Presidential System Of Government Research Articles

Domestic imperative of the Philippines’ South China Sea policy: personality-driven policymaking and constant shifts between China and the United States

This article aims to explain the oscillations of the Philippines’ South China Sea policy vis-à-vis China between accommodation and confrontation from 1991 to 2022. It argues that the Philippines’ personality-driven foreign policymaking was conducive to dramatic shifts in position on the South China Sea issue. The presidential system of government and patronage politics in the Philippines give the presidential inner circles considerable leeway to shape and reshape the country’s foreign policy. Despite being constrained by domestic socio-political conditions at a given time as well as the political and security thinking embedded in its domestic politics, individual Philippine presidents and/or the presidential circles managed the South China Sea issue vis-à-vis China and the United States in particular ways according to their different sets of personal beliefs, professional expertise, and practical experience. This explains why the power transitions in the Philippines often caused major shifts in its management of the South China Sea disputes over time.

Does the Reform of the Parliamentary and Presidential Threshold Strengthen the Presidential System in Indonesia?

The attempt to purify Indonesia's multiparty presidential system was only reflected after the Third Amendment to the 1945 Constitution. However, it took work to implement it. In practice. Various measures have been taken, including party alliances and introducing voting barriers in parliamentary elections. Therefore, analysing the relationship between electoral thresholds and their ideal proportions in the form of legal-political reforms to strengthen the Indonesian presidential system is interesting. This is in line with the purpose of this study, which is to uncover and analyse the legal politics of electoral thresholds in an attempt to strengthen the presidential system of government in Indonesia. The approach adopted in this study is a theoretical approach with legal, conceptual, comparative and historical approaches. This study concludes that the legitimate political renewal of the electoral vote threshold is not closely related to efforts to strengthen Indonesia's system of multiparty presidential government. The ideal way to reform the legal, political threshold for electoral votes would be to set the parliamentary threshold at 2.5%, but at the same time tighten controls over the parties participating in the election, and the 2.5% threshold serves as President to maintain a balance between the parliamentary and presidential thresholds. In addition, it is also important to strengthen consensus (consensus democracy) among coalition political parties. There is still a desire to abolish the presidential threshold through the People's Representative Council (DPR) instead of the Constitutional Court (MK).

The Urgency of State Administration Attitude for Good Governance

Good Governance is a fundamental concept in public Good Governance is a fundamental concept in public sector management that emphasizes the importance of transparency, integrity, responsibility, fairness, trust, balance, clarity, honesty, consistency, rule of law, vision, and mission in the public sector. In Indonesia, the government administration system is recognized as a crucial element in ensuring national progress and development. Thus, the concept of Good Governance is viewed as an important element in reforming the public sector and transforming it into a system that reflects accountability, responsibility, and transparency in its operations. To achieve the goals of Good Governance, it is essential to establish a strong and effective system of government administration. Such a system must prioritize the application of Good Governance principles in the planning, implementation, and accountability processes. The relationship between the attitudes of state administration and public service delivery is also critical in achieving Good Governance. The attitudes of state administration play a crucial role in shaping the foundation for Good Governance. It is important to note that Good Governance cannot be achieved solely through the implementation of policies and regulations.

The Urgency of State Administration Attitude for Good Governance

Good Governance is a fundamental concept in public Good Governance is a fundamental concept in public sector management that emphasizes the importance of transparency, integrity, responsibility, fairness, trust, balance, clarity, honesty, consistency, rule of law, vision, and mission in the public sector. In Indonesia, the government administration system is recognized as a crucial element in ensuring national progress and development. Thus, the concept of Good Governance is viewed as an important element in reforming the public sector and transforming it into a system that reflects accountability, responsibility, and transparency in its operations. To achieve the goals of Good Governance, it is essential to establish a strong and effective system of government administration. Such a system must prioritize the application of Good Governance principles in the planning, implementation, and accountability processes. The relationship between the attitudes of state administration and public service delivery is also critical in achieving Good Governance. The attitudes of state administration play a crucial role in shaping the foundation for Good Governance. It is important to note that Good Governance cannot be achieved solely through the implementation of policies and regulations.

Traditional origins of populist political discourse in Türkiye: a visual discourse analysis on Erdoğan’s Instagram posts

ABSTRACT Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is recognized as one of the world’s populist politicians who are steadily increasing in number around the world. During Erdoğan’s 22 years in power, Türkiye first experienced a period of significant economic and democratic growth, which was then significantly reversed with the 2016 coup attempt and the presidential government system that Türkiye adopted based on a referendum. Simultaneously with this regression in Türkiye, the content and opportunities offered by social media applications have improved. Appropriately, politicians attach more importance to these platforms for political communication. Although the number of studies in the field of political communication is increasing, visual political communication is not being widely researched. Erdoğan’s Instagram posts are important examples of his populist political understanding within the scope of visual political communication. Hence, in this study, 242 image posts shared by Erdoğan via his Instagram account in 2022, which constitute a total of 685 photos due to Instagram’s feature of sharing multiple photos per post, were analyzed. It was found that Erdoğan made significant use of Instagram visuals in constructing his image as “one of the people” and as a tool to maintain his claim to masses that he was “one of them.”

Transformasi Tata Kelola Pemerintahan Desa Akulturasi Antara Peraturan Adat dan Digitalisasi (Studi Pada Desa Kanekes Kecamatan Luwidamar Kabupaten Lebak)

The development of technology that is getting more advanced greatly facilitates human activities, both in the village government administration system, public services that were originally manual now have a computerized system so as to facilitate public service activities. This is not spared by the community in Baduy, which is known to live far from the development of the times. The purpose of this research is to explain how Baduy Community starts to follow the development of modern technology in the digital era, but still follows some existing customary regulations. One of the technological developments that began to be used by the Baduy Community is the payment process with the QRIS payment system. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive method. The results of the study show that with the entry of modernization culture from outside, it does not mean that the Baduy Community completely forgets the existing customary regulations. Therefore, acculturation is needed by trying to enter modernization culture without eliminating the culture that previously existed. The entry of modern culture can actually coexist with the existing culture without shifting the prevailing customs

The Relevance of Presidential Threshold Implementation in the 2024 Concurrent Elections

The strengthening of the presidential system of government in Indonesia was carried out after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution from 1999-2002. The affirmation of this presidential system is manifested, one of which is that the President is not a mandatary of the People's Consultative Assembly anymore. This is in line with the commitment of the Indonesian nation to realise a democratic rule of law. The president as the head of government is directly elected by the people. The first direct presidential election was held in 2004. In presidential elections, a threshold is applied known as the Presidential Threshold. In the 2024 election, the presidential threshold provision is still maintained where the pair of presidential candidates proposed by a political party or a combination of political parties participating in the election who meet the requirements of obtaining at least 20% of the total DPR seats or obtaining 25% of the valid votes nationally in the previous DPR member election. Presidential threshold in elections in Indonesia raises pros and cons. On the one hand, the presidential threshold can simplify political parties so as to strengthen the presidential system. In addition, the implementation of the presidential threshold can realise government stability, especially in relations between executive and legislative institutions. But on the other hand, the application of the presidential threshold in simultaneous elections needs to be reconsidered because it is based on the votes in ,the previous election. This is allegedly able to reduce the people's right to nominate alternative presidential candidates.

Constitution & Decentralized Government System in France

France is a republican country and uses a semi-presidential unitary government system with democracy which is very inherent in the country. The semi-presidential government system is a combination of the presidential government system and the parliamentary government system, in this case there are two executive leaders, each of whom has their own role. The executive leaders are the President of France who serves as head of state and the prime minister who serves as head of government.The French government system is semi- presidential, the French executive is led by a President who is assisted by a Prime Minister, the French Government is responsible to Parliament based on the provisions of Articles 49 and 50 of the French Constitution. However, the French Parliament consists of the National Assembly and Senate, where the National Assembly has the power to dissolve the cabinetso that the majority determines the choice of the Government, in contrast to Indonesia where Ministers cannot be dismissed by Parliament. The decentralization policy in France is based on a law of the French parliament known as the Gaston Deferred Law of 1982. Concept Autonomous government in France itself is divided into four categories, namely institutional, legal, financial and human resources. In the French Government, the Central Government does not intervene at all when problems arise between the Regional Government and other Regional Governments. The Central Government can act as a mediator but not as a decision-making body, because based on Article 72 of the French Constitution, problems relating to territorial matters are resolved through associations between related parties based on the authority to establish laws.

Constitution & Decentralized Government System in France

France is a republican country and uses a semi-presidential unitary government system with democracy which is very inherent in the country. The semi-presidential government system is a combination of the presidential government system and the parliamentary government system, in this case there are two executive leaders, each of whom has their own role. The executive leaders are the President of France who serves as head of state and the prime minister who serves as head of government.The French government system is semi- presidential, the French executive is led by a President who is assisted by a Prime Minister, the French Government is responsible to Parliament based on the provisions of Articles 49 and 50 of the French Constitution. However, the French Parliament consists of the National Assembly and Senate, where the National Assembly has the power to dissolve the cabinetso that the majority determines the choice of the Government, in contrast to Indonesia where Ministers cannot be dismissed by Parliament. The decentralization policy in France is based on a law of the French parliament known as the Gaston Deferred Law of 1982. Concept Autonomous government in France itself is divided into four categories, namely institutional, legal, financial and human resources. In the French Government, the Central Government does not intervene at all when problems arise between the Regional Government and other Regional Governments. The Central Government can act as a mediator but not as a decision-making body, because based on Article 72 of the French Constitution, problems relating to territorial matters are resolved through associations between related parties based on the authority to establish laws.

Pelaksanaan Penguatan Pengawasan Internal Dalam Penyelenggaraan Reformasi Birokrasi Di Balai Pelatihan Lingkungan Hidup Dan Kehutanan (BPLHK) Samarinda

Bureaucracy plays a major role in the process of providing public services. However, in the implementation of public services, various bureaucratic problems are still encountered. So bureaucratic reform is needed as a start to formulating a good, effective and efficient government administration system, so that it can serve the public quickly, precisely and professionally. In addition, government agencies and their leaders and staff must be committed to realizing a Corruption-Free Area/Clean and Serving Bureaucratic Area through bureaucratic reform, especially in realizing clean and accountable government and excellent public services as stated in Permenpan RB Number 90 of the Year 2021. This research aims to determine the Implementation of Strengthening Internal Supervision in Implementing Bureaucratic Reform at the Samarinda Environmental and Forestry Training Center. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. With the result that BPLHK has implemented strengthened supervision and fulfilled indicators based on PERMENPAN RB RI Number 26 of 2020 concerning Gratification Control in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, which includes Gratification, Implementation of SPIP, Public Complaints, Whistle-blowing system, Handling of conflicts of interest, Development integrity zone, and the Government Internal Monitoring Apparatus (APIP) but there are still obstacles to achieving WBK/WBBM.

Transformation of Kebun Kelapa Village Administration with Platform as a Service (PaaS) Cloud Computing

Villages, as the smallest part of the government administration system in Indonesia, are required to be able to follow technological developments and continue to improve their ability to manage village population administration data. Currently, the village is in the administrative service system. The villagers are still conventional; this affects village devices and villagers, where human error is common, as well as waste of time and costs. So it takes the use of the right technology to overcome this. Cloud computing is a paradigm that allows users to access information electronically using fixed devices or mobile devices connected to the internet network. Cloud computing offers PaaS (Platform as a Service) collaboration, on-demand services,and anytime, anywhere access capabilities. With cloud computing, digital village systems can be built. To be able to use the service, the village government must first subscribe to a cloud service provider.Based on the test results, it can be concluded that the implementation of Kebun Kelapa Village administration provides convenience in processing village population data, reduces village operational costs, and can provide more optimal administrative services to villagers, especially Kebun Kelapa.

The Urgency of Presidential Institution Regulations in Strengthening the Presidential Government System

The existence and authority of the executive, legislative and judicial institutions are regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, then regulated in more detail in the law, except for the President. There is no law on presidential institutions yet, so there is concern that the President will exceed or abuse his authority in carrying out his duties. This research discusses the importance of regulating presidential institutions in strengthening the presidential system. The research approach was normative juridical; examining legal rules or regulations as a building system related to a legal event. The data used were secondary data in the forms of primary and secondary legal materials. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that: 1) the regulation of presidential institutions is only found in the Constitution. There is no description of the position and division of authority between the President and Vice President and other positions in the presidential institution. 2) The position of the Vice President is as assistant to the President, and the Vice President replaces the President when the President dies, resigns, is dismissed, or is unable to carry out his obligations during his term of office. 3) Regulation of presidential institutions in strengthening the presidential government system is very urgent to prevent arbitrary actions by the President and to provide clarity on the authority of positions within the presidential realm so that they can carry out their duties well in supporting the President as head of state and head of government. With clear arrangements, each person has responsibilities, and there will be no overlapping of authority.

Analysis of the Similarities between Islamic Government Systems and Modern State Government Systems

The purpose of this study is to get an idea of how the principles in Islamic and modern government systems compare, both similarities and differences. Researchers use descriptive-qualitative research. Data obtained through literature reading, analyzed and critically compromised for further narrative description. This research uses descriptive-qualitative analysis, data and information about matters related to this research are studied, reviewed, classified carefully, then the analysis process is carried out by deduction, the analysis process takes place continuously from beginning to end with the aim of finding answers to the rumplations of problems carried by the research. Based on the analysis of this research data concludes that the leader in the early Islamic and contemporary government system is a powerful and influential figure, the establishment of the State of Medina on the basis of the agreement of diverse nations, this is the same as the establishment of many countries in the world today, the State of Medina is a state of law because it has a Medina Charter or Medina Constitution, as many countries in the world declare as State of law. Muhammad as a central figure has always been open in accepting the opinions of others for the benefit of the country, his style of government is fiber with domocracy. Muhammad also at one time became the leader of the State as well as the leader of the government and had full authority just like the current presidential system of government.

Compatibility of the Presence of the State Policies with the Presidential Government System in Indonesia

The presence of state policies amidst the presidential system has sparked controversies and raised glitches in state administration because these policies and the practice of parliamentarism intersect. On the other hand, fundamental issues arise from the national development planning system, calling for systemic maintenance to reinforce the direction and certainty of development in Indonesia. This article seeks to explore the compatibility of the state policies with the presidential system in Indonesia, mainly focusing on the urgency of the state policies and the form of the policies compatible with the presidential system in Indonesia. This research employed a normative method supported by statutory, historical, and conceptual approaches. To examine the urgency and the compatibility of the policies to the constitutional system in Indonesia, the policies need to be further investigated. The research results show that the urgency of the state policies can be viewed from the need to lead the directions, and policies, and set the certainty of the state development. The presence of these policies is expected to improve the shortcomings of the national development planning system, encompassing improvement of the political aspect of the development plan, constitutional design aspect, and ideological aspect. The compatibility of these policies with the presidential system represents the policies that leave no harm to the standard of the presidential system unless they (i) weaken the position of the president in connection with the parliament, and (ii) require the president to be responsible under the MPR (People’s Consultative Assembly). The compatibility of these policies can be formulated in three models: (i) the DPSP model; (ii) the parent law model as the state policies; and (iii) setting the policies by the MPR by adjusting to the principles of presidentialism.

Comparing the President's Authority in Forming Laws in Indonesia, the United States and Turkey

Each country is unique in running its government system. One of these uniqueness is related to the executive authority in forming laws, where even though these two countries both use a presidential system of government, there are differences in authority. This difference can be seen in Indonesia and the United States and Turkey, where even though these two countries both use a presidential system of government, there are differences in executive authority. To understand the legal ratio there are differences, even though the 3 (three) countries both use a presidential system of government, this research was conducted. The formulation of the problems in this study are 1) Characteristics of a presidential government system and 2) The authority of the President as an executive in making laws in presidential systems in Indonesia, the United States and Turkey. This research is a legalresearch with statutory approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. The results of the study show that in the Indonesian constitutional structure which is a Joint Function, the holder of the legislative function is the DPR which is carried out jointly with the President to then obtain joint approval. While the formation of laws and regulations in the United States is the House of Representatives and the Senate which are held by two chambers that have roles and functions of legislation that are balanced and equal to one another. If in Indonesia it is the executive who proposes to revise the law, in Turkey it is the majority party in parliament that proposes to revise the law. The presidential system in Turkey in terms of the relationship between the executive and the legislature is proactive.

Cumhurbaşkanlığı Eğitim ve Öğretim Politikaları Kurulu ile Millî Eğitim Bakanlığının Politika Sürecindeki Rolleri

In the formation of sovereignty of states, there are three powers, namely legislative, executive and judicial. The positioning of these three forces and the creation of parliamentary, presidential and semi-presidential government systems, known as democratic government systems, are among the important subjects of political science. The way to serve its citizens, which is one of the reasons for the existence of a state, is through public policies. Government systems are highly effective and decisive in the public policy process as well as in all areas of countries. Demands for a change in the government system, which have been going on for many years in Turkey, aimed to ensure political stability by eliminating the excessive dependence of the executive on the legislature brought by the parliamentary government system and the failures of the multi-part governments in the executive. With the official implementation of the Presidential Government System in Turkey as of 2018, the administrative structure of the executive was established with the Presidential Decree No. 1 on the Presidency Organization. The educational system within the process of education policies, the organizational structure, duties and powers of the Presidential Education and Training Policies Board and the Ministry of National Education in the context of the executive power are regulated in this Decree. In the process of education policies, the Presidency Education and Training Policies Board as the decision maker and the Ministry of National Education as the policy implementer have their presence as policy actors in the Presidential Government System. In this study, the effects and roles of the Presidential Education and Training Policies Board, which has the same duties and powers as the National Education Council, which is not included in the Decree on the Presidential Organization, in policy formulation and implementation are evaluated. In this study, which aims to reveal the roles of the Presidential Education and Training Policy Board and the Ministry of National Education in the policy process, the "document review" method was used. Keywords: Presidential Government System, Public Administration, Public Policies, Education Policies, Education and Training Policy Board, Ministry of National Education, National Education Council.

Contruction of Criminal Law Against Blaspheming the President as the Head of Government in Indonesia

The State of Indonesia is a state of law, every citizen gets protection of both civil and political rights. In addition, as a country that adheres to a presidential system of government, the position of the President is both head of state and head of government. However, there is an update efforts to provide better protection for the dignity of the President in the Criminal Law raises pros and cons, of course it is very interesting to study more deeply, namely regarding the norm of defamation against the president and the limits to the concept of norms of defamation against the president for the protection of dignity as head government. The research method used in this paper is through normative juridical research using primary data sources derived from secondary data. Secondary data from primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials that are directly related to the problems written. The conclusions in the research show that the legal norms and concepts regarding insulting the president in the the 2019 Draft Criminal Law (RUUKUHP) are in an effort to maintain the existence of the president as a person because everyone has legal rights to protect human dignity and worth. Furthermore, the concept of protecting the dignity of the president or vice president in the article does not mean protecting government policies from criticism.

The Problem of Citizenship Requirements for Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates in Indonesia

This article examines the problematic citizenship requirements of presidential and vice presidential candidates in Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative, with normative juridical research and constitutional comparisons with fifty countries in the world that adhere to presidential government systems. The results of the study show that each country regulates the citizenship requirements of Presidential and Vice-Presidential Candidates in its constitution. The regulation of the citizenship requirements for the candidates for President and Vice President in Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is ideal because it is not discriminatory and also does not have multiple interpretations. Based on a comparison with fifty countries, the regulation of citizenship requirements in Indonesia falls into the first category, namely citizen/nasionality by birth/born. The challenge for Indonesia in the future is how to implement these constitutional provisions without being politicized, especially when the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections will be held.

Juridical Analysis of Presidential Term Extension Through Constitutional Amendment

One of the content materials in constitutional amendment process is Article 7 of 1945 Republic of Indonesia Constitution concerning the President's term of office being limited to only two terms. During the era of President Joko Widodo's leadership, the issue of extending presidential term into three terms resurfaced. This study raises the main issues studied are, First, how is the legal politics of extending the President's term of office in terms of the Presidential Government System. Second, what is the urgency of President's term extension in terms of the Presidential System. This research is a normative juridical research with legal materials. The approach method used is the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. This study uses a qualitative descriptive analysis technique. Based on the results of research and discussion, that First, legal politics in extending the presidential term of office, namely placing a place to filter leaders so they can advance in a direct democratic party has a logical consequence so that in a presidential system of government, the existence of political parties can certainly have an influence on support on every presidential policy taken. Second, the urgency of an extension of the term of office of President in terms of Presidential Government system, that there is no need to extend the term of office for three terms because it causes discontinuity regarding the terms of office of the President and Vice President in Indonesia in order to prevent authoritarianism. The advice from this paper is that the extension of the term of office of the President and Vice President is sufficient for 2 periods and there is no need for an extension of the term of office of the President for more than two consecutive terms, because it can lead to abuse of power.

Constitutional Design of Strengthening DPR Role in Forming, Changing, and Dissolving State Ministries in the Constitutional Views

As a country that maintains a presidential system of government, it is essential to concentrate on creating the framework and structure of government. This is closely tied to the establishment, evolution, and dissolution of such institutions. As a consequence, the President and the DPR will be capable of determining responsive and constitutional legal politics. This legal policy study focuses on how the growth and regulation of state ministries and state institutions were connected to the constitutional system's establishment, modification, and dissolution. Second, how can legal politics address this in a manner that seems to be constitutional? The objective of this study is to assess the arrangements pertaining to the formation, alteration, and dissolution of ministries and state institutions under the constitutional system in order to define the ideal political legislation.This research uses normative legal research methods with descriptive research specifications and is analyzed through library research and data analysis methods using juridical-qualitative. The results of the research and discussion in this study include: First, the arrangements regarding the formation, modification, and dissolution of ministries and state institutions do not yet have a clear legal basis so that the President as the holder of power, is irregular in issuing his policies. Second, the legal politics that was initiated wanted the Government and the DPR to be more synergized in terms of drafting legal considerations and normalizing them based on statutory regulations and principles in a presidential system of government.