, édités à Londres, qui ont survécu aux mutations du métier de la presse en sachant évoluer vers des pratiques en ligne. Ils regroupent des journalistes arabophones venus de différents pays arabes. Ces journaux quotidiens arabophones ont couvert et accompagné les grands événements mondiaux ainsi que l’actualité du monde arabe en suivant des lignes éditoriales marquées soutenant, chacun, l’un des pays du Golfe tout au long d’un conflit historique, qui s’est étalé de 2017 à 2021 et a engendré une rupture diplomatique et une fermeture de frontières. Il s’agit des journaux suivants : Acharq Alawsat ou Le Moyen-Orient, un journal saoudien ; Alquds Alarabi ou Jérusalem arabe, actuellement pro-qatari ; Alarab ou Les Arabes, actuellement pro-émirati. Le but de la démarche est de répondre à une question, qui n’est pas des moindres : quelle place occupe cette presse arabophone prise entre gérer son implantation dans un pays d’accueil et une mission à accomplir dans sa région d’origine ? Autrement dit : cette presse se considère-t-elle comme une presse pleinement arabe ou plutôt comme une presse d’exil ?

Review of Andrew Hobbs, A Fleet Street in Every Town: The Provincial Press in England, 1855-1900.

Review of Andrew Hobbs, A Fleet Street in Every Town: The Provincial Press in England, 1855-1900.

The Rise and Fall of Diversity in the Liverpool Newspaper Press

Liverpool can boast one of the earliest newspapers in the north of England. Then, in the nineteenth century, as trade and population soared, the ‘Second City of Empire’ was served by the most extensive and diverse newspaper press in England outside London. However, the twentieth century saw the Liverpool press become a virtual monopoly by one newspaper group. Today, just the Liverpool Echo survives. The history of the Liverpool newspaper press was not simply a reflection of the rise and fall of Liverpool as a centre of trade. Trade was a key enabler for growth but the subsequent decline was largely due to commercial factors within the wider press industry. In between, a continually innovative press demonstrated how diversity could work to everyone’s advantage. Liverpool’s experiences and achievements are relevant today in a world where the press is often much less diverse than its readership.

‘Publish and Be Damned?’ Race, Crisis, and the Press in England during the Long, Hot Summer of 1976

ABSTRACT The summer of 1976 is an under-cited moment of significance in the history of race and immigration in post-war England. A series of major incidents appeared to highlight lasting racial fractures in English society, often exacerbated by the provocative editorial decisions of the press. This article, focused particularly on events in the Lancashire town of Blackburn, analyses some of the ways in which constructions of a ‘crisis of race relations’ were developed in local and national newspapers during this tumultuous summer.

Andrew Hobbs, A Fleet Street in Every Town: The Provincial Press in England, 1855-1900

This book is a polemic for the ‘marginalized majority’, those who wrote for and read the local press in the second half of the nineteenth century in England. As befits a former journalist, Andrew H...

A Fleet Street in Every Town: The Provincial Press in England, 1855–1900 by Andrew Hobbs

A Fleet Street in Every Town: The Provincial Press in England, 1855–1900 by Andrew Hobbs

The History of the Provincial Press in England by Rachel Matthews

The History of the Provincial Press in England by Rachel Matthews

Creating A Critical Civic Consciousness

This paper examines two themes in local government reporting in the nineteenth century—municipal governance and social reform and the reporting of municipal elections, electioneering and scandals. These themes formed part of the discourse of political reporting during this period, along with the detailed recording of town council meetings. The study concentrates on a representative sample of the provincial press in England from the Leeds Mercury to the Norfolk Chronicle. The article deliberately avoids an over-emphasis on the metropolitan press in an attempt to gauge the spread and influence of local government reporting outside of London. It also focuses on municipal political affairs and not on other forms of local government such as Poor Law Guardians, Improvement Commissioners and School Boards for the sake of clarity and unambiguity. Some writers have presented the provincial press as functioning as positive promoters of civic institutions and as underpinning the ‘municipal status quo’ [Jackson, Andrew. ‘Civic Identity, Municipal Governance and Provincial Newspapers: The Lincoln of Bernard Gilbert, Poet, Critic and “Booster”, 1914.’ Urban History 42 (2015): 113–129]. This study challenges this view and offers an alternative perspective—the creation of a critical civic consciousness that directly addressed the reader as a member of a critical urban community.

John Wilkes, the Wilkite Movement and a Free Press in America

In the Spring 2015 issue of Journalism History, Roger P. Mellen advanced the argument that John Wilkes, an eighteenth-century English politician and journalist, made a significant contribution to the development of freedom of the press as a constitutional right in the United States because of his ongoing, public challenge to England's law of seditious libel. However, it is doubtful that the trials and tribulations of Wilkes in England resulted in the inclusion of the free press clause in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution as Wilkes never directly challenged England's seditious libel law. While attorneys sympathetic to the Wilkite cause launched legal challenges against the limited role allowed to juries in seditious libel prosecutions, Wilkes never publicly made this his cause. Moreover, efforts to reform the law of seditious libel in England failed to yield tangible results until Fox's Libel Act of 1792. That statute, which permitted juries to render a general verdict and determine whether all of the elements of a seditious libel charge had been proved by the prosecution, did not abolish the law of seditious libel in England. For the next thirty years, seditious libel prosecutions were used by the government when deemed necessary to maintain order. The Wilkite movement did, however, confirm the view of the colonists in America that a free press could operate as an effective check on the power of government. Further, the activities of the press in England mirrored and thus reinforced the colonial experience that a free press could serve as a conduit for active participation in political debate and as a forum to articulate legitimate grievances concerning what the colonists believed were the excesses of British imperial governance.

A perspective on path dependence processes: the role of knowledge integration in business model persistence dynamics in the provincial press in England

ABSTRACTThis paper examines why strategy innovation is rare in the regional news industry. It integrates the knowledge-based view of a firm, path-dependence theoretical perspective and the field of business model studies to interpret the historic emergence, formation, and current lock-in of legacy regional newspapers. The historic case of the provincial press in England is analysed to consider how, in an industrial context of relative simplicity and certainty, path-dependent formation processes are led by knowledge integration mechanisms.

Children’s Writing and the Popular Press in England 1876–1914

Children’s Writing and the Popular Press in England 1876–1914

Mass-mediated ‘open justice’: court and judicial reports in the Press in England and Wales

The need for courts and the judiciary to operate in public and for their activities to be open to public scrutiny is a well-established goal of liberal democracies. One of its recent policy manifestations is in debates about confidence in the justice system and initiatives designed to improve confidence. In the majority of cases, public scrutiny of court and judicial activity relies upon the media. Reports in regional and national newspapers have long been – and research suggests continue to be – an important source of information, shaping public knowledge and facilitating public scrutiny of the justice system. Unlike in some other common law jurisdictions, in the UK there is almost no scholarship on these representations, past or present. The result is that little is known about the representation of courts and the judiciary in Press reports. The aim of this paper is to take a first step towards changing that state of affairs. It uses a data set made up of 205 contemporary newspaper reports of court and judicial activity. These come from a sample of 24 daily newspapers: 10 national newspapers and 14 from the regions. All were published on Thursday 16 February 2012, an unexceptional day in the life of the justice system and the Press. The modest goal of this paper is to offer an analysis of this snapshot of the courts and the judiciary in the Press in England and Wales.

Asbestos and Lung Diseases: Introduction and Epidemiology

Over the last 2 centuries, there has been a growing awareness of occupationally related lung disease resulting from exposure to inorganic particulates that cause chronic and disabling fibrotic lung disease that can be fatal. Fibrotic lung disease, because of dust exposure, is referred to as pneumoconiosis. Asbestos refers to a group of naturally occurring minerals that has been extensively used in diverse industries as the minerals are known for their high tensile strength and flexibility and exhibit high thermal and chemical degradation as well as electrical resistance. 1 Asbestos fibers are either straight or curved and are referred to as amphiboles or serpentine type. Chrysotile, or often called white asbestos, is a serpentine form and widely used in USA in the past. Amphiboles may be more carcinogenic than the serpentine type. In the late 19th century, the industrial import of asbestos to England from Canada grew, and workers’ exposure to asbestos increased, resulting in a gradual increase in asbestos-related morbidity and mortality. Reports of asbestos-related illness and fatal cases started to appear in the lay press in England (1898, 1906), France (1906), and Italy (1908). Many of these reports involved exposure to Canadian chrysotile fiber. From early (1900s) reports of pulmonary fibrosis, referred to as asbestosis, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, emerged the scientific literature in England, USA, and Europe. Despite the strong evidence regarding the adverse health effects of asbestos fibers, industries had no restriction or regulations in regard to the use of asbestos. 1-3 The studies from Canada were not supportive of asbestos-related lung diseases in the first half of 20th century and they continued to use the fiber. In 1931, regulation regarding asbestos use was established in Britain. Only in 1955, Canada acknowledged the occurrence of asbestosis in the miners and mill workers. 3 The carcinogenicity of asbestos was initially noted in an animal study using mice but the results were not widely accepted. Based on the Saranac research Vorwald reported an increased association of malig

Alison Oram . Her Husband Was a Woman! Women's Gender‐Crossing in Modern British Popular Culture . (Women's and Gender History.) New York : Routledge . 2007 . Pp. xii, 192. $35.95.

Anyone who has spent any time at all browsing the early twentieth-century popular press in England will have come across a story or two about a woman passing as a man and marrying another woman. Indeed in the 1930s, as Alison Oram's lively book claims, the British popular press was full of such stories and reported them with barely a nod to identity categories such as lesbian or transgender. Many of the stories in the press, furthermore, told stories of “female masquerade” with humor and a great deal of admiration. Oram notes in her introduction that as she did her research, she fully expected to see the tide to turn against these passing men, and she presumed that she would see a sexological language of perversion and pathology take over from the sensationalist and voyeuristic language of freakery and human wonder. But, she proposes, it was not until the late 1940s in Britain when press coverage of gender variance switched from amusement and amazement to judgment and fear; and only then, claims Oram, did notions of lesbianism and transsexualism emerge as explanatory frameworks for the cross-dressing woman.

Study Sheds Light on Relationship Between Debt, Mental Illness

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Professional NewsFull AccessStudy Sheds Light on Relationship Between Debt, Mental IllnessJoan Arehart-TreichelJoan Arehart-TreichelSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:2 Jan 2009https://doi.org/10.1176/pn.44.1.0005aMillions of Americans have watched in dismay as their investments have plummeted in value during the country's economic downturn. Unemployment is growing. Countless people are struggling to pay their mortgage while those who can't have lost their homes. And what has now become a global financial crisis is taking its toll on people's mental health, not just on their pocketbooks.A study reported in the October 2008 Psychological Medicine, published by Cambridge University Press in England, found a strong link between debt and mental illness. Almost a quarter of all people with mental illness are in debt, compared with only 8 percent of people with no mental illness, the study found.The study, headed by Rachel Jenkins, M.D., a professor at the Institute of Psychiatry in London, was based on a nationally representative sample of people living in the United Kingdom—some 8,600 individuals. All were assessed for anxiety and depressive disorders, psychosis, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse. They were also asked detailed questions about their income and debt. Jenkins and her colleagues then looked to see whether there were any links between mental disorders and income or debt.The researchers found that those subjects with a low income were twice as likely to have a mental disorder as were those with a higher income. Also, the more debts they had, the more likely they were to have some form of mental disorder.The researchers then compared the relationship between income and mental disorders with the relationship between debt and mental disorders. The relationship between having a low income and having a mental disorder was weakened when debt was considered. In contrast, the relationship between having debt and having a mental disorder remained robust even when a low income was considered, and it was only slightly weakened when other sociodemographic variables were considered.In fact, even after adjusting for income and other variables, the more debts people had, the more likely they were to have a mental disorder overall, an anxiety or a depressive disorder, psychosis, alcohol dependence, or drug dependence. Also, people with six or more separate debts had a sixfold increase in mental disorder after adjusting for income.Thus, there may be a strong association not only between low income and mental illness, but also between debt and mental illness, Jenkins and her team concluded. But of the two associations, the latter seems to be more potent.The study was not designed to determine whether debt leads to mental illness or whether mental illness leads to debt. However, “Both are probably true,” Jenkins told Psychiatric News.Truly, some of the study data could be used to argue either case. For instance, that debt was found to be four times as prevalent among people with psychosis as among people in good mental health suggests that serious mental illness keeps people from holding down good jobs and thus puts them at risk of going into debt. In contrast, that debt was found to be three times as prevalent among people with an anxiety or a depressive disorder as among people in good mental health implies that the stress of being in debt can erode people's mental health.In any event, the implications for psychiatrists are the same in either case, Jenkins advised. They should assess the financial situations of their patients, she said, and if their patients are in considerable debt, they should refer them to a debt-management expert.The study was funded by England's Department of Health, the Scottish Executive Health Department, and the Welsh Assembly Government.An abstract of “Debt, Income, and Mental Disorder in the General Population” is posted at<http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2178012>.▪ ISSUES NewArchived

The idea of a free press: the Enlightenment and its unruly legacy

With the introduction of the printing press in England in 1476, a struggle over its control - and its potential for interrupting power - was joined. The written word, once the domain of the upper levels of society that controlled politics, economics, and religion, could be seen passing into the hands of anyone throughout the social strata who wished to voice opinions on any topic of interest or importance. How the advent of printing led to the idea of a free press is the story told by David Copeland in this book, which traces a confrontation that began with issues of religion and gradually expanded into the realm of political freedom. The rise of a free press was, in many ways, a legacy of the Reformation and Enlightenment. Copeland describes a discourse centered on questions of religion - a discussion that the government, with all its religious authority, could not suppress because of the belief that the ability to reason for oneself was God-given. In this account, we see how the debate moved from religion to the purely political sphere, and how, through the increased use of the printing press, it was opened to a multiplicity of voices and opinions. Spanning nearly four centuries in Britain and America, Copeland's book reveals how the tension between government control and the right to debate public affairs openly ultimately led to the idea of a free press; in doing so, it documents an intellectual development of unparalleled relevance and importance to the history of journalism.

We are not Barbarians: Literature and the Russian Émigré Press in England, 1890–1905

If any single factor militated against late Victorian support for a Russian revolution, it was the entrenched belief that Russians were barbarians, incapable of governing themselves, a race of ‘besotted savages utterly unfit for civilisation'. Yet during the last years of the nineteenth century, England faced a challenge to her conception of the Russian race. Educated and cultured Russian exiles toured up and down the country lecturing on Russian themes; they also published propaganda aimed at winning English hearts over to the Russian revolution. This paper examines two emigre magazines – the pro-Nihilist Free Russia (1890–1914) and its ostensibly less radical rival, The Anglo-Russian (1897–1914). Specifically, it explores how they used fiction, commentaries on Russian literature, and descriptions of Russian literary culture to advertise the race's creative and spiritual potential and its readiness for self-government.