Present Time Research Articles

Prognostic Factors for Survival Using a Clinical Severity Staging System Among Patients With Acute Invasive Fungal Sinusitis

Despite the aggressive progression of fulminant acute invasive fungal sinusitis (AIFS), data on prognostic factors have been disparate, hindering the development of a staging system. A composite staging system may improve prognostication for patient counseling and conduct of clinical research. To identify prognostically important factors in AIFS and to incorporate the factors into a comprehensive Functional Severity Staging System and Clinical Severity Staging System. This retrospective cohort study included adult patients diagnosed with pathology-proven AIFS from June 1, 1992, to December 31, 2022, at Washington University Medical Center and Barnes-Jewish Hospital, a tertiary care center in St Louis, Missouri. Data were analyzed from April to July 2023. Sequential sequestration and conjunctive consolidation was used to develop a composite staging system to predict 6-month overall survival. Of 71 patients with pathology-proven AIFS over the 30-year period, the median (range) age of the cohort was 56 (19-63) years, and there were 47 (66%) male patients. The median (range) follow-up time was 2 (0-251) months. There were 28 patients alive within 6 months, for a 39% survival rate. Symptoms, comorbidity burden, and presence and duration of severe neutropenia were associated with 6-month survival and were consolidated into a 3-category Clinical Severity Staging System with 6-month survival of 75% for stage A (n = 16), 41% for stage B (n = 27), and 18% for stage C (n = 28). The discriminative power of the composite staging system was moderate (C statistic, 0.63). This cohort study supports the clinical importance of symptomatology, comorbidity burden, and prolonged severe neutropenia at the time of AIFS presentation. The composite clinical staging system may be useful for clinicians when counseling patients with AIFS and conducting clinical research.

경제안보 패러다임 하에서 한일간 협력 강화의 중요성 고찰

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to look back on Korea-Japan economic relations in the wake of the recent improvement in Korea-Japan relations, and to consider the importance and necessity of strengthening cooperation between Korea and Japan in a trade environment where economic security and protectionism are spreading.
 Research design, data, and methodology: This paper first reviews recent studies similar to the scope of this study, and then examines changes in the world economic order and global trade environment due to the spread of the economic security paradigm. Based on this, we analyze the challenges facing Korea and Japan, and then consider why strengthening cooperation between Korea and Japan is important and necessary under the current trade environment where protectionism is rampant. The analysis method uses various international organizations and Korea-Japan trade statistics to analyze the structure and characteristics of Korea-Japan exports and imports, the effects of the Korea-Japan FTA within RCEP, and the ripple effects of the expansion of Korea-Japan cooperation.
 Results: This paper analyzes the relationship between the economic and industrial structures between Korea and Japan and suggests that building a strong cooperative relationship at the present time, as it has in the past, will bring about mutual benefits. In particular, it emphasizes the need for active response through multilateral cooperation on the international stage, such as RCEP and IPEF, and not limited to cooperation between the two countries. Specifically, the Korean and Japanese economies have a fundamental condition in which they cannot help but prioritize the U.S.-led economic bloc when choosing between the U.S.-led economic bloc and the Chinese-led economic bloc. However, as mentioned above, the Korean and Japanese economies are faced with a dilemma in that they have a connection and closeness with the Chinese economy that cannot be easily escaped. If bleeding occurs due to intensified competition between Korean and Japanese companies, there is a high possibility that only China will benefit as it will be able to purchase at low prices. On the contrary, if cooperation between Korean and Japanese companies is strengthened and transactions are carried out with Chinese companies, the Chinese economy is still highly dependent on the Korean and Japanese economies, so negotiations can be advantageously guided in the direction demanded by both Korea and Japan.
 Implications: Our government must recognize that Korea and Japan can continue to generate economic benefits by strengthening cooperation between the two countries, even under the economic security paradigm, considering the similarities in economic and industrial structures, the closeness of the economic development process, and the shared concepts of capitalism and free markets. It should not be overlooked that if trade friction or disputes occur between specific countries among the three countries, this could have a negative impact, so to speak, on large losses, not only to the relevant country but also to the other country. Therefore, strengthening cooperation between Korea and Japan is an essential option in the current situation.

The Implementation of Digital Education in India: A Study

The world has witnessed an exponential increase in the use of technology in the field of education and the global education sector has been witnessing revolutionary changes in present times. This happens because all across the world the digital revolution taken place. In the past traditional Indian classrooms were characterized by students passive listening to hour-long lectures without any visual aids. However, with the advance digital technology, learning has become more engaging and interactive for both students and educators. In India, there has been significant increase in the adoption of digital and live virtual classrooms across various educational levels in recent years. This study was explore how leveraging high-quality content developed for Massive Open Online Courses can enhance traditional face to face teaching, with students engagement being one of the benefits and aims to gave overview of digital education, components of digital education, benefits of digital education in India and challenges of an Indian society for moving towards digital education.

The sodium correction factor for dogs undergoing treatment for a hyperglycemic crisis is a 1.6-mEq/L decrease in sodium per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose.

To determine the sodium correction factor for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs. Retrospective analysis of 76 hospitalization episodes from 67 different dogs presenting to the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital between January 1, 2015, and January 1, 2023. For each hospitalization episode, paired blood sodium and glucose concentration measurements were recorded from the time of presentation until glucose concentration was ≤ 201 mg/dL. Therapies administered, primary diagnosis, and concurrent diseases were also recorded for each episode. A linear mixed model was used to determine the sodium correction factor per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose. Piecewise linear mixed models were also constructed for blood glucose measurements ≤ 400 mg/dL and > 400 mg/dL to explore potential correction factor differences between low and high glucose concentrations. A sodium correction factor of a 1.6-mEq/L (95% CI, 1.3 to 1.9 mEq/L) decrease in sodium concentration per 100-mg/dL increase in blood glucose concentration was calculated. Differences in the correction factor between conditions of low and high glucose concentrations could not be determined due to a small sample size of blood glucose values > 400 mg/dL. Most dogs received similar treatments throughout the study period, including balanced isotonic crystalloids (97% [74/76]), electrolyte supplementation (84% [64/76]), and regular insulin (97% [74/76]). Almost all patients (93% [71/76]) had 1 or more concurrent diseases. A sodium correction factor of 1.6 mEq/L (decrease in sodium per 100-mg/dL increase in glucose) is recommended for clinical use in hyperglycemic diabetic dogs.

Prognostics Aware Control Design for Extended Remaining Useful Life

As most of the safety critical industrial systems remain sensitive to functional degradation and operate under closed loop, it becomes imperative to take into account the state of health within the control design process. To that end, an effective assessment and extension of the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of complex systems is a standing challenge that seeks novel solutions at the cross-over of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) domain as well as automatic control. This paper considers a dynamical system subjected to functional degradation presents a novel control design strategy. Wherein the assessment of state of health of the system is taken into account leading to effective prediction of the RUL as well as its extension. To that end, the degradation model is considered unknown but input-dependent. The control design is formulated as an optimization problem wherein a suitable comprise is reached between the performance and desired RUL of the system. The main contribution of the paper remains in proposal of set-point modulation based approach wherein the control input at a given present time stage is modulated in such way that futuristic health of the system over a long time horizon is extended whilst assuring acceptable performance. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is assessed in simulation using a numerical example as well as liquid propellant rocket engine case.

Implementation of Community-Based Citizenship Education to Improve the Civic Skills of the Young Generation in the Qarriyah Tayyibah Community, Kalibening Village, Tingkir District, Salatiga City

Citizenship education programs need to be developed to develop citizens in the community. One of them is community-oriented citizenship education, which is education that is designed, implemented, developed and assessed by the community which is aimed at responding to the challenges and opportunities that exist in a future-oriented community environment. This research describes the implementation of community-based citizenship education to improve the civic skills of the younger generation in the Qarryah Tayyibah Community, Kalibening Village, Tingkir District, Salatiga City. This research used a sample of 70 students from the Qarryah Tayyibah Community. This research used a qualitative research method with a purposive sampling technique. Data was taken using interviews, observation and questionnaires. The results of the research show that the implementation of community-based citizenship education can improve civic skills by using appropriate learning strategies according to students' learning materials. Policy recommendations that can be given are as follows, 1) Companions need to be provided with skills training, be it Technical Skills Training, Product Quality Training, Hard Skills Training, Soft Skills Training, Skills Training. 2) The government supports the curriculum according to the needs and interests of students. at the present time.

Holocene organic matter composition in relation to relative sea level stands and associated morphometric changes of a lagoonal system

Garzón Lagoon is a temperate shallow coastal lagoon influenced by sea level variation. A study on the isotopic composition of Holocene sedimentary organic matter was performed. Although the system was subject to significant changes in sea level, leading to important changes in the lagoon morphometry during the Holocene, the composition of the organic matter was rather surprisingly constant, being dominated by particulate organic matter of marine origin, and to a lesser extent of terrestrial origin. By ∼5000 yr BP, the sea level was +5 m amsl, and the lagoon displayed the largest morphometric dimensions. Once the sea level decreased towards 3000 yr BP and present times, the lagoon area progressively decreased. Even though we inferred significant changes in morphometry, the composition of the organic matter remained relatively constant, as the lagoon was always connected to the ocean, a condition that remains today, at least intermittently during storms or heavy rains. Only after the 1960s, a slight change in the organic matter composition was detected, consisting of a decrease in particulate organic matter of terrestrial origin.

Biochemical profile of diabetic ketoacidosis in type 2 diabetes patients: an observational study

Background: The present study was conducted to assess the clinical profile of type 2 diabetes patients presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis and review their biochemical parameters at the time of presentation. Methods: The present study was an analytical, cross-sectional study conducted over the period of two years. All the type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic ketoacidosis admitted during the study period constituted the study population, after being subjected to prefixed selection criteria. All the participants were subjected to detailed clinical examination and biochemical analysis during hospitalization and parameters were monitored. Results: Out of the total 60 type 2 DM patients with DKA studied, 53.3% patients belonged to 51 to 60 years age group and 55% were males. One patient died and 59 survived (mortality rate-1.6%). Comparatively higher mean RBS, higher mean serum osmolality and lower pH were observed in the death case in comparison with those who survived. The patient who died had no statistically significant difference in serum sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium but had lower serum HCO3- than alive patients on admission. Conclusions: DKA is a serious metabolic complication even in cases of type 2 diabetes and higher RBS, higher Sr Osmolality and lower pH at the time of presentation correlate directly with poorer outcomes.

Spain’s Long Shadow: The Black Legend, Off-Whiteness, and Anglo-American Empire: A retrospective

Located at the intersection of American Studies, LatinX Studies, and Romance Studies, the scholarly book Spain’s Long Shadow: The Black Legend, Off-Whiteness, and Anglo-American Empire turns a “critical ethnic studies” lens on Anglo-American culture. It argues that constructions of Anglo-American identity as “American” have depended on figures of Spain. These figurations have been crucial to the dominant Anglo fictions of “American” exceptionalism, revolution, and manifest destiny; to Anglo-America’s articulation of its empire as an anti-empire; and to its fears of racial contamination and hybridity. Spain’s Long Shadow unfolds the story of one imperialist shadowing another. Now, nearly two decades since its publication, what insights and which questions linger, especially as we engage with what Claudia Milian has termed “a globally entangled LatinX Studies”? Pushing off from Spain’s Long Shadow’s concluding thoughts, this essay responds to that question in relation to the more than 3 million-plus people of a heterogeneous LatinX diaspora living in Spain today. This estimate constitutes approximately 6.4% of Spain’s current population, which is also Europe’s largest concentration of LatinXs. This undertaking is conceptualized as a retrospective—a thinking piece that looks at the past, the present time, and the speculative future to postulate and assess global LatinX processes. The piece fleshes out and updates Spain’s Long Shadow’s invitation to develop new perspectives, frameworks, and scholarship on the transatlantic transcultural impetus of LatinX cultural production from South-North and West-East axes of orientation.

The Influence of Workplace Spirituality on the Performance of Health Workers and Employees at Annisa Hospital Cikarang, Indonesia

A person's spirituality in the workplace can be defined as their understanding and practice of religious principles as they pertain to the workplace, with the goal of fostering positive connections with coworkers, increasing productivity, and enhancing overall morale. At the present time, health services are crucial for both health workers and the officers who assist them in performing their tasks. It is imperative that health care providers and those who assist them have a healthy work-life balance, which includes practicing good spirituality both personally and collectively. Finding out how spirituality affects the productivity of healthcare professionals and hospital staff was the primary goal of the study. Using primary data collected from hospital staff, this study was carried out in Annisa Hospital Cikarang, Indonesia. A total of ninety-six people filled out a questionnaire that measured workplace spirituality and employee performance; the methodology was quantitative. Simple regression analysis in SPSS was used to examine the gathered data. The computed t-value is bigger than the table t-value (7.133>1.9855), as the results demonstrated a computed t-value of 7.133 with a significance value of 0.000. Employees' performance at Annisa Hospital is positively and significantly impacted by workplace spirituality, as the significance value is less than 0.05 (0.000<0.05). In order to advance healthcare organisations' human resource management practices, this study's findings shed light on the connection between spirituality in the workplace and employee performance in hospitals. Organisational leaders and managers in the health care sector can benefit practically from this study. All of the hospital's staff can benefit from a more upbeat and productive work atmosphere if spirituality is more recognised and supported in the workplace. This, in turn, will improve patient care.

Hyperechogenicity of the pyloroduodenal junction in small dogs: Population prevalence in 175 dogs and histological correlation in 14 specimens.

At the pyloroduodenal junction (PDJ), an increase in wall echogenicity is frequently observed. A prospective study was performed to assess the PDJ sonographically in 175 adults and small dogs (>1 year old, <11.4kg (25lb)) over 12 months to evaluate the prevalence of this finding. Additionally, changes in echogenicity were correlated with histology in 14 postmortem specimens. A scoring system of echogenicity change centered on the mucosa and submucosa of the PDJ was implemented; 0: no change, 1: mild, 2: moderate to marked. Other included parameters were age, sex, breed, gastric distention, gastric contents, and reported vomiting at the time of presentation. Hyperechogenicity of the PDJ was highly prevalent (scores 1 and 2: 85.7%). No statistical association between hyperechogenicity of the PDJ and age, sex, gastric distention, gastric contents, or vomiting was identified. Hyperechogenicity of the PDJ is thought to represent an anatomical transition zone, and based on histology, hyperechogenicity of the PDJ may represent a variation in distribution and amount of fibrous connective tissue, glandular number, and glandular dilation within the submucosa and mucosa.

[Drug-induced autoimmune-like liver injury].

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is arare yet potentially life-threatening disease. Besides intrinsic DILI, which is mainly caused by paracetamol overdosing and which is dose-dependent and predictable, there is idiosyncratic DILI-an unpredictable and dose-independent injury of the liver caused by certain medications that only occurs in aminority of patients taking this drug. The reason why some patients react with DILI towards aspecific drug is still unknown. However, the immune system plays acentral role, which is underlined by the association of certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms and DILI caused by specific drug classes. Due to the immunological processes that lead to the liver injury in DILI, there are great overlaps regarding laboratory and histological parameters between DILI and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Differentiating DILI and AIH can therefore be challenging, especially at the time of presentation. In addition, there are other immunologically mediated DILI phenotypes, in particular the newly defined drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis (DI-ALH) and liver injuries caused by checkpoint inhibitors (CPI). DI-ALH is characterized by autoimmune features and good responses towards corticosteroids, with the difference that DI-ALH mostly does not relapse after discontinuation of corticosteroids. CPI-induced liver injury has become more frequent with the rising use of those drugs and is characterized by adistinct histopathological pattern with granulomatous hepatitis and infiltration dominated by cytotoxic Tcells. Similarly, the recently recognized liver injury following vaccinations also shows an autoimmune phenotype; however, in contrast to AIH, cytotoxic Tcells seem to dominate the inflammatory infiltrates in the liver.

Virtual Surgical Planning for Temporomandibular Joint Reconstruction with Stock TMJ Prostheses: Pilot Study.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex joints in the human anatomy. In advanced degenerative stages, conservative or minimally invasive surgical therapies have failed to restore joint function, and joint replacement with prostheses has been required. Stock prostheses, compared to custom-made prostheses, are much less expensive and require less pre-operative preparation time. Four patients followed for years for temporomandibular dysfunction and previously operated on by arthroscopy or open joint surgery that have been reconstructed with stock TMJ prostheses (STMJP) through virtual surgical planning (VSP) and an STL model with surgical and positioning guides were included. The median follow-up was 15 months; the median number of previous TMJ surgeries was 2. The mean preoperative MIO was 24.6 mm and at longest follow-up was 36.4 mm. The median preoperative TMJ pain score was 8, and the median postoperative TMJ pain was 3. All patients have improved their mandibular function with a clear improvement of their initial situation. In conclusion, we believe that stock TMJ prostheses with virtual surgical planning and surgical guides are a good alternative for TMJ reconstruction at the present time. Nonetheless, prospective and randomized trials are required with long-term follow up to assess their performance and safety.

Bone Health in Mood Disorders: A Narrative Review about Clinical and Biological Connections

Evidence about bone health in people affected by psychiatric disorders is limited. This narrative review aims to highlight what is known, up to the present time, about clinical connections between bone health and psychiatric disorders, particularly depressive disorders (DD) and bipolar disorders (BD), in terms of common biological pathways. Besides inflammation, we focused on two molecules of growing interest: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the neuro-hormone melatonin. Also, the role of psychoactive drugs on bone tissue was explored. For the preparation of this narrative review, the scientific literature of the most recent 7 years from PubMed, Springer Nature, Science Direct (Elsevier), Wiley Online, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar databases was analyzed. Reviewed evidence reveals that people diagnosed with BD or DD have an increased risk of both fractures and osteoporosis; NPY reduces bone loss induced by longer periods of depression and “buffers” psychological stress effects on bone health. MLT shows beneficial effects in osteoporosis and bone healing. Lithium, a mood stabilizer, shows potential bone-protective activity, while antipsychotic and antidepressant treatments may increase the risk of bone tissue damage, though further investigation is needed.

Classification Algorithm for fNIRS-based Brain Signals Using Convolutional Neural Network with Spatiotemporal Feature Extraction Mechanism

Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a highly promising human–computer interaction method that can utilize brain signals to control external devices. BCI based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is considered a relatively new and promising paradigm. fNIRS is a technique of measuring functional changes in cerebral hemodynamics. It detects changes in the hemodynamic activity of the cerebral cortex by measuring oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) concentrations and inversely predicts the neural activity of the brain. At the present time, Deep learning (DL) methods have not been widely used in fNIRS decoding, and there are fewer studies considering both spatial and temporal dimensions for fNIRS classification. To solve these problems, we proposed an end-to-end hybrid neural network for feature extraction of fNIRS. The method utilizes a spatial–temporal convolutional layer for automatic extraction of temporally valid information and uses a spatial attention mechanism to extract spatially localized information. A temporal convolutional network (TCN) is used to further utilize the temporal information of fNIRS before the fully connected layer. We validated our approach on a publicly available dataset including 29 subjects, including left-hand and right-hand motor imagery (MI), mental arithmetic (MA), and a baseline task. The results show that the method has few training parameters and high accuracy, providing a meaningful reference for BCI development.

Reinventing Hemp as Bio Fiber Material for Industrial Applications: Past, Present and the Future

This review paper gives an overview Hemp known as Cannabis Sativa, which has been cultivated and used as an agricultural crop centuries before the Common Area. Hemp has been described as the billion-dollar plant in 1938 but has lost its value in the U.S. and the World due to regulatory and legislature issues since then. Hemp has seen as new push In the U.S. and other parts of the world with the introduction of legislature in the late 20th century in Europe and other parts of the world and recently in the U.S with the 2018 Farm Bill which allows on a federal level to grow Hemp, pending on individual state regulations, allowing Hemp to become a new sustainable crop for many future applications. However, Hemp research in these areas has stalled due to the complexity of the law. Hemp is used in many counties today that do not have as strict regulations as the U.S. and Europe in a variety of applications such as such as beauty products, pharmaceuticals, carpets, industrial insulation materials, paper products, cooking oil, personal care products, and textiles as well as biofuel application to replace petroleum-based fuels and gases due to its low lignin and high cellulose level. In most European countries, and the U.S. cultivars with a level below 0.3% THC are allowed. But cultivation is generally subject to reporting. The use of Hemp plants with higher levels is strictly forbidden in most countries. Usage of Hemp fibers as sustainable environmentally friendly fiber source for energy and industrial applications are slowly moving forwards at present time since there is barely practical large-scale research and pilot installations available about its industrial application potential.

In Search of Present Time. Which Role Can It Play for Aristotle?

Abstract In his theory of time Aristotle does not often mention the present time and nowhere gives a detailed account of it. Nonetheless, present time plays an important role in his conception. I primarily argue for the following claims: (1) According to Aristotle there is a perception of motion and there is a perception of time. These combined perceptions can neither occur in the past nor in the future nor in an indivisible now. Thus, there must be a present time. (2) Aristotle acknowledges the passage of time. This passage of time can only be understood as a passing present. And since an indivisible now cannot pass, the passage of time delivers a further argument for the basic assumption of a present time. – For the most part I simply follow Aristotle’s argument in Physics IV 10 and 11. In doing so, I distinguish present time and now in the introductory puzzles, investigate the passing present in the co-perception of change and time, discuss the relation between change and the passage of time as well as the relation between the passing present and the different nows.

ИННОВАЦИОННОЕ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВО

Currently, the issues of the innovative potential of enterprises, the development of innovative technologies, their implementation in human life and production, the digitalization of various phenomena and processes are coming to the fore in connection with the latest trends and changes in society and the state. The gradual formation and development of the global information space and the latest digital technologies is a factor in the development of such a phenomenon as innovative entrepreneurship. To begin with, we will talk about the relevance of this issue at the present time.&#x0D; It should be noted that in the era of the information society, almost all aspects of social and economic life are changing: methods of payment for goods and services, their delivery and provision, methods of interaction and communication of economic entities, methods of production. That is why the development and application of the latest digital technologies becomes a factor in ensuring the competitiveness of a commercial organization in the market. In turn, entrepreneurial activity by its essence involves the introduction of various innovations aimed at business development, creating conditions for entering new markets for goods and services, and their comprehensive promotion. We can say that the search for innovations and focus on their application in practice is, first of all, a certain tool for ensuring a high level of entrepreneurial activity with maximum economic benefit. The purpose of the study is to analyze innovative entrepreneurship as a factor in the development of the domestic economic system. In accordance with the goal, the tasks were:&#x0D; 1. Characterize the concept of «innovative entrepreneurship».&#x0D; 2. Analyze the main features, as well as factors for the development of innovative entrepreneurship.&#x0D; 3. Characterize the key directions of formation and development, as well as models of innovative entrepreneurship in Russia.&#x0D; 4. Develop proposals to stimulate innovative entrepreneurship in Russia with a view to its development.

تاريخ اللغة الاسبانية من خلال تسميات الرياح العلمية و الشعبية

من خلال عملي في الاطلس الاسبانيّ جذب انتباهي اسماء الرياح وتعدد معانيها واختلافها على مر الزمن. من خلال هذا العمل سنتمكن من معرفة  الاسماء الشعبية للرياح وتغير اسمائها من منطقة الى اخرى. يهدف البحث الى تبيان الاختلاف الكبير في اسماء الرياح من الناحية الدلالية والجغرافية اللغوية، وتبيان اصولها الاسماء اللغوية, وكيف تم تغييرها لغويا من اللاتينية حتى وصولها الى اللغة الرومانسية الحالية (الاسبانية) حيث نرى تعدد وجود اكثر من اسم  للريح  الواحدة، ويعود السبب الاول لتغير اسماء ارياح أولاً الى ترجمة الكلمة في الزمن القديم  من الاغريقية الى اللاتينية واستعمالها في كلِّ بلد حيث نرى كلمة مثل (νότος,  notos) وتغيرها من اللاتينية الى القشتالية، ومن القشتالية الى الكتلانية. السبب الثاني هو اختلاف تسمية بعض الكتاب لهبوب الرياح من منطقة الى اخرى مثلما اختلف اكليانو وكابله مولينا، حيث استعمل كلّ منهما مصطلحات مختلفة. ومن خلال البحث بيّنا أنّ الاسماء العلمية التي بقيت ثابته على مرِّ الزمن ولا تتغير، اما الاسماء الشعبية للرياح؛ فهي متغيرة من منطقة إلى أخرى. فقد كان السبب الاول والاخير في التنوع الكبير لكلمة الرياح هو اهمية الرياح في حياة الانسان.

Гуманное воспитание как основа исправления: о съездах по проблеме детских правонарушений в Российской империи (вторая половина XIX – начало XX века)

By analysing historical sources, the study aims to shed light on the role of congresses of Russian correctional institutions’ representatives in the formation of humane education as the basis for the correction of juvenile offenders in Russian penal colonies in the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century. The paper analyzes the problem of juvenile delinquency in pre-revolutionary Russia, which is relevant to the history of pedagogy. The study is novel in that it is the first to present a detailed analysis of the activities of congresses of Russian correctional institutions’ representatives held to discuss significant issues on the education and correction of juvenile offenders. The authors note that the relevant problems of educational and correctional institutions for juvenile offenders were covered at the congresses. Based on the analysis of materials from the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, the activities of the Second Congress, held in 1884, are presented in detail. It is important to emphasize that such events provided an opportunity to solve problematic issues, which had a positive impact on the pedagogical process, making it most effective and efficient. As a result of the study, it was found that the material presented in this paper is important for pedagogical science. This is explained by the possibility of extrapolating from the experience of correctional institutions of the past to the practice of modern educational colonies for juvenile offenders. Based on the ideas of Russian teachers of the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century, the authors emphasize the need to apply educational retro-technologies in penitentiary practice at the present time, referring primarily to humane education as the basis for correcting children who have broken the law.