Healthy Environment Research Articles

Original Research: Exploring Black Nurses' Perceptions of Workplace Safety and Personal Health.

This study aimed to assess the perceptions of nurses who self-identify as Black or African American regarding their workplace health and safety and to explore how these perceptions are associated with their perceived personal health. Nurses practicing in unhealthy work environments can experience poorer physical and mental health. Recent civil unrest and ongoing dialogue about structural and systemic racism have prompted calls for greater efforts to understand the workplace perceptions and experiences of ethnic minority nurses, and how these influence nurses' personal well-being. But there is a dearth of relevant evidence concerning these nurses, including Black nurses. This cross-sectional, descriptive study involved analysis of secondary data collected from May 1, 2017, through December 31, 2019, by the American Nurses Association's HealthyNurse Survey (N = 19,131). We employed descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses to examine the data for the 1,143 respondents who both self-identified as Black or African American and responded to all items concerning the major variable of personal health. Overall, respondents reported a slight tendency to agree or strongly agree that their practice environments were safe. When looking at various factors explaining personal health, the perception of workplace health and safety was found to be a significant contributing factor. The study findings suggest that, among Black nurses, perceptions about workplace health and safety are associated with perceived personal health. These findings underscore the importance of fostering healthy work environments.

Spatial distribution of bacterial communities driven by environmental factors in the sediment of Lateolabrax japonicus ponds

Dynamic changes of bacterial communities in the sediment are very important for preventing diseases and water quality in aquaculture ponds. In this study, bacterial communities in the sediment of Sea perch Lateolabrax japonicus, an important farmed fish in China, ponds were studied using 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing and functional gene array. At the phylum level, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota and Chloroflexota were the dominant species. The bacterial community composition was different in spatial variation. Among the environmental factors, the concentration of nitrogen related factors (TN, NO3−-N NH3-N, NO2−N) and total organic carbon was the main impact on the composition of bacterial community, especially denitrifying bacterial community. Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria accounted for 4.81 %, and bacteria related to nitrogen cycle accounted for 18.36 %. Higher diversity of bacteria in healthy fish pond than that of the diseased fish pond. In the diseased fish pond, lower abundance of Nitrosospira and higher abundance of Nitrobacter were found, and the contents of NH3-N, NO2−-N and total organic carbon were significantly higher. This study would help to reveal that microbial community structure could reflect the health of cultured animal and surroundings, and it could provide a theoretical reference for the healthy environments in the sediment of Sea perch ponds in South China.

Excellent thermal, moisture-permeable weft-knitted fabric with core-sheath yarn structure for foot protection in cold environments

In extremely cold environments, maintaining body temperature and reducing heat dissipation is essential for maintaining human health and life safety, but the field of thermal insulation shoe upper fabric has not been deeply studied. In this paper, based on the dual-scale structure of the yarn and shoe upper fabric, a composite yarn with a core-sheath structure is designed, and a using plating stitch pattern weft-knitted whole garment thermal insulation shoe upper fabric with double-layer structure is proposed. By testing the mechanical properties and thermal and moisture performance of the shoe upper fabric and the thermal insulation performance of the whole shoe, the thermal insulation mechanism of the weft-knitted whole garment shoe upper fabric with a double-layer structure and dual-scale structure design was systematically studied. The results show that the shoes made of polyimide/hollow polyester composite yarn with core-sheath structure yarn have good thermal insulation performance. The use of core-sheath yarns can improve the thermal insulation performance of the shoe, and, with the increase of the ratio of core-sheath yarn, the thermal insulation performance of the shoe is better. Starting from the dual-scale shoe fabric structure, this article proposes a novel method for the industrial production of thermal insulation shoe upper fabrics, which is expected to provide guidance for the further development of thermal insulation shoe upper fabric in the future.

Evaluating water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools of Bangladesh: progress toward SDG compliance

ABSTRACT The availability of safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities in schools is essential for a healthy learning environment and achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) 4 and 6. Despite its importance, comprehensive studies on drinking water quality, sanitation, and hygiene in schools are scarce. This study explicitly assessed the WASH services and gaps in 43 educational institutions, located in Tongi, Bangladesh, through field and laboratory investigations. Thirteen physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were analyzed, and water quality was classified using an Integrated Water Quality Index (IWQI). Hygiene and sanitation were evaluated through observations and data from school administrators on water sources, toilets, handwashing facilities, and solid waste management. Results showed that WASH services exceeded the national average, but all schools had dangerously high Escherichia coli levels (mean: 43.95 CFU/100 mL) in drinking water, posing health risks. Additionally, 89.72% of samples showed elevated manganese levels, 35% had high iron, and 41.86% had increased conductivity. About 35% of water was unsuitable for drinking based on IWQI. Schools lacked the capacity to monitor WASH quality, especially drinking water. A strategic framework for safe WASH facilities is recommended. The findings can lead the policymakers to prioritize the improvements in WASH facilities for attaining SDG 6.

Revitalizing subterranean spaces: a comprehensive study on enhancing air quality in underground shopping malls for sustainable urban living

Cities worldwide are increasingly turning to underground spaces to address the challenges posed by high population density. These subterranean areas are now utilized for various purposes such as offices, shopping malls, subway terminals, and underground sidewalks. However, the semi-closed nature of most underground spaces presents difficulties in ensuring a comfortable environment due to the lack of natural ventilation. This study focuses on a representative underground shopping mall in South Korea, utilizing preliminary surveys and long-term sensor monitoring to identify existing problems. The aging ventilation system was retrofitted to enhance and assess indoor air quality. As a result, concentrations of carbon dioxide, total volatile organic compounds, and radon were reduced by over 33, 74, and 98%, respectively, while particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) concentrations remained the same as before. This not only contributed to maintaining proper indoor air quality, but also led to a reduction in total energy consumption. The goal of this project is to improve air quality in facilities located in underground spaces, such as underground shopping malls, where indoor air quality management is challenging, thereby creating a safe and healthy environment for users and enhancing the overall functionality of the facility.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SMART ENVIRO GUARDIAN

This project tackles the challenge of maintaining a comfortable and healthy indoor environment in the face of unpredictable weather conditions. The primary objective is to develop an automated weather monitoring system integrated with a humidifier, leveraging Internet of Things (IoT) technology and a suite of sensors including the DHT11 for temperature and humidity, a rain sensor, an LDR sensor, and a BMP180 barometric pressure sensor. The system aims to monitor real-time weather data and adjust indoor conditions accordingly, enhancing comfort and reducing health risks such as respiratory issues, allergies, and mold growth. Additionally, it provides remote monitoring and real-time alerts through IoT connectivity, improving user convenience and energy efficiency. The methodology includes detailed requirement analysis, hardware and software development, testing, and deployment. This project promises to significantly improve indoor environmental quality, especially in regions with erratic weather patterns, by providing a robust, adaptable solution. Keywords: Automated Weather Monitoring, Climate Control, IoT Technology, Humidifier, DHT11 Sensor, Rain Sensor, LDR Sensor, Energy Efficiency

Modelling Mucus Clearance in Sinuses: Thin-Film Flow Inside a Fluid-Producing Cavity Lined with an Active Surface

The paranasal sinuses are a group of hollow spaces within the human skull, surrounding the nose. They are lined with an epithelium that contains mucus-producing cells and tiny hairlike active appendages called cilia. The cilia beat constantly to sweep mucus out of the sinus into the nasal cavity, thus maintaining a clean mucus layer within the sinuses. This process, called mucociliary clearance, is essential for a healthy nasal environment and disruption in mucus clearance leads to diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis, specifically in the maxillary sinuses, which are the largest of the paranasal sinuses. We present here a continuum mathematical model of mucociliary clearance inside the human maxillary sinus. Using a combination of analysis and computations, we study the flow of a thin fluid film inside a fluid-producing cavity lined with an active surface: fluid is continuously produced by a wall-normal flux in the cavity and then is swept out, against gravity, due to an effective tangential flow induced by the cilia. We show that a steady layer of mucus develops over the cavity surface only when the rate of ciliary clearance exceeds a threshold, which itself depends on the rate of mucus production. We then use a scaling analysis, which highlights the competition between gravitational retention and cilia-driven drainage of mucus, to rationalise our computational results. We discuss the biological relevance of our findings, noting that measurements of mucus production and clearance rates in healthy sinuses fall within our predicted regime of steady-state mucus layer development.

Enhancing Social Sustainability in Malaysian Supply Chains: Integrating Occupational Safety and Health for Resilient and Ethical Business Practices

This conceptual paper examines the insufficient integration of Occupational Safety and Health into Malaysian supply chains' social sustainability frameworks, despite its recognized impact on worker well-being and economic performance. While Malaysia has advanced in sustainability overall, incorporating OSH into broader social responsibility strategies remains underdeveloped. This paper argues that protecting worker well-being is essential for sustainable supply chains, directly contributing to social sustainability and economic performance. The study examines the ethical, legal, and business justifications for prioritizing OSH in supply chain management. It draws upon international human rights declarations, treaties, and conventions, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the ILO's Occupational Safety and Health Convention, to underscore the fundamental right to a safe and healthy work environment. This model developed through analysis of existing literature and policy frameworks, aims to guide a more comprehensive approach to OSH management within Malaysian supply chains. By analyzing these frameworks, the paper highlights the need for a comprehensive approach that aligns OSH with international standards and sustainable development goals. Ultimately, it advocates for a more resilient and equitable supply chain framework in Malaysia, where worker well-being is central to sustainable business practices.

Defected photonic crystal as propylene glycol THz sensor using parity-time symmetry

Detecting unsafe levels of chemical gases and vapors is essential in improving and maintaining a healthy environment for all to enjoy. Propylene glycol is a colorless, synthetic gas commonly used in medications, fragrances, and cosmetics. It causes side effects such as headaches, lightheadedness, nausea, and fainting. So, monitoring of propylene glycol is critically vital. This study uses a defected photonic crystal as a propylene glycol THz sensor. Due to the high absorption of propylene glycol, the intensity of the resonant confined mode is very small. As a result, the performance of the designed sensor seems unsatisfactory. We will use parity-time symmetry for the first time in THz to magnify the resonant confined mode to detect propylene glycol. The effect of microcavity thickness, incident angle, and gain/loss factor will be studied. The optimized sensor recorded distinguished results compared to other studies for the detection of propylene glycol.

Application of the International Standards for noise insulation assessment of a metamaterial-based ventilated window

In recent years, acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) have been developed to create more ergonomic designs that can be integrated into the built environment. For instance, embedding metamaterials in windows has facilitated effective ventilation and sound insulation. Presently, European standards provide specific guidelines for evaluating the insulation properties of façades, enabling the characterisation of both active and passive noise management solutions to ensure a healthy indoor environment. However, these standards primarily focus on closed partitions, limiting their applicability to noise management open systems. This study employs the ISO 10140 measurement method to assess a vertical metamaterial-based partition, namely an acoustic metawindow (AMW) unit, that, when open, allows noise insulation and ventilation contemporarily. The standardised level difference (Dn,e) is used to assess the performance of the open AMW unit's noise insulation. The results demonstrate the applicability of ISO 10140 for assessing an open AMW unit's performance, showcasing a Dn,e,w = 27 dB in the frequency range 1000-5000 Hz and an improvement over an open standard window ranging from 3 to 15 dB. This initial exploration could pave the way for more inclusive regulations considering ventilated sound-insulating devices as vertical partitions in the built environment and more comprehensive assessment methods for AMMs-based ventilated systems.

Research on the impact of traditional soundscapes on physiology and subjective restoration in historical and cultural districts

A healthy urban sound environment is the common pursuit of both residents and urban designers. The restorative effects of natural soundscape on physiology and psychology have been proved. However, the potential health benefits of the historical and cultural attributes of soundscapes are yet to be explored. This study took the traditional sound sources and environments in the historical and cultural district as the research object, and presented the audio-visual scenarios in the laboratory. Finally, 7 physiological indicators and subjective evaluation of perceived recovery soundscape scale (PRSS) of 37 subjects were assessed. The results indicate that historical soundscapes have an impact on subjective restorative factors such as Fascination and Being-Away. However, there is no significant influence on all physiological indicators. This suggest that the historical and cultural attributes of soundscapes might have a positive effect on psychological restoration, but the impact on physiology is not significant.

The Universal Neighborhood Effect Averaging in Mobility-Dependent Environmental Exposures.

The neighborhood effect averaging problem (NEAP) is a fundamental statistical phenomenon in mobility-dependent environmental exposures. It suggests that individual environmental exposures tend toward the average exposure in the study area when considering human mobility. However, the universality of the NEAP across various environmental exposures and the mechanisms underlying its occurrence remain unclear. Here, using a large human mobility data set of more than 27 000 individuals in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, we provide robust evidence of the existence of the NEAP in a range of individual environmental exposures, including green spaces, air pollution, healthy food environments, transit accessibility, and crime rates. We also unveil the social and spatial disparities in the NEAP's influence on individual environmental exposure estimates. To further reveal the mechanisms behind the NEAP, we perform multiscenario analyses based on environmental variation and human mobility simulations. The results reveal that the NEAP is a statistical phenomenon of regression to the mean (RTM) under the constraints of spatial autocorrelation in environmental data. Increasing travel distances and out-of-home durations can intensify and promote the NEAP's impact, particularly for highly dynamic environmental factors like air pollution. These findings illuminate the complex interplay between human mobility and environmental factors, guiding more effective public health interventions.

Teks Taru Premana Sebagai Simbolisasi Ekuilibrium Manusia Hindu Dengan Alam Semesta Bali

A holistic understanding of the side effects of chemical drugs, stimulating this era's humans to engage in contemplative movements, using ancient literature to maintain sanitation, physical health and mental health. Taru Premana is the philanthropic mission of Mpu Kuturan to create Hindu people as well as a healthy Bali environment. So, to realize the human mission, humanistic practice begins, to find a variety of herbal medicines. The research aims to analyze the Lontar Taru Premana, by looking for a link between health practices and the stimulation of subjects in the preservation of the environment. The research uses a qualitative approach or specifically applies textual studies to undermine searches and reconstructive efforts in understanding the texts of the art of traditional medicine of Bali. The technique of collecting Taru Premana manuscripts as a source of research data is obtained from the process of accumulating ancient writings dealing with traditional medicine. Further, it is analyzed using literary studies as well as philological studies. The compendium on traditional health science taught in Taru Premana is explained specifically in the processing techniques of traditional ingredients, their manufacturing processes and their application, such as bearing, spraying, patching and fixing. The Taru Premana manuscript has an interpretation in other aspects, namely as a symbolization of the internalization of the values of social-religious life. This lontar is an argument for the harmonization of man with his environment, and gives the scheme that man is not a determining entity, but an individual and a cosmic entity forming a typology of dependency. Taru Premana as a means of balancing the existence of humans and the environment (praja dan kamadhuk). In other words, man without the presence of nature is meaningless, because the process of life becomes stopped because of the nullity of the supporting life. Lontar Taru Premana plays an important role in the spiritual, social and ecological reality of the Bali Hindu community, as it applies traditional techniques and ecologic balance.

The Impact of Green Building Design on Indoor Air Quality and Occupant Experience

This study examines the impact of green building design on indoor air quality (IAQ) and occupant experience, using Heritage Place in Ikoyi, Lagos, as a case study. Green buildings are known for incorporating sustainable practices such as the use of eco-friendly materials, advanced ventilation systems, and biophilic design elements, all aimed at enhancing environmental sustainability and occupant well-being. A descriptive survey methodology was employed, with data gathered through a questionnaire administered to 50 occupants of the building to assess their perceptions of IAQ, health, comfort, and overall satisfaction. The findings indicate that the majority of respondents reported high levels of satisfaction with IAQ, attributing improvements in their health, productivity, and comfort to the building’s green design features. Specifically, low-emission materials and enhanced ventilation systems were highly praised for reducing pollutants and maintaining a healthy indoor environment. However, a few respondents expressed concerns about inconsistent thermal comfort in certain areas. These results underscore the importance of sustainable design in creating healthier, more productive indoor environments. Recommendations for future green building projects include fine-tuning HVAC systems to improve thermal comfort and enhancing occupant education on the benefits of sustainable features.

Impact of Nursing Leadership Styles on the Staff Turnover Intention in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and objectives The efficiency of healthcare systems and nursing care depends on appropriate leadership. The purpose of this study was todetermine the association between leadership styles of nurse managers and the staff turnover intention in Saudi Arabia. The nurses' intention to quit their jobs was considered as indicative of staff turnover intention. Methods A quantitative cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 279 nurses, employed in three hospitals in Hafar Al-Batin City, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire comprised three parts to determine the association between leadership styles of nurse managers and staff turnover intention, and how they related to participants' demographic variables (gender/age/education/income/marital status/experience). The first part collected demographic data, and the second part was an adapted and validated version of the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ-6S) used to assess the perceived leadership styles of nurse managers, based on 21 items. The third part, comprising seven items, was used to assess nurses' turnover based on intention to quit. The second and third parts of the questionnairewere scored using a five-point Likert scale. Collected data were tabulated and analyzed using a statistical software package for descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation), comparing dependent outcome variables against independent demographic variables. Statistical significance was assumed when p-value was less than 0.05. Results Based onleadership style scores, transactional (13.32 out of a maximum of 24; 55.48%) and transformational (26.58 out of a maximum of 48; 55.37%) leadership were the most frequently perceived leadership styles among nurse managers. Laissez-faireleadership (6.31 out of a maximum of 12; 52.57%) was the least frequently perceived style. Upon comparing perceived leadership styles of nurse managers againstdemographic variables, no significant differences were observed for transformational leadership. However, income and experience of nurses showed significant relationship with the perceived transactional and laissez-faire leadership style scores, respectively. Based onperceived "intention to quit" scores, majority of the nurses expressed uncertain intention to quit (n = 193; 69.2%) and there was a significant yet weak negative correlation between the perceived leadership styles and intention to quit. The correlation coefficient (Pearson's-r) was lowest for laissez-faire leadership (-0.258)followed by transactional (-0.295) and transformational styles of leadership (-0.348). Conclusions The present study indicated a greater degree of transactional and transformational leadership styles among nurse managers than laissez-faire leadership style. While most of the nurses mentioned an uncertain intention to quit, correlating it with the perceived leadership styles it was found that transformational leadership among nurse managers indicated greater retention of nurses within their present jobs. The present research findings underline the importance of prioritizing and fostering healthy workplace environment by the nurse managers, through inculcation of transformational leadership practices. Furthermore, focused, multi-centric studies from around the world can help understandthe leadership practices of nursing leaders and its relationship with the intention of nurses to quittheir respective roles.

Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Policies in the European Union: Transformations and Impacts

The development of renewable energies in the EU is essential for sustainable development and energy security, having a significant impact on labor markets. Strategies and policies target the EU's objectives and commitments, financial incentives, regulations, innovations, research, in line with labor market opportunities. Reconversion of the workforce and transition to renewable energies are needed, as well as reskilling from traditional industries to green energy sectors. and reducing dependence on fossil energy sources contributes to energy security in the EU. Our proposals emphasize the importance of renewable energies in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the preservation of the environment, with a particular emphasis on the promotion of sustainable development. Ensuring energy security and sustainable development strategies necessitates multilateral cooperation in the development of renewable energies. To analyze the theme, we propose theoretical and practical approaches, correlating sustainable development theory, labor market theory and public policy theory, with practical applications in renewable energy sector strategies and policies and impact on labor markets. Keywords: renewable energies, labor markets, sustainable development, financial incentives, multilateral security

Enhancing marine protection: Antibacterial, anti-corrosion, and wettability properties of smart coatings via magnet assisted jet electrodeposition

Marine biofouling poses significant challenges to marine infrastructure. Current marine antifouling coatings face issues such as long-term stability, non-toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. This study investigates the preparation of smart coatings using nano-ZrO2/Ni composite materials via magnet assisted jet electrodeposition, varying the concentration of ZrO2 nanoparticles. The coatings’ structure and surface morphology were analyzed, and their antibacterial, anti-corrosion, and wettability properties evaluated. The results showed that the smart coatings were hydrophobic and could generate reactive oxygen species radicals, and the use of magnetic field preparation also resulted in a microscopic raised structures on the surface, with an antibacterial effect that exceeded that of pure nickel coatings. Increasing the concentration of ZrO2 nanoparticles enhanced coating density and significantly improved anti-corrosion properties. The composition distribution of Zr was the most homogeneous when the mass concentration of ZrO2 nanoparticles was 4 g/L. The development of smart coatings presents promising potential for combating marine biofouling, offering enhanced protection and application prospects in marine environments.

CLOUD DATA PROTECTION USING WEIBULL DISTRIBUTED RECURRENT NEURAL ERGODIC SIGNCRYPTION

Cloud computing has become an integral part of modern computing, offering scalable storage and processing resources. However, the security of data stored in the cloud remains a major concern, especially when dealing with sensitive information. Traditional encryption schemes, while effective, often face limitations in terms of computational overhead and vulnerability to advanced attacks. To address these challenges, we propose a novel Weibull Distributed Recurrent Neural Ergodic Skewed Certificateless Signcryption scheme aimed at enhancing data protection in cloud environments. The key problem addressed by this work is the inherent inefficiency of existing cryptographic solutions that either rely on certificate-based systems or suffer from high computational and communication costs. This is especially crucial in cloud systems where real-time data processing is essential. Our approach integrates Weibull distribution for key management and optimization, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for secure data transmission prediction, and ergodic skewed signcryption to eliminate the need for certificate authorities. This results in improved security, reduced computational overhead, and efficient communication, ensuring that the data remains secure even in dynamic cloud environments. The proposed scheme was tested using various metrics, including encryption/decryption time, data throughput, and attack resistance. Results demonstrate a significant reduction in computational cost by approximately 28% compared to traditional certificateless encryption. Furthermore, encryption times decreased from an average of 1.8 ms to 1.2 ms, and the scheme showed robustness against man-in-the-middle and chosen-ciphertext attacks with a detection accuracy of 98.6%. These results confirm the efficacy of the proposed system for enhancing security in cloud computing environments while maintaining high performance.

Evaluation of wear and corrosion resistance in acidic and chloride solutions of Cathodic Arc PVD chromium nitride coatings on untreated and plasma nitrided AISI 4140 steel

Chromium nitride ceramic like coatings are well known for their hardness and wear resistance, especially under severe conditions. When deposited on mild steel, nitriding is required for such applications to create a gradient hardness profile and improve the coating adhesion and the system's mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance is also necessary since these chromium coatings are recommended for applications in the plastic mould and injection industry. Therefore, in this work, the combination of a nitriding without white layer pretreatment and CrN coating was studied in a chloride and an acidic electrolyte, to asses if the diffusion layer also plays an important role as a corrosion protection treatment. Coating microstructure, adhesion to both nitrided and non-nitrided steel, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance in chloride and acidic media were evaluated. For comparison, bare and nitrided steel were also examined. Results indicated an improvement in the adhesion for the duplex treatment (nitriding + CrN). The CrN coating demonstrated a considerably lower coefficient of friction and wear rate compared to both non-nitrided and nitrided steel. Regarding corrosion, the iron nitride layer provides some protection in chloride environments; however, in acidic media, only the CrN coating plays a protective role. In both media, localized attack occurred at sites where the coating had defects, such as pores or pinholes through which the electrolyte comes into contact with the substrate. The duplex treatment proved to be the most effective surface treatment for AISI 4140, achieving excellent tribological properties, good adhesion, and high corrosion resistance in both neutral chloride and acidic solutions.

Organizational Ethics and Employee Productivity of Microfinance Banks

The study empirically examined the organizational ethics and employee productivity in Microfinance banks in Cross River State, Nigeria. Descriptive and correlational research designs were employed in the study. Data for this study were gathered from primary source and through structured questionnaire from the respondents of the microfinance banks in Cross River State. The study employed Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis to measure the relationship between the variables tested in the study. Based on the analysis of the results, the finding was summarized; thus, there was a significant relationship between organizational ethics and employee productivity. The study recommended that management should create a healthy work environment where employees can be motivated towards productivity. Also, efforts should be made to ensure and observe etiquette and ethical conduct within work centers for the expected goals of the complex organization to be attained.