State Of Preservation Research Articles

A comprehensive experimental study of the influence of temperature on urban road traffic noise under real-world conditions

The effect of road traffic noise in urban environments is an issue of social and scientific interest, due to its public health and economic impacts. Scientific literature showed a decrease in the level of tyre/road noise generated as temperature increases, but usually under standardised traffic conditions in non-urban environments. Based on a wide network for the hourly monitoring of road traffic flow, air temperature and noise levels across the city of Madrid (Spain), this work proposes and applies a new experimental methodology for studying the dependence of urban road traffic noise on temperature. This study was conducted under real-world traffic conditions involving a wide variability in urban configurations and in the type and state of preservation of vehicles, tires and pavements. From the analysis of data for a whole year, a time interval was identified (from Tuesday to Thursday and between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m.) in which the variability in road traffic flow for the whole city of Madrid was stable enough to allow for a linear regression study between temperature and noise levels from urban road traffic. The relationships found were highly significant (p ≤ 0.001) for data from all the noise monitoring stations, with values of higher than 20% and up to 42% for the explanation of the variability in the measured noise levels by temperature at most of the measurement points. The values of the slope coefficients at the noise monitoring stations ranged from −0.036 to −0.125 dB/°C, with an average value of −0.090 ± 0.011 dB/°C. These results are within the range of values reported in the scientific literature for experimental tests conducted under conditions of controlled or free-flowing traffic.

Ultrastructure, composition, and 87Sr/86Sr dating of shark teeth from lower Miocene sediments of southwestern Peru

Bioapatite of fossil bone and teeth is susceptible to alteration and ion exchange during burial and diagenesis, varying its Sr content through the geological time. Nevertheless, fossil shark teeth are a powerful proxy for both chronostratigraphic and paleoecological reconstructions, thanks to the presence of the enameloid, a hard outer layer consisting of resistant fluorapatite crystallites. Here, we analyze fossil shark teeth from the Miocene sediments of the Chilcatay Formation of the Pisco Basin (southwestern Peru) with the aim of dating poorly constrained strata in this region. (Ultra)structural and compositional analyses of fossil lamniform and carcharhiniform teeth are performed through macroscopical observations, optical microscopy and SEM-EDS for evaluating the preservation state of the collected teeth. Shark teeth display a compact and well preserved outer enameloid layer formed by highly ordered bundles of crystallites that is distinctly separated by a more porous and heterogeneous inner core of dentine featuring diagenetic artefacts and microborings. Compositional mapping highlights differences in the distribution of Ca, P, F, and S in the enameloid and dentine, and chemical results show a Sr content that is consistent with the range reported for extant shark teeth. The best preserved teeth were selected for Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy (SIS), measuring the 87Sr/86Sr values in the enameloid and obtaining numerical (absolute) age estimates. In the Ica River Valley, SIS dates the Chilcatay strata to the Burdigalian (between 19.1 and 18.1 Ma), in agreement with previous radiometric, isotopic and biostratigraphic ages obtained in the same region. At Media Luna, the Chilcatay strata are dated herein for the first time, resulting in a slightly older age of 21.8–20.1 Ma (late Aquitanian–early Burdigalian). These results strengthen the notion that the Sr-ratio of shark teeth can be successfully applied for obtaining reliable age estimates via SIS.

Monuments of the Exiles and Memorialisation of Shared Heritage Between Mozambique and Tanzania

The Tanzanian landscape has a long history with exiled nationalist organisations from South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. The case of Mozambique is unique. It was in Dar es Salaam that FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) was born in 1962; but the great Mozambican nationalist Edward Mondlane was assassinated in the same city in 1969. This paper presents the ruins of the FRELIMO camp in Nachingwea, Tanzania, to elaborate the state of preservation of the monuments and how such preservation may contribute to sustainable peace between these two neighbouring countries. There are recognisable photographs and written historical documents concerning FRELIMO in both Mozambican and Tanzanian libraries, museums, and archives. Adding the landscape as another layer of evidence juxtaposes the limitations unveiled in other sources; enhances our understanding of the activities that took place during exile including those of the subalterns (residential houses, food carriers, couriers, recruiting sergeants and foot soldiers); and underlines the process of how sites of African liberation struggles are remembered and memorialised.

Advanced post-juvenile moult in a Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica found in January 2023 in northern Scotland

ABSTRACT On 4 January 2023 DAP found a dead Swallow on a farm near Auldearn, Nairnshire (57°35’N 3°52’W). The bird appeared to have been dead for three to four weeks but was in a reasonably good state of preservation, probably as a result of the prolonged period of snow and very low temperatures which had prevailed in the area during the second and third weeks of December 2022. The bird, a juvenile, appeared to have reached a stage of moult of its flight feathers which might usually have only been expected in its winter quarters.

Occupation Layer at the Kushman Cluster of Sites (9th–13th Centuries) According to Multispectral Imaging Data

This study proposes a novel methodological approach to reconstructing the boundaries and structure of medieval settlements without relief features. In recent centuries, the areas of most sites were used for plowing, destroying their relief features. Erosion eventually redistributed the soil of the destroyed occupation layers. Therefore, not only the area of a site must be studied, but the adjoining areas as well. Tendencies in the distribution of the transported occupation layer mirror the thickness of the original culture-bearing deposits. Such estimates can be obtained by collating archaeological and science-based data. First, multispectral aerial photographs are subjected to statistical analysis. The results are then used to subdivide the settlement territory into smaller areas differing in vegetation density. Comparison with the results of geophysical, soil, and archaeological studies allows us to interpret those areas, to assess the state of preservation of the occupation layer (superficially disrupted, replaced, or transported). Previous multidisciplinary studies at the Kushman cluster of sites (9th–13th centuries AD) revealed substantial differences from the traditional classification (fortified settlement and group of unfortified rural settlements). Two sites can be defined as fortified settlements (Uchkakar and Kushmanskoye III), whereas Kushmanskoye II is an economic development area. The use of statistical analysis of multispectral imaging enabled us not only to confirm the previously proposed reconstruction, but also to substantiate the hypothesis about the initial boundaries and structure of the settlements.

Characterisation of waterlogged archaeological wood from Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck by multidisciplinary diagnostic methods

Multidisciplinary diagnostic methods were applied to evaluate the preservation state of waterlogged archaeological wood (WAW) from ancient Chinese shipwreck Nanhai No.1. The characterisation combines micromorphological, physical, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses to overcome limitations of using a single analysis. The micromorphological analysis used the whole-slide imaging (WSI) method to identify wood species and determine the decay class. The collected samples were graded as Class 2 (moderate decay) or Class 3 (severe decay). Bacterial and fungal attacks on wood tissues were evident, and the decay pattern of erosion bacteria (EB) was verified. The maximum water content obtained from the oven-drying and freeze-drying methods confirmed that the micromorphological features can be used to grade the decay class. In tandem with hierarchical cluster analysis, FTIR measurements classified four clusters, including moderate and severe decay groups. FTIR also revealed that the chemical alteration of WAW was mainly due to the depletion of polysaccharides. Increased knowledge of WAW degradation and feasible diagnostic methods are beneficial for further conservation strategies.

Żydowskie organizacje charytatywne w Królestwie Polskim (1898–1914)

The aim of the work is to present Jewish charity societies in Polish Kingdom; their legal basis for legalization by the state administration, chronology, geography, social position of the founders, changes in the goals of activity and its results, the attitude of state authorities. The source basis are archival files created by the provincial state administration, which legalized and supervised the organization's activities. The press largely ignored Jewish charities organizations, and the information published about them was imprecise. The incomplete state of preservation of the archival collections created by the provincial offices limits the presentation of the issue. Socio-economic changes among Jews in Polish Kingdom in the second half of the 19th century led to an increase in the number of the poor. The first Jewish charitable organizations of a general nature were legalized by the state administration in 1898. In the years 1902–1905, their registration was discontinued. During the period when the state authorities regulated social life (1894–1906), at least 14 societies were legalized. Their founders were bankers, factory owners and great merchants. In the period of liberalization of social life (1906–1914), at least 102 independent organizations and 13 of their branches were registered. They specialized mainly in acting. The outbreak of the revolution in 1905 stimulated the social activation of: traders, craftsmen, private officials and freelancers who began to take part in creating charity organizations. Women also made them. The greatest number of Jewish charitable societies was established in the governorates and large cities that were most advanced in transformations.

Provenance studies on Late Neolithic amber ornaments from North-East Poland

The area of North-East Poland was in prehistory, and still is today, an area with easy access to amber as a raw material, as is evidenced in part by numerous Late Neolithic (3rd millennium) amber workshops located in the Gulf of Gdańsk and Żuławy Wiślane (Vistula Fens). Given this fact, it is surprising that only a few finished amber products have been recovered from this area. Among them are unique ornaments from the Late Neolithic sites Ząbie 10, Supraśl 3, and Supraśl 6. The preliminary analysis showed that these amber artifacts differ from the products manufactured by local groups located in the territory of modern Poland. The selected artifacts were subjected to in-depth stylistic and technological analysis to identify their provenance, taking also into consideration the type of raw material used in their production by means of FTIR analysis. Stylistic analysis showed that several specimens have analogies amongst the amber beads known from the Bell Beaker phenomenon. However, most of the beads under study are unique, and there are no analogies among any Neolithic ornaments in Europe. In addition, it was found that the specimens from Ząbie 10, Supraśl 3, and Supraśl 6 had perforations drilled with a metal tool, not a flint drill bit, which was previously unheard of in this part of Europe. The FTIR analysis revealed the use of local amber, including its different varieties i.e., succinite, gedano-succinite and gedanite. It also revealed its varying state of preservation. This may be useful for exploring the environmental context in which these artifacts were deposited.

KALENYKY HILL-FORT AT THE DOWNSTREAM OF SUPIY RIVER

The paper is devoted to the results of exploratory archaeological research in 2015—2020 near the village of Kalenyky, Zolotonosha district, Cherkasy region. Kalenykivske hill-fort is one of the significant and poor studied fortified centers of Supiy basin. The history of its research is considered and the archaeological finds from the site are characterized in the paper. The state of preservation of the acropolis and the fortified outskirt is considered in detail. Deciphering the satellite images it was possible to identify and localize two lines of fortifications in the area, which was not possible before. The paper analyzes all artifacts known to date, which were discovered in previous years and introduced into scientific circulation. The provided archaeological materials and data indicate that in the Old Rus Age there was a significant fortified settlement in the southern part of the high Kalenyki-Tashan plateau,which had the status of the center of a microregion with urban features. The church bell of the 12th century made by French craftsmen and found next to the acropolis demonstrates the wide economic and cultural ties not only of the centers of principalities but also of remote fortified settlements. Nine body crosses, mostly from the 12th century, found nearby, allows us to suppose the presence of a church and a Christian population. Fortification features and the available materials of the Kalenyki hillfort make it possible to reliably connect this archaeological complex with the powerful center of the semi-nomadic federations of the Pereyaslav princes («our pagans»). According to the area, the Kalenyki hill-fort (23.1 ha) belongs to one of the significant sites not only of the Pereyaslav region but also of Southern Russia. It can claim the status of one of the Supiy centers.

Sustainable Conservation and Management of a 20th-Century Landscape in the Alps: The Former Sanatorium Village of Sondalo

This article discusses how to sustainably manage and protect the Alpine landscape from the risk of extreme weather events due to climate change. The authors present the results achieved by applying the Conservation and Management Plan (CMP) method in the case of a large terraced healing park built in the Central Alps in the 1930s and damaged in 2018 by the effects of Storm Adrian (also known as Vaia). We thoroughly analysed the state of preservation through historical documentation, aerial shooting with a drone, a tree-by-tree evaluation, and a GIS platform for integrated information management. Such a CMP approach is usually applied to assess the state of decay and plan for the sustainable conservation of historic buildings and gardens. The method of analysis and the performed activities allowed us to evaluate the park’s landscape values and identify the elements of risk, leading to the drafting of a monitoring map and guidelines of intervention. This experience made it possible to test its effectiveness in protecting the Alpine landscape and its specific fragility.

Exploiting Sheep and Goats at the Late Lengyel Settlement in Racot 18

Abstract The excavations of Late Lengyel settlement in Racot 18 near Kościan are the most important archaeological achievements of Lech Czerniak in the first period of his outstanding academic career. This large settlement was made of numerous trapezoidal houses and several internal, external, and loam pits associated with them. The work at Racot 18 led to the discovery of a large assemblage of animal bones in an excellent state of preservation. The article examines the characteristics of the sheep and goat-based economy at the settlement of Racot 18. A comprehensive analysis of the caprine bones involved contextually driven faunal studies comprising taphonomy, separating sheep and goats, and kill-off patterns. The work implies a complex system of sheep and goat exploitation that includes the use of specialised harvesting strategies and the exploitation of different food resources, including meat and marrow and secondary products, most likely milk and wool. The significance of this work for recognizing the characteristics of Late Danubian agriculture in the Polish lowlands is also discussed.

Insights From the NANOforArt Project: Application of Calcium-Based Nanoparticle Dispersions for Improved Preservation of Parchment Documents

Abstract Following pilot testing of the effects of alkaline-based nanoparticles on modern parchment, the treatment was extended to historical parchment. This paper describes the application and impact of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate nanoparticles dispersed in (i) propan-2-ol and (ii) cyclohexane on a parchment book cover dated 1570. The cover showed signs of damage resulting from contact with iron gall inks and low pH values (∼4–5). Protocols for the damage assessment of collagen in parchment as developed in the IDAP project (Improved Damage Assessment of Parchment) were used to evaluate the impact of the conservation treatments on parchment. Preliminary results have shown that the application of calcium-based nanoparticles did not produce any adverse effects on the state of preservation of collagen. In addition, positive outcomes emerged: the pH was re-adjusted to a neutral value, a strengthening and consolidation effect was observed, and the nanoparticles exhibited a protective action upon artificial ageing of the treated parchment.

Eine neubabylonische Edition eines mittelbabylonischen Nergal-Balaĝs (BM.35434)

Abstract Published here for the first time, the Neo-Babylonian tablet BM.35434 sheds new light on the transmission history of the Sumero-Akkadian balaĝ-prayer a-gal-gal buru₁₄ su-su || butuqtu muṭebbât ebūri “Flood that drowns the harvest” dedicated to Nergal, the god of pestilence and war. Due to its exceptional colophon, BM.35434 makes for an interesting case study in first-millennium scribal practices in the context of ritual lamenting and Emesal prayers: special points of interest are the use of older sign forms, the scribe and the family he comes from, the designation of the tablet as a copy of an “old large tablet” (dub.gal libir.ra), and the insertion of paratextual glosses that describe the state of preservation of the copied exemplar. An appendix contains copies and transliterations of hitherto unpublished fragments and joins that pertain to a-gal-gal buru₁₄ su-su.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRACES OF THE PRESENCE OF LYAKHS DISPLACED TO THE ROS RIVER. THE STATE OF RESEARCH

The paper deals with the resettlement of the inhabitants of early medieval Poland to the territory of Rus’. The starting point is the mention contained in The Tale of Bygone Years, informing under the year 1031 about the transplant of the Lyakhs (inhabitants of the Piast state) to the Ros River, on the border of Rus’ and nomads. The paper outlines the discussion on this issue, as well as research perspectives. The latter seem particularly promising in relation to the settlement complex in Mykolayivka on Ros River, studied, among others, by M. Kuchera in the 1950s and 1980s. Based on the presence of ceramic material and metal ornaments with West Slavic analogies, the Ukrainian archaeologist put forward a hypothesis that the discovered cemetery and settlement there are the traces of a presence of the Lyakhs settled there in 1031. This hypothesis, although being repeated in the archaeological literature, has never been verified by typological and chronological analyses of artifacts as well as anthropological and laboratory analyses of human bones.
 In 2019, the Ukrainian-Polish archaeological expedition started a new project in Mykolayivka. The research covered, inter alia, a flat cemetery where two relatively well-preserved burials were discovered. In one of them there was a skeleton of an adult man, next to which the arrowheads and a ring were found. In the second grave, the skeletons of an adult woman and a child have been discovered. Numerous ornaments, including earrings, a lunula pendant, rings and several dozen metal, glass and stone beads were found there. In order to check the suitability of the bone material for specialized analyses, the skeletons were subjected to: radiocarbon, DNA, microscopic tooth enamel and stable isotope analysis. All the above-mentioned studies have shown that the state of preservation of the material from the cemetery in Mykolayivka allows for the use of a wide range of laboratory analyses. Thus, it can be useful for the verification of the above-mentioned hypothesis about the origin of the local inhabitants.

Avilés Canyon System: Increasing the benthic biodiversity knowledge

Macro and megafauna were studied in the Avilés Canyon System (ACS), southern Bay of Biscay (Cantabrian Sea), during several oceanographic cruises carried out from 2009 to 2017. The biodiversity of ACS is summarized and its description is herein updated after sampling surveys of several programmes (ECOMARG, INDEMARES, SponGES, INTEMARES) conducted by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO).This study has updated previous knowledge in the canyon area from past national and international projects, their reports and publications as well as data collected in the context of regional projects designed to gain new insight into the diversity of marine invertebrates and fishes from the ACS. Samples were taken using a range of sampling gears (Rock dredge, Beam trawl, Trawl gear GOC-73, Suprabenthic sledge, Box corer and Remoted operated vehicle), from 55 to 2291 m in depth. A total of 1015 species were identified at the ACS: 98 Porifera, 153 Cnidaria, 14 Brachiopoda, 22 Bryozoa, 97 Mollusca, 151 Annelida, 315 Arthropoda, 74 Echinodermata and 91 Chordata. New records for the Bay of Biscay fauna include 13 Porifera species, 17 Cnidaria, 7 Mollusca, 8 Arthopoda, 3 Echinodermata and 4 Chordata. Also the bathymetric range of some species has been extended. As a result of the research projects carried out in the area in the last fifteen years, important information is now available which suggests that the ACS houses a large number of species with a high ecological value, that it represents a biodiversity hotspot in terms of the presence of sponge aggregations and coral reefs in certain regions, and that it sustains important fisheries due to the abundance of comercial species. Given the relevance of the species and habitats occurring in the ACS, there is a need to implement a conservation and management plan of the area in order to maintain habitats in good state of preservation.

Calcification, Dissolution and Test Properties of Modern Planktonic Foraminifera From the Central Atlantic Ocean

The mass of well-preserved calcite in planktonic foraminifera shells provides an indication of the calcification potential of the surface ocean. Here we report the shell weight of 8 different abundant planktonic foraminifera species from a set of core-top sediments along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The analyses showed that near the equator, foraminifera shells of equivalent size weigh on average 1/3 less than those from the middle latitudes. The carbonate preservation state of the samples was assessed by high resolution X-ray microcomputed tomographic analyses of Globigerinoides ruber and Globorotalia truncatulinoides specimens. The specimen preservation was deemed good and does not overall explain the observed shell mass variations. However, G. ruber shell weights might be to some extent compromised by residual fine debris internal contamination. Deep dwelling species possess heavier tests than their surface-dwelling counterparts, suggesting that the weight of the foraminifera shells changes as a function of the depth habitat. Ambient seawater carbonate chemistry of declining carbonate ion concentration with depth cannot account for this interspecies difference. The results suggest a depth regulating function for plankton calcification, which is not dictated by water column acidity.

The Shabtis of Tjuyu (CG 51037–51040)

This paper investigates the shabtis of Tjuyu (CG 51037–51040), the wife of the ‘god’s father’, Yuya, and mother of Queen Tiye, the wife of the famous King Amenhotep III. In my previous article in JEA 107, I investigated the shabtis of her husband Yuya which are kept at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (CG 51024–34, CG 51036) and the Metropolitan Museum of Fine Art in New York (MMA 30.8.56–30.8.58). In this paper, I explore the state of preservation of Tjuyu’s shabtis, as they have not been studied since the discovery of the tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu (KV46) in 1905, as well as their inscriptions which were not copied, and their form, decoration, and manufacture. A comparison with the shabtis of Yuya will further highlight the differences regarding the materials, methods of manufacture, and the style of inscriptions. [Formula: see text]

Strontium isotope stratigraphy of late Cenozoic fossiliferous marine deposits in North Borneo (Brunei, and Sarawak, Malaysia)

• Sr-isotope stratigraphy of fossiliferous marine deposits in northern Borneo. • Burdigalian to Tortanian ages revealed for thirteen fossil-rich shallow marine deposits. • Origin of reworked specimens could be traced by the obtained SIS ages. • Trace element and stable isotope chemistry of the well-preserved shells can be linked to habitat-conditions. • Altered and recrystallized specimens helped tracing diagenetic pathways. Neogene marine deposits of North Borneo are locally very rich in fossils that provide glimpses into the past biodiversity. However, dating these onshore sediments with biostratigraphy is often hampered by the lack and/or the poor preservation state of index fossils. Therefore, the fossiliferous sites were targeted with strontium isotope stratigraphy (SIS) to obtain higher precision relative dating. Well-preserved macrofossils were screened using a multidisciplinary approach, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of the most pristine remains were used to date the embedding sediments. Most of the measured ages fall in the expected chronostratigraphic framework established by large scale studies for the region. The oldest, Burdigalian (early Miocene) ages were measured for the Sibuti Formation in Sarawak (17.71 ± 0.2My and 16.7 ± 0.2My) followed by a Serravallian (middle Miocene) age within the Belait Fm in Brunei (12.1 + 1.4/-1.2My). Eight localities from the younger units, the Miri and Seria formations in Brunei, gave a range in age from 10.5 ± 1 to 7.0 + 0.9/-0.5My (Tortonian-Messinian). Reworked fossil assemblages from Tutong beach were also investigated and the SIS ages of Late Miocene support an origin from the younger part of the Seria Fm. One locality, in Lumapas where limestone crops out in Brunei, gave an unexpected younger age (Tortonian, late Miocene, 10.6 ± 1My) compared to estimates projected for its assumed stratigraphic position in the lower Belait Formation (late Burdigalian). These challenging data require more research, yet if the young age is accepted, the stratigraphic situation of the limestone needs further revision.

Printed publications in the system of expert research of cultural property

The purpose of the article is to confirm the peculiarity of expert research of printed publications from the standpoint of modern research as a separate field of professional knowledge that combines bibliography, history, and art of books, book monuments and emphasizes the importance of source data and preservation status in formulating expert opinions, clarify the parameters to rare or valuable publications. Research methodology. Analytical, historical,epistemological-axiological, and theoretical generalization methods were used to achieve the goal to specify the problem of expert activity. Scientific novelty the obtained results consist in theoretical comprehension of information from art and bibliographic sources, methods of examination of book editions, algorithm and sequence of work of the expert, differences of concepts "rare book" and "valuable book" are covered. Conclusions. To understand the place of expertise in the system of protection and promotion of cultural property, the systematization of existing basic concepts related to book editions was carried out. The process of expert research of book editions begins with a visual, optical, and physical study of the state of preservation, attribution, and identification of the circumstances that caused the damage and ends with the display of the monument in the museum space. The study outlined the sequence of examination of book editions, which determined the interaction of the following three concepts: data collection on the object of study; consultations with museum researchers and research institutions; specified parameters for classifying publications as rare or valuable books.Key words: examination of cultural property, "rare book", "valuable book".

Scanning X-ray Fluorescence Data Analysis for the Identification of Byzantine Icons' Materials, Techniques, and State of Preservation: A Case Study.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry has proven to be a core, non-destructive, analytical technique in cultural heritage studies mainly because of its non-invasive character and ability to rapidly reveal the elemental composition of the analyzed artifacts. Being able to penetrate deeper into matter than the visible light, X-rays allow further analysis that may eventually lead to the extraction of information that pertains to the substrate(s) of an artifact. The recently developed scanning macroscopic X-ray fluorescence method (MA-XRF) allows for the extraction of elemental distribution images. The present work aimed at comparing two different analysis methods for interpreting the large number of XRF spectra collected in the framework of MA-XRF analysis. The measured spectra were analyzed in two ways: a merely spectroscopic approach and an exploratory data analysis approach. The potentialities of the applied methods are showcased on a notable 18th-century Greek religious panel painting. The spectroscopic approach separately analyses each one of the measured spectra and leads to the construction of single-element spatial distribution images (element maps). The statistical data analysis approach leads to the grouping of all spectra into distinct clusters with common features, while afterward dimensionality reduction algorithms help reduce thousands of channels of XRF spectra in an easily perceived dataset of two-dimensional images. The two analytical approaches allow extracting detailed information about the pigments used and paint layer stratigraphy (i.e., painting technique) as well as restoration interventions/state of preservation.