Preservation Of Cultural Heritage Objects Research Articles

Microclimate-Monitoring: Examining the Indoor Environment of Greek Museums and Historical Buildings in the Face of Climate Change

The preservation of cultural artifacts within museums and historical buildings requires control of microclimatic conditions, and the constantly evolving climate certainly poses a challenge to maintaining recommended conditions. Focused on the Archaeological Museum of Delphi and the Church of Acheiropoietos in Greece, our study evaluates the hygrothermal behavior of these buildings with a specific emphasis on the preservation of cultural heritage objects hosted there. An innovative approach to the real-time analysis of data is utilized, aiming to achieve a timely detection of extreme temperature and humidity levels. A one-year monitoring campaign was carried out to achieve a detailed assessment of the indoor climate in selected museums and historical buildings in Greece. The monitoring campaign was performed using dataloggers that were set to measure and record temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) values hourly. The results allowed for the detection of extreme temperature and relative humidity values, pinpointing the time period that requires more attention. The museum’s heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems provide temperature control for visitor comfort, but the temperature still rises in summer, highlighting the impact of external climate factors. The church’s lack of HVAC systems widens the temperature range compared to the museum, but significant hourly fluctuations are not observed, underlining the building’s high thermal mass and inertia. Both buildings demonstrate a significant response to changes in outdoor temperature, emphasizing the need for future adaptation to climate change. The HMRhs and PRD indices indicate minimal microclimate risk in both buildings for temperature and RH, reducing the probability of material damage. The church’s slightly higher HMRhs index values, attributed to relative humidity, increases susceptibility due to sensitive materials. Overall, the study highlights the importance of managing microclimatic conditions in historical buildings and proposes careful adaptations for the protection of cultural heritage.

Place and role of specially protected natural areas in the preservation of cultural heritage objects

The article emphasizes the special purpose of heritage sites located in specially protected natural areas (SPNA). Historical memory of the interaction between man and nature is preserved and our understanding of the authenticity of heritage is expanded due to these objects, as true authenticity can only be achieved through the cultural and natural landscapes, that contain heritage sites, for many years they remained unaffected by intensive human activity or were used for traditional environmental management – hunting, fishing, grazing, farming and other activities not associated with a destructive impact on natural landscapes. The leading role of protected areas is most noticeably manifested in connection with the preservation of sacred, ethnographic and archaeological heritage, monuments of traditional environmental management, ethnology, historical communications, and examples of traditional economic and socio-cultural activities. The article raises the question of the need to establish close contacts between bodies for the protection of cultural heritage and nature conservation, as well as institutions subordinate to them, primarily nature reserves, national and natural parks, museum reserves and estate museums.

Once Again About the Problems of Preserving Objects of Immovable Cultural Heritage from the Standpoint of Collective and Individual Consumer Perception

The concept of attitude towards objects of immovable cultural heritage, formed more than a century ago, is relevant today, based on the premises that these material objects form an objective value in the perception and understanding of any individual, any society, any civilization. The purpose of the article is to conduct a preliminary analysis of the problems that form the understanding of the value of cultural heritage, preservation and careful treatment of it in the modes of restoration activities and restoration work. Achieving the goal can be the solution of a number of problems regarding the proper state protection of objects of immovable cultural heritage and the necessary assistance from the state, public institutions and international organizations, as well as taking into account the assigned status of the object in the matter of rescue, restoration and gentle scientific restoration. Currently existing directions and developments in a comprehensive assessment of architectural monuments of the past, observation methods, active comparative studies, and statistical measurements are considered as methodological and instrumental approaches to solving emerging problems. The results obtained by the authors included a study of the complex interaction and isolated influence on the category of value of such significant features-factors as evaluation criteria such as cultural and collective memory, historical reputation in their meaning for the self-identification of society and in the development of strategies in the field of preservation of cultural heritage objects and their use in the exploitation of the recreational potential of the destination by the tourism business. Examples from domestic restoration and construction practice and Western European experience, used to minimize the negative consequences of the increasing anthropogenic load on the territory, are discussed. At the end of the material, prospects for further research are indicated and the necessary conclusions are drawn.

Proposal to Create a System of Archival Materials for the Preservation of Historical Objects of St. Petersburg

The subject of the study is the interest of specialists in the study and analysis of cultural heritage sites of St. Petersburg. The object of the study is an information resource on this topic - the city archives and electronic resources of St. Petersburg. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need to optimize access to complete and reliable information on the cultural heritage of St. Petersburg. This information is disassembled from a variety of unrelated sources, which complicates the work of specialists in terms of quick access to complete information on the object. Analysis of the studies showed the relevance of the issue in obtaining materials on cultural heritage objects, but the method of optimal access to them has not been developed. On the basis of the considered problems, a hypothesis was built and an empirical study was carried out in the form of a survey of specialists in the sphere of preservation of cultural heritage objects of St. Petersburg. The results of the study made it possible to identify the problem of obtaining information and suggest a way to solve it. A proposal has been formulated to optimize the work of specialists, in terms of access to reliable and complete data on the cultural heritage of St. Petersburg. To do this, it is necessary to systematize archival sources and information systems for each object of cultural heritage into a single database. The authors have designated sections and headings of a single information source. The practical value of the study lies in the development of a proposal for the prompt receipt of information necessary for the design and other studies of cultural heritage sites in St. Petersburg. Its structure and approach to implementation are disclosed. A potential audience of specialists working in the field of conservation, use, promotion and state protection of cultural heritage sites of St. Petersburg is indicated. The results of the study can draw the attention of specialized specialists to the identified issues and become the basis for creating a system of archival materials for the preservation of historical objects of St. Petersburg.

Exploring the Significance of Heritage Preservation in Enhancing the Settlement System Resilience

The sustainable development of urban and rural settlements is considered one of the primary objectives of economic, social, and urban planning. Recent studies focused significant attention on the issue of the resilience of rural settlements due to the challenges and threats they face. One of the essential drivers affecting the resilience of rural settlements is cultural heritage preservation. The research methods were based on the complex systems approach. The study employed a multidimensional analysis method to evaluate the resilience of rural settlements based on five sub-systems: social, economic, environmental, physical, and managerial. The proposed method for evaluation of the settlement sustainability involves the application of a settlement development index and considers the preservation of cultural heritage objects. The data sources used contain open-access information and statistical data provided by municipal organizations, including GIS maps, statistical, and archival records. The study aim was to establish methodological frameworks for evaluating the influence of cultural heritage on the resilience of rural settlements as well as to obtain a quantitative assessment of the resilience of rural settlements within the Zavałočycy local council, located at Hlusk district, Mahiloŭ region, Belarus.

Alternative mitigating solutions based on inorganic nanoparticles for the preservation of cultural heritage

Introduction: Biodeterioration is a big challenge for the preservation of cultural heritage objects and for the community’s safety, fostering the search for novel methods effective in removing microbial biofilms and subsequent biodeterioration. In this context, nanoparticles (NPs) are considered an interesting alternative, based on their unique physico-chemical and biological properties.Methods: The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficiency of Ag, Au, Cu, and ZnO NPs against a significant number of filamentous fungi and bacterial strains isolated from wooden and stone cultural heritage objects from different Romanian regions, as well as from museum collections, with the final goal to establish their potential to develop novel preservation strategies, which have high efficiency and low ecotoxicity.Results: Six types of nanoparticles (NPs) based on Ag, Au, Cu, and ZnO were synthesized and characterized for their physico-chemical properties, ecotoxicity, and efficacy against 75 filamentous fungi and 17 bacterial strains isolated from wooden and stone cultural heritage objects (15th–19th century). The results showed that all synthetized NPs are homogeneous, demonstrating a good stabilizing coating, and have spherical or triangular shapes, with sizes between 9 and 25 nm. The highest antifungal efficiency has been recorded for Ag NPs, followed by Cu NPs and ZnO NPs, with the most susceptible strains being Aspergillus montevidensis, Penicillium commune, Penicillium corylophilum, Bacillus megaterium, and B. cereus. The Cu NPs and ZnO NPs decreased the capacity of microbial strains to adhere to the inert substratum. The influence of the tested NPs against enzyme/organic acid production varied depending on the NP types and by species.Conclusion: The obtained results are promising for the development of efficient and economical alternative solutions for heritage preservation, showing high antimicrobial activity against the prevalent fungal and bacterial strains involved in the biodeterioration of Romanian heritage objects.

Localization of cultural heritage sites in settlements across Sverdlovsk region. Quantitative chronological characteristic

The article address issues in the protection and preservation of cultural heritage objects in the Sverdlovsk region, Urals, Russia based on the results of a statistical study of the historical and architectural heritage of the Sverdlovsk region beyond the city of Ekaterinburg. The quantitative distribution of objects over settlements is considered and correlated with the number of residents. The principal and secondary historical and architectural centers of the region are identified and characterized, and territories with a small number of cultural heritage sites are highlighted.

Changing presents, shifting past(s): the diverse interests of transitional justice and cultural heritage in the case of the Iranian revolution

ABSTRACT Cultural heritage and transitional justice both seem to be established terms with fixed connotations: the former of universally valued and appreciated cultural objects and the latter of processes related to replacing a non-democratic regime with a democratic one. The social, political and legal realities of actual transitions and cultural objects caught in their midst, however, are much more complex. One such particular case was the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and its immediate aftermath, which, despite being a distinct transition from one non-Western regime to another, encountered similar issues with regard to the preservation of cultural heritage objects linked to the former establishment. The purpose of this paper is thus to provide a better understanding of the non-traditional processes of transitional justice, with a special focus on the place of cultural heritage objects during a transition using the example of Iran.

Transformasi Model Bisnis Museum Ke Pariwisata Digital Di Indonesia

Background – Because of the Covid-19 pandemic, human travel was severely restricted and reliant on digital technology. Tourism is one of the businesses that has been obliged to adapt to digitalization in order to keep its primary source of income from travelers. The present transition to digital tourism is taking the shape of virtual tours or long-distance interactive tours, such as those seen in museums. To reach more tourists, some museums in Indonesia already entered the digitization stage by offering virtual tours and edutainment.
 Aim – This study intends to provide emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of disruptive innovation in the sense of digitization in the tourism industry, particularly museums.
 Design / Methodology / Approach – An detailed review of existing literature regarding digital technology, disruptive digital innovation, smartphone technology, social media, internet, and mobile applications from the perspective of museum tourism was used.
 Findings – Digital museums provide a new perspective to enjoy their collections and as a diversification strategy that has the potential to bring in tourists virtually. Curators should develop websites using communication strategies that relate to their collection and focus on their visitor profile. On the other hand, there is a risk that there is a conservative opinion that digitization will reduce the integrity of physical artwork and an unstable digital ecosystem.
 Conclusion - The digitization and publication of collections online has the potential to enable access to content. It is projected that disruptive innovation in the form of changing the museum's business model will provide financial benefits and become a business diversification that can support the sustainability of the museum itself in the future.
 Research implication – In the field of management, disruptive innovation in the form of changing the museum's business model will provide financial benefits and become a business diversification that can support the sustainability of the museum itself in the future. In the field of architecture, the preservation of cultural heritage objects through digitization guarantees digital archives and provides wider educational opportunities virtually.
 Research Limitations – The breadth of coverage regarding the digitization of museums and also the many things that still need to be done in order to implement it perfectly, makes research on digitization will continue to be needed. Future studies can complement and continue to update research results so that museums can also continue to evolve.

Legal Study of Protection of Cultural Heritage Objectives in The Old Banten Tourism Area

<span lang="EN-US">Based on the Decree of the Governor of Banten Number 437/Kep.160-Huk/2018 concerning the Zoning Determination of the Cultural Heritage Area of the Sultanate of Banten (Banten Lama). The existence of this decision has brought Banten Tourism currently experiencing significant development, especially in the tourist area. This happened after the Banten Provincial government carried out tourism development. The government has a role to synergize tourism development with the function of protecting cultural heritage objects and the community environment around the cultural heritage area of the Banten Lama, to create sustainable tourism based on the preservation of cultural heritage objects as the core area of cultural heritage. The role of the government is crucial to regulate efforts to manage cultural heritage objects as a form of legal study for the protection of tourism resources and to preserve cultural heritage objects as heritage tourism attractions in the Banten Lama area by establishing a core area of 172.58 hectares and a buffer area of 754.36 hectares. Also, involving the community is a tourism resource that must maintain the quality of the tourism environment to create Sapta Pesona and Tourism Awareness to create a conducive climate for the protection of cultural heritage </span><span lang="EN-US">objects in the Banten Lama Tourism area</span>

MOUNT PADANG CIANJUR WEST JAVA AS A TOURISM

Mount Padang is one of the mountains in Cianjur, West Java. The purpose of this research is to get to know Mount Padang from the point of view of various aspects. This type of research is qualitative research using library research methods. The type of data used is secondary data which is in the form of journals from previous research. The result of this research is that the tours offered at the Gunung Padang Megalithic Site are the beauty of the terraced punden building composed of volcanic rock columns. The strategy for developing the Gunung Padang cultural heritage site is by: utilizing vacant land around the site area; using promotional media; socialization regarding the preservation of cultural heritage objects; establishing good coordination with management parties regarding aspects of the development of the Gunung Padang cultural heritage site as a tourist destination; regular maintenance of facilities.

Prediction of the indoor climate in cultural heritage buildings through machine learning: first results from two field tests

Control of temperature and relative humidity in storage areas and exhibitions is crucial for long-term preservation of cultural heritage objects. This paper explores the possibilities for developing a proactive system, based on a machine-learning model (XGBoost), for predicting the occurrence of unwanted indoor environmental conditions: either a too high or a too low relative humidity, within the forthcoming 24 h. The features used in the model were hourly indoor and outdoor climate recordings, and it was applied to two indoor heritage environments; a storage facility and a church building. The test accuracy (f1-score) of the model was good (0.93 for high RH; 0.93 for low RH) when applied to the storage building, but only 0.78; 0.62 (high RH; low RH) for the church building test. Challenges encountered include difficulties in obtaining good historical climate data sets for training and testing the model, and the dependency of external IT systems, which, if they fail, inactivates the model without a warning. Several issues call for more research: A desirable improvement of the model would be predictions for periods longer than 24 h ahead, still maintaining a high test accuracy. Further perspectives of using machine learning for indoor environmental forecasting could be for indoor air pollution, or energy consumption due to climate control.

A SEMANTICALLY ENRICHED MULTIMODAL IMAGING APPROACH DEDICATED TO CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION STUDIES

Abstract. For the past decades, Cultural Heritage (CH) is commonly documented by digital-based imaging and analytical techniques. This documentation is used as a support by heritage scientists to study and help the preservation of CH objects. Multiple techniques or modalities are usually required and applied to complete the documentation and the possible diagnostic from it. In this paper we explored multimodal imaging strategies to survey, analyse and share semantically enriched digital replicas. Three challenging case-studies from the SUMUM research project aims to illustrate efficient multi-source approaches in multi-scalar, multi-temporal and multi-spectral contexts. From multimodal data acquisitions, a photogrammetric-based registration method (TACO) has been developed in order to exploit a 2D/3D semantic annotation process implemented into a CH oriented collaborative web platform (AIOLI). In the exemples showed, the structure and the content of the annotations work is based from condition reports provided by conservation and restoration experts. To this end, all the documentation gathered on CH objects are either directly merged by image based registration while complementary analysis can be spatially anchored to annotations as linked resources. The dissemination part is explored by built-in AIOLI’s collaborative features or external Potree-based viewer, to enhance the accessibility of the final 3D annotated scenes for further expertises or wide-public events and purposes.

МЕТОДИ СУХОГО ОЧИЩЕННЯ ТВОРІВ ГРАФІКИ НА ПАПЕРОВІЙ ОСНОВІ

The purpose of the article is to define and systematize the main methods and tools for dry cleaning of graphic works made on paper and to facilitate the selection of the appropriate restoration technique, depending on the amount and type of surface contamination. This type of cleaning is one of the main processes of restoration and active conservation, as well as an important stage of preservation of works of art from museum, library, archive and private collections. The development and research of its toolkit is extremely necessary, as it has great potential and significance for further progress in the restoration and conservation industry of Ukraine. Currently, a wide range of methods and means of carrying out the cleaning process is not sufficiently covered in the scientific publications of our country and is only partially mentioned at conferences in the context of restoration reports. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the introduction of a comprehensive study of the main features of dry paper cleaning methods. A comparative analysis and description of the experience of practical application of various methods for the preservation of cultural heritage objects made on a paper basis was carried out. The main principles of laser operation and cleaning of paper with carbon dioxide are considered. The effect of these methods on paper and the paint layer and the expediency of their use is determined. A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of various methods and materials for mechanical cleaning of paper was carried out, in particular: the use of Japanese brushes and felt brushes (which are currently more often used by restorers of Ukraine), rubber crumb and erasers, microfiber, latex sponges, Wishab sponges and other cleaning agents.

Сотрудничество музея и вуза в сохранении памятников керамического искусства

Currently, the role of conservation approaches in the study and preservation of cultural heritage objects has increased significantly since these approaches fully correspond to the interdisciplinary nature of modern research. In such conditions, in universities appear new professional training programs, for example, specialized at artistic ceramics and glass conservation. There are such forms of cooperation as conservation internships based on museum collections of Russian Federation. As a result, museums get their collections conserved and students obtain invaluable experience of work on cultural heritage objects. Even though such collaborations aim primarily at routine conservation tasks, valuable observations and discoveries previously concealed properties of items conserved and the circumstances of their historical existence are possible here to be expected and dealt with.

Usage of Innovative Technologies and Online Media Tools for Digital Presentation of Cultural Heritage in Bulgaria

The paper presents implementation of digital media tools and innovative technologies in open access presentation and sustainable preservation of cultural heritage objects, stored in museums. New digital preservation and curation tools like web sites, 3D modeling, virtual tours, and repositories, have been analyzed for usage in cultural heritage fields for memory institutions, museums, institutions, tourist routes, information centers and sites.

VIRTUAL MUSEUM AND ITS PURPOSE

In the article, the authors consider issues related to the study of the virtual museum,the definition of the virtual museum is revealed, its varieties and characteristic features are highlighted. Current trends and promising directions for further development are outlined. The classification of virtual museums from the point of view of cultural studies is given.The Virtual Museum of the History of communication has always been relevant in modern society. Worldwide, the demand for a digital museum is growing. The collections of virtual museums are represented by various sources – written, graphic (including 3D), audio and video sources. Most virtual museums display original images of text sources, but not in a machine-readable format. This approach significantly narrows the search capabilities of virtual museum information systems (the source cannot be found by the system itself). Similar problems arise with audio and video sources, because they do not have their own description or it is too small, despite the apparent value in the study. Overcoming these problems will improve the quality of generated resources, increase their information return, and increase the use of CG in classical research and education.The classification of virtual museums from the point of view of cultural studies is given. Virtual museums are products of the computer industry that provide free mass access to cultural heritage. It is noted that virtual museums have a significant potential for the preservation of cultural heritage objects created today. Virtual museums are a new cultural form with its own features and promising functions. Despite the fact that they are developed in Western countries, in Kazakhstan they have not yet really appeared and have not been studied at the academic level.

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry characterization of wall mortars with principal component analysis: Phasing and ex situ versus in situ sampling

Mortared stone walls at the Coriglia, Castel Viscardo archaeological excavation site near Orvieto, Italy were analyzed via portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry to better understand their construction sequence and phasing. Data were collected ex situ for intact, ground, and fused bead samples and in situ at the site and evaluated through principal component analysis. Elements identified in the mortars included calcium, manganese, iron, nickel, zinc, rubidium, and strontium. Conclusions regarding wall associations agreed among the three ex situ sample forms, demonstrating that sample form does not matter when applying portable XRF spectrometry for mortar analysis. Conclusions drawn from the ex situ and in situ data and from visual observations by the site archaeologists also agreed and provides additional support for the use of XRF spectrometry for phasing of mortared walls. Lastly, this study demonstrates that in situ data collection for archaeological mortars is valid while also ensuring the preservation of cultural heritage objects.

Directions for preservation and popularization of cultural heritage objects of Crimea peninsula

“Everyone is obliged to take care of the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, to preserve historical and cultural monuments” (Article 44 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). The study is aimed at considering the most promising methods of safekeeping, maintenance, popularization and museum presentation of cultural heritage. When working on the study, the methods of theoretical analysis and synthesis and the analogy method were used. The authors have identified and analyzed applied areas of safekeeping, maintenance, popularization and modern use of cultural heritage objects, namely: monuments of archeology, architecture and urban planning. Various techniques for inclusion of such objects in the modern socio-cultural and architectural-urban context were analysed. Criteria are selected for choosing monuments of architecture, urban planning and archeology for museification, as well as for their introduction into the tourist and recreational infrastructure of the region. Also the scenario of attracting the population, in particular youth, to the problem of preservation of cultural heritage objects is considered. The authors propose improvement of territory and construction of modular youth centers, and organization of cultural and entertainment events (festivals, exhibitions, historical quests, thematic fairs, performances) near or in the territory of the monument protection zones.

Basic stages of history of the underground gethsemane garden monastery in the context of monument protection

This research examines and identifies the main stages of the history of an underground monastery in the Gethsemane Garden, from the appearance of the object to the status of a cultural heritage monument. The author draws conclusions about the legal norms enshrined in the regulations that form a system of requirements for procedural actions that turn a cultural heritage object into a monument. The article describes the legal acts that regulate the field of cultural heritage protection and directly influence the process of institutionalization of cultural heritage objects. The process of institutionalization of a monument selected as an example is considered against the background of the history of the object itself in the context of important historical events and historiography of its study. Turning cultural heritage into a monument that is governed by regulations in modern conservation legislation is a complex process. Examples of completing formal procedures and obtaining cultural heritage status are monuments. That is why the author, on the example of cultural heritage – monuments of history, architecture of the underground monastery in the tract «Gethsemane Garden» describes the process of institutionalization of such objects. The institutionalization of cultural heritage means the process of defining and consolidating legal norms, rules, statuses, bringing them into a system capable of acting in the direction of satisfying the need of modern society for the preservation of cultural heritage objects.