President Of France Research Articles

European construction and the franco-soviet summit in Kiev (december 6, 1989). part II

Since 1990, and especially after the Franco-Soviet meeting of December 6, a large number of opinions, studies, and articles in the Romanian historiography have spoken of a „plot” of the West (NATO & EEC), in agreement with the Soviet Union, against socialist Romania. In spite of this fact, the official documents of the EEC and NATO, the stenographic records from the meetings of the European Council, as well as other documentary testimonies and memorialistic works, show that the year 1989 was dominated by the collapse of the strategic glacis of the USSR and the amplification of the European construction process. The franco-soviet Summit that took place in Kiev on December 6, 1989 represents an essential milestone on the way to the Maastricht Treaty (February 7, 1992) rather than an episode of the Soviet-Western „plot” against socialist Romania. The President of France was involved in a complicated political-diplomatic game whose stake was European unity in which Chancellor Helmut Kohl had to make major political concessions in favor of President François Mitterrand’s geopolitical plans: 1) launching the negotiations on the creation of the Economic and Monetary Union, as a prelude of the future European Union; 2) recognizing of Germany’s borders with Poland on the Oder-Neisse line; 3) maintaining Germany unified in NATO and 4) confirming Germany’s denuclearization. These were the necessary conditions without which President François Mitterrand did not want to discuss with Mihail S. Gorbachev about „German reunification”.

Constitution & Decentralized Government System in France

France is a republican country and uses a semi-presidential unitary government system with democracy which is very inherent in the country. The semi-presidential government system is a combination of the presidential government system and the parliamentary government system, in this case there are two executive leaders, each of whom has their own role. The executive leaders are the President of France who serves as head of state and the prime minister who serves as head of government.The French government system is semi- presidential, the French executive is led by a President who is assisted by a Prime Minister, the French Government is responsible to Parliament based on the provisions of Articles 49 and 50 of the French Constitution. However, the French Parliament consists of the National Assembly and Senate, where the National Assembly has the power to dissolve the cabinetso that the majority determines the choice of the Government, in contrast to Indonesia where Ministers cannot be dismissed by Parliament. The decentralization policy in France is based on a law of the French parliament known as the Gaston Deferred Law of 1982. Concept Autonomous government in France itself is divided into four categories, namely institutional, legal, financial and human resources. In the French Government, the Central Government does not intervene at all when problems arise between the Regional Government and other Regional Governments. The Central Government can act as a mediator but not as a decision-making body, because based on Article 72 of the French Constitution, problems relating to territorial matters are resolved through associations between related parties based on the authority to establish laws.

Constitution & Decentralized Government System in France

France is a republican country and uses a semi-presidential unitary government system with democracy which is very inherent in the country. The semi-presidential government system is a combination of the presidential government system and the parliamentary government system, in this case there are two executive leaders, each of whom has their own role. The executive leaders are the President of France who serves as head of state and the prime minister who serves as head of government.The French government system is semi- presidential, the French executive is led by a President who is assisted by a Prime Minister, the French Government is responsible to Parliament based on the provisions of Articles 49 and 50 of the French Constitution. However, the French Parliament consists of the National Assembly and Senate, where the National Assembly has the power to dissolve the cabinetso that the majority determines the choice of the Government, in contrast to Indonesia where Ministers cannot be dismissed by Parliament. The decentralization policy in France is based on a law of the French parliament known as the Gaston Deferred Law of 1982. Concept Autonomous government in France itself is divided into four categories, namely institutional, legal, financial and human resources. In the French Government, the Central Government does not intervene at all when problems arise between the Regional Government and other Regional Governments. The Central Government can act as a mediator but not as a decision-making body, because based on Article 72 of the French Constitution, problems relating to territorial matters are resolved through associations between related parties based on the authority to establish laws.

The Silent Language of Political Communication of President Vladimir Putin

The delivery of messages in political communication varies. One of them was President Vladimir Putin’s political communication when he received a diplomatic visit from other Presidents, including President Joko Widodo’s visit in 2022. The messages sent and received by these two important people provoked different perceptions by the public. The extreme social distancing between President Vladimir Putin and other Heads of State was interesting to analyze. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distance (proxemics) of communication of President Vladimir Putin and President Joko Widodo, and President Vladimir Putin and President Emmanuel Macron. Data were collected from newspapers. Photographs showing the communication distance between President Putin and other heads of state were analyzed using proxemic theory. This research shows that President Vladimir Putin has a different way of welcoming and engaging himself when communicating with the President of Indonesia and the President of France. This non-verbal way of conveying messages shows both power and respect for the interlocutor.
 Keywords: communication, proxemic, symbol, non-verbal communication

Recruiting in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Opportunities and challenges

I consider that Africa is simply the central global, essential continent because it is here that the contemporary challenges collide. It is in Africa that part of the tipping of the world will be played.Emmanuel Macron, France's president, 2017

Recruiting in Sub‐Saharan Africa: opportunities and challenges

I consider that Africa is simply the central global, essential continent because it is here that the contemporary challenges collide. It is in Africa that part of the tipping of the world will be played.Emmanuel Macron, France's president, 2017

“Mal-estar social... uma agitação demoníaca”: o anarquismo segundo a criminologia do médico francês Alexandre Lacassagne

Abstract This article analyzes the way anarchism and its followers were understood in L’assassinat du président Carnot, by the French physician Alexandre Lacassagne. A few months before the book was published, in June 1894, the president of France, Sadi Carnot, had been killed by the Italian anarchist Sante Geronimo Caserio. Lacassagne was called upon to perform the autopsy of Carnot’s body and a psychiatric examination of Caserio. The results of these two analyses were published in the aforementioned book. He made his observations on the anarchist in the broader context of criminological debates pursued in the late nineteenth century, which were not restricted solely to the authors of Italian criminology.

Language, Federalism and Canadian Diplomacy

Canadian diplomacy has greatly shaped Canada’s debates over language and vice versa. How has the history of Canadian diplomacy reflected the bilingual and bicultural nature of the country? Or, conversely, how have Canada’s debates over language and Quebec nationalism affected Canadian diplomacy? The answers are complex. Francophone diplomats played a key role in pushing for Canadian autonomy from Britain at the 1926 Imperial Conference. As Robert Talbot explained, “Canadian foreign policy was being shaped with French-Canadian and modern Anglo-Canadian priorities in mind.” This role was less prominent over the following three decades but, with the election of the Quebec Liberals in 1960, federal diplomacy became directly challenged by Quebec’s international ambitions. This tension reached a crisis point with the Montreal 1967 visit of General Charles De Gaulle, President of France, and again during the Quebec referendums of 1980 and 1995.

"Social malaise... demonic agitation:" anarchism according to the criminology of the French physician Alexandre Lacassagne.

This article analyzes the way anarchism and its followers were understood in L'assassinat du président Carnot, by the French physician Alexandre Lacassagne. A few months before the book was published, in June 1894, the president of France, Sadi Carnot, had been killed by the Italian anarchist Sante Geronimo Caserio. Lacassagne was called upon to perform the autopsy of Carnot's body and a psychiatric examination of Caserio. The results of these two analyses were published in the aforementioned book. He made his observations on the anarchist in the broader context of criminological debates pursued in the late nineteenth century, which were not restricted solely to the authors of Italian criminology.

A REBIRTH OF THE EUROPEAN POLITICAL COMMUNITY?

The article addresses a new birth of the European Political Community (EPC) concept, which was proposed by the President of France in May 2022, and its implementation. The author traces evolution of the idea since the birth of the European Communities and F. Mitterand’s «European Confederation» and notes the modern interest for the possibilities of creating an organization with a greater political and geographical scope than the European Union. The article examines the proposals of E. Macron, and that of Ch. Michel, the President of the European Council, who took up the initiative, on the EPC participants, the new Community’s goals and objectives, its institutional architecture and the difference from the EU neighborhood policy. Particular attention is paid to the problem of possible duplication by the EPC of the other organizations’ functions – the Council of Europe, OSCE, NATO. The author dwells on the inaugural meeting of the EPC participants – the summit in Prague on October 6, 2022. It is noted that at the summit, some practical actions were taken in the direction of future «project lines» in the field of energy, mobility, protection of critical infrastructures and repelling cyber attacks, as well as bilateral meetings were held. However, the absence of a joint declaration as the main result of the meeting indicates the vulnerability of the new organization to the disagreements of its members.

European construction and the Franco-Soviet Summit in Kiev (December 6, 1989). Part I

Since 1990, and especially after the Franco-Soviet meeting of December 6, a large number of opinions, studies, and articles in the Romanian historiography have spoken of a „plot” of the West (NATO & EEC), in agreement with the Soviet Union, against socialist Romania. In spite of this fact, the official documents of the EEC and NATO, the stenographic records from the meetings of the European Council, as well as other documentary testimonies and memorialistic works, show that the year 1989 was dominated by the collapse of the strategic glacis of the USSR and the amplification of the European construction process. The franco-soviet Summit that took place in Kiev on December 6, 1989 represents an essential milestone on the way to the Maastricht Treaty (February 7, 1992) rather than an episode of the Soviet-Western „plot” against socialist Romania. The President of France was involved in a complicated political-diplomatic game whose stake was European unity in which Chancellor Helmut Kohl had to make major political concessions in favor of President François Mitterrand’s geopolitical plans: 1) launching the negotiations on the creation of the Economic and Monetary Union, as a prelude of the future European Union; 2) recognizing of Germany’s borders with Poland on the Oder-Neisse line; 3) maintaining Germany unified in NATO and 4) confirming Germany’s denuclearization. These were the necessary conditions without which President François Mitterrand did not want to discuss with Mihail S. Gorbachev about „German reunification”.

The relations between France and the Middle East states during the presidency of Emmanuel Macron in the context of settlement of regional crises

This article analyzes the relations between France and the Middle East states through the prism of foreign policy course of Emmanuel Macron, who was elected as the president of France on May 14, 2017. The Middle East vector of foreign policy is traditional for the Republic, and therefore is one of the foreign policy priorities for the current leader. The author aim to determine the essence and key peculiarities of the Middle East course of E. Macron. For achieving the set goal it is necessary to outline the priority foreign policy vectors of the president and range of countries in the region that are subject to the measures of his chosen course; analyze in which states and to what extent the leader of the Republic continues the policy of his predecessors who were in power since the early XXI century; and changes in the relations between France and certain Middle East states. The conclusion is made on the presence of particular factors that hinder the conduct of smart policy in the region, which would meet the interests of all Middle Eastern actors. Disaccord of the French leader with his international partners regarding the Middle East regulation significantly complicates the implementation of smart foreign relative to the Arab world. E. Macron is currently paying scrupulous attention to the policy of European integration, which raises a number of unresolved issues regarding the Middle East. This alongside the domestic political issues undermines the authority of the current French leader.

Macron’s Euphemism and Speech Acts in Prophet Cartoons Political Interview Used for Teaching Reading Comprehension

The prophet’s cartoon is an immense controversy for France and a country with a Muslim majority. As the France President, Emmanuel Macron has rarely gained critic toward the use of language when conveying his political discourse in the prophet cartoon case. Thus, this study explores Macron’s euphemism expressions in his political interview with Al Jazeera on the prophet cartoon. This paper also examines the effect (perlocutionary act) of Macron’s euphemism and then uses them as a means of teaching inferential reading comprehension in secondary school. This qualitative study employed transcription and documentation techniques to obtain the data. Macron’s euphemism was taken from his political interview on October 31, 2020 with Al-Jazeera, and comments of Macron’s political interview on YouTube are also used for the sample of the perlocutionary act. Moreover, Macron’s euphemism in YouTube is associated with euphemism in Jakarta Post online newspaper to be used as a means of teaching inferential reading comprehension. This study relied on the kind of euphemism by Rawson (1981), euphemism formation by Šebková (2012), perlocutionary act by Austin (1962), and inferential reading theory by Westwood (2008). In brief, it has been found that Macron utilized many positive euphemisms with widening formation to maintain his ideology and to shape the views of the world’s Muslims. Two perlocutionary acts (expression of acceptance and rejection) were also discovered, and Macron’s euphemism could be used as a means of teaching inferential reading comprehension.

Offline: How others see us

“A victory for science!” Who could possibly disagree with Christel van Geet, Vice-Rector of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Leuven? She was opening a symposium about the defence of rationality during the COVID-19 pandemic, held at the University of Sorbonne, Paris, last week. Jean-François Delfraissy, President of France's COVID-19 Scientific Council, called COVID-19 vaccines a “miracle”. The Rector of the University of Geneva, Yves Flückiger, described the contribution of science to the pandemic as “spectacular”.

Diplomatic Settlement Projects of the “Afghan Issue” (1980–1981)

The Soviet war in Afghanistan lasted for over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989. The Afghan conflict became the largest military campaign of the Cold War. The continuing war in Afghanistan actually began to threaten peace and stability not only in Central Asia but in the whole world. It became a dead end for the occupiers, too. The international community perceived Soviet aggression as a significant threat to international peace and security. In the early 1980s the search for a diplomatic settlement to the situation around Afghanistan began. The purpose of the article is to investigate the ways of diplomatic settlement of the “Afghan issue” in 1980—1981 (before the Geneva Peace Talks) on the basis of official documents of the United Nations and the US National Security Archive. At the core of the research methodology there are typological, comparative аnd problem-chronological methods. In 1980–1981 a number of countries and international organizations initiated projects for a diplomatic settlement of the Afghan conflict. These countries were the following: the United States, Great Britain, France, Pakistan and others. The United Kingdom proposed a two-stage international conference to discuss the ending of foreign interference in Afghanistan and withdrawing foreign troops. According to the plan proposed by Pakistan, Soviet troops were to leave the DRA and be replaced by “international peacekeepers”. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing (the President of France) proposed to convene an international conference with the participation of countries suspected of interfering in the internal affairs of the DRA in order to develop commitments on non-interference and refusal to supply weapons to Afghanistan. These projects were rejected by the USSR and the DRA. They argued that the official government of Afghanistan had not been invited to the proposed international conferences. The world community did not recognize the official government of Afghanistan. The authority of the USSR in the international arena fell significantly. Thus, the main reason for the delay in the negotiation process was the Soviet leadership’s adherence to the force line of conduct in relation to Afghanistan and the transfer of all responsibility for the Afghan crisis to its ideological opponents in the Cold War.

Chambre 2806: l'affaire DSK réal. par Jalil Lespert

Reviewed by: Chambre 2806: l'affaire DSK réal. par Jalil Lespert Maria G. Traub Lespert, Jalil, réal. Chambre 2806: l'affaire DSK. Int. Nafissatou Diallo, Raphaëlle Bacqué, Élisabeth Guigou, Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Netflix, 2020. A fast-paced, riveting series in four installments, this documentary offers an investigative analysis of the principals, Dominique Strauss-Kahn and Nafissatou Diallo. The incident bringing these two individuals into contact occurred in Room 2806 of the Sofitel Hotel in New York City, on 14 May 2011. Carefully sequenced, a succession of journalists, heads of police or security sectors, lawyers and government experts expound on the strengths and weaknesses of plaintiff, defendant, and the case in general. Le Monde journalist Raphaëlle Bacqué gives succinct commentaries, bringing insight from the French perspective, while Assistant to the IMF Managing Director Delrene Boyd provides a professional picture of Strauss-Kahn in the Washington workplace. A case of international dimension unfolds, whose players involve a wealthy, renowned individual, likely to become the next president of France, in opposition to a poor, female immigrant from West Africa, working in the housekeeping department of a luxury hotel. At issue is sexual aggression of a rough and forcible nature, continuing for nine minutes in the hotel room. While we marvel at the brilliant mind of Strauss-Kahn and his prominence on the world stage, we are equally confounded by his inability to master his sensual appetites. In a comprehensive overview of political developments in France and world economic crises, notably in Greece, one grasps the case's repercussions beyond the two participants. Some support the possibility of an entrapment, staged and managed by oppositional forces, given his position as frontrunner in the upcoming presidential election in France ("Yes, we Kahn"). Indeed, when he arrived at the hotel, he was assigned the Presidential Suite, but after check-out spent the ensuing night in a New York jail before transfer to Rikers Island. It was Kahn's forgotten cell phone that caused his arrest because when he called the hotel to report that he had left it there, they needed to know his specific location in order to effect its return. Diallo had to be coaxed repeatedly into pressing charges, and after she had done so, the security team at the hotel broke into a victory dance. Diallo made compromising remarks about the case during a phone call to a male friend serving time in a New York jail. Due to her changing the story several times, to discovery of untruths and fabrications from her past, the strength of her case weakened. In rape cases, the law considers whether the victim sustained serious injury, whether weapons were involved in the incident, whether an arrest was made at the scene of the incident, and most importantly, the strength of the defense. Prosecuting this case of "he says, she says" became legally moot. Nevertheless, Strauss-Kahn's career abruptly came to an end—he resigned from the IMF, his political aspirations were ruined, and he spent millions to save himself. Diallo received an un-disclosed financial settlement out of court. Sadly, the film shows that in his life after the debacle, Strauss-Kahn remained inextricably addicted to sexual conquest. [End Page 221] Maria G. Traub Neumann University (PA) Copyright © 2021 American Association of Teachers of French

The Effect of COVID-19 On Presidential Language

Coronavirus COVID-19 has its effect on all the aspects of life. The research is oriented towards exploring to what extent COVID-19 affects the presidential language, and whether this effect leads to the use of indirect speech in the presidents’ speeches about COVID-19 instead of talking directly about such unprecedented crisis. Three presidents’ speeches are chosen arbitrarily since the effect of COVID-19 overcomes all countries equally: President Trump’s Speech on Coronavirus Pandemic on March 11, 2020, speech by M. Emmanuel Macron, President of France, on the COVID-19 coronavirus on 16 March 2020, president Cyril Ramaphosa: South Africa's response to Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic on 23 Apr 2020. By adopting Searle’s speech acts (1969), the researcher makes a comparison by the qualitative and quantitative analysis leaving the readers to decide to what extent COVID-19 has indelible mark on the presidential language.

The Role of Evaluative Tools in the Creation of the Memorial Media Portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019)

The article is devoted to the study of evaluative tools used in modern French media in order to form the media image of a representative of the political elite. The techniques used in the creation of a memorial media portrait of Jacques Chirac (1932—2019), President of France from 1995 to 2007 are considered. The research material was the most prestigious French print media of various political orientations, published in late September — early October 2019 in connection with the death of the ex-President of the French Republic. The relevance of the research topic is dictated by the close attention of modern linguistics to axiological phenomena, differently presented in different types of discursive practices. The novelty of the study is due to the appeal to the analysis of the complex of evaluation tools used in the French print media when characterizing the former leader of the state during the nation’s farewell period. The estimated potential of the title of the article and its influence on the formation of the estimated vector of the entire text of the publication are shown. A systematic analysis of the assessment expression means, reflected in the memorial media portrait of the politician, is given. The factors that influenced the peculiarities of their use in this type of media portrait are revealed.

The Philosophy of War: Unity in Diversity

The article discusses the diversity of the subject field of the philosophy of war as well as the internal integrity of the discipline, united by the focus on the philosophical understanding of the phenomenon of war. The author shows the role of H. Lloyd, who influenced K. Clausewitz, H. Jomini and their followers’ interpretation of the meaning and content of the subject area of the philosophy of war. In the abundance of specific topics addressed by philosophers of this field, the following topics should be noted: the issue of victory and defeat and their interpretation as well as the issue of historical memory. This problem is projected on contemporaneity and reflects the deep connection between peace and war, the dialectic of their relations. The interpretation of certain military and political events is of real interest in the light of the processes of distortion of historical events that have radically affected the course of history. An analysis of the motives and causes of this process is supposes to reconstruct an objective picture of relations between the subjects of international relations in various periods of history. The author finds answers in already existing concepts that have been developed in our time. It is important to mention the project of the French philosopher Charles Renouvier, who put forward the concept of “uchronia,” which became the starting point for the consideration of historical events in the “subjunctive mood.” This genre of historiosophical fantasy was picked up by famous followers – by the former President of France V. Giscard d’Estaing and others. The article provides eyewitness accounts of historical events (in particular, the campaign of Napoleon in Russia) that are historical facts and help to understand the true state of things. The article demonstrates that the philosophical study of the problem of war is important for understanding the origins and essence of relations arising from the transition between peaceful and military states.

Когнитивная функция метафоры во французском политическом дискурсе

The article deals with the cognitive role of political metaphor in the French media discourse on the example of interviews and video statements of French politicians (the current President of France E. Macron and the leader of the “Unconquered France” party J.-L. Melanchon). The aim of the research is to manifest the significance of such a cognitive linguistic tool as a metaphor, within the framework of the representation of a particular political ideology in French media discourse. The relevance of the work is due to the growing interest to the analysis of the phenomenon of political metaphor in the French media discourse as a cognitive unit that contributes to revealing the essence of political phenomena and analyzing the specificity of the structure and functions of political discourse in general. The article shows that linguistic units with metaphorical meaning contribute to the analysis of the semantics of the French political media discourse, as well as to the realization of a persuasive strategy and the manipulation of public consciousness to achieve certain political goals. It is emphasized that it is the cognitive function of metaphor as a visual and expressive medium of language that seems to be the most significant.