Present Hedonistic Time Perspective Research Articles

The Role of Time Perspectives in the Use of Volitional Strategies

The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between time perspectives and the use of volitional strategies in school. University students from the Philippines participated in the study. Results indicated that past-positive and future time perspective positively predicted volitional strategies. Past-negative, present-fatalistic, and present-hedonistic time perspectives were not salient predictors of volitional strategies. Overall findings suggest that time perspectives are important individual difference variables that influence students’ academic outcomes. Implications are discussed.

A Matter of Time: Why Some People Plan for Retirement and Others Do Not

This study explored time perspective (TP) as a predictor of retirement antecedents (retirement planning) and consequences (adjustment, well-being, and life satisfaction). Utilizing a 3-wave longitudinal study with 367 retirees, the stability of TP was explored to determine whether it is best represented as a state or trait. Between 79% and 93% of the variance in TP can be explained by trait rather than state. Present hedonistic, past negative, and future oriented predicted retirement planning. Outcomes of retirement were positively predicted by retirement planning, and past positive TP, and negatively predicted by past negative, present fatalistic, and present hedonistic TP. Implications for the design of retirement interventions were explored acknowledging the stability of TP and the influence of different TPs on planning and adjustment.

Time Perspective, Hope, and Learning Strategy among Rural Australian University Students

Research seeking to improve retention at Universities has traditionally had a focus on student engagement. Temporal orientation has been theorised as having a significant influence on student engagement. Zimbardo's Time Perspective Inventory, the State Hope Scale, and the Study Process Questionnaire were completed by 167 Psychology students attending a rural university. Future Time Perspective and Past Positive were positively correlated with the Hope Pathway subscale. Present Hedonistic Time Perspective was positively correlated with the Agency subscale of Hope. There was a significant difference between deep and surface learners with regards to Future Time Perspective. No significant differences between school leavers and mature-aged students were found for the variables of Time Perspective and Hope. School leavers utilized surface learning strategies, while mature-aged students tended to use deep learning strategies. Current research suggests time perspectives may be helpful in enhancing and supporting academic engagement and persistence in higher education.

Time Perspective, Hope, and Learning Strategy among Rural Australian University Students

Research seeking to improve retention at Universities has traditionally had a focus on student engagement. Temporal orientation has been theorised as having a significant influence on student engagement. Zimbardo’s Time Perspective Inventory, the State Hope Scale, and the Study Process Questionnaire were completed by 167 Psychology students attending a rural university. Future Time Perspective and Past Positive were positively correlated with the Hope Pathway subscale. Present Hedonistic Time Perspective was positively correlated with the Agency subscale of Hope. There was a significant difference between deep and surface learners with regards to Future Time Perspective. No significant differences between school leavers and mature-aged students were found for the variables of Time Perspective and Hope. School leavers utilized surface learning strategies, while mature-aged students tended to use deep learning strategies. Current research suggests time perspectives may be helpful in enhancing and supporting academic engagement and persistence in higher education.

Time perspective and exercise, obesity, and smoking: moderation of associations by age.

Time perspective, a psychological construct denoting subjective orientation to either present or future concerns, has been inconsistently associated with healthy behaviors in adults. We hypothesized that associations would be stronger in young adults, who are first developing independent attitudes, than in older adults. Cross-sectional survey. The study was conducted in three cities in the Mid-Atlantic region. Subjects were 790 patrons of barber and beauty shops. Measures used were the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory future, present-fatalistic, and present-hedonistic subscales and current smoking, days per week of recreational exercise, and height and weight, by self-report. We tested if associations between time perspective and exercise, obesity, and current smoking differed by age group (18-24 years, 25-34 years, and 35 years and older) using analysis of variance and logistic regression. Higher future time perspective scores, indicating greater focus on future events, was associated with more frequent exercise, whereas higher present-fatalistic time perspective scores, indicating more hopelessness, was associated with less frequent exercise in 18- to 24-year-olds, but not in older individuals. Lower future time perspective scores, and higher present-hedonistic time perspective scores, indicating interest in pleasure-seeking, were also associated with obesity only in 18- to 24-year-olds. Current smoking was not related to time perspective in any age group. Time perspective has age-specific associations with exercise and obesity, suggesting stages when time perspective may influence health behavior decision making.

Evaluated the Relationship between Six Holland Interest and Time Perspective on Isfahan Student's High School (12-16 Grades)

The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between six Holland interest and Time Perspective on Isfahan student's high school (12-16 grads). The statistical population of this research includes Isfahanian student that was in grad 12 to 16. From this population, 100 persons were selected with stratified random sample method. In this research, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and Strong Interest Inventory(SII) were used for collecting data. Descriptive statistics and statistical inference include Correlation analysis and mean structures, were used to analyze the data. The results showed highest significant relationship between Investigative interest and future time Perspective were significantly (R= 0/74). Artistic, Social interest and Present hedonistic time Perspective was significant in rang (R=0/33, 0/44). This relation could be the reason for the high level of procrastination on these interests. Also Enterprise interest and future time Perspective were significantly (R= 0/49) correlated. Finally Conventional, Realistic interest and Past negative were significantly (R=0/51, 0/37) correlated.

Time perspectives and boredom coping strategies of undergraduate students from Turkey

Using person-centered and variable-centered analyses, this study examined the relationships between undergraduate students’ time perspectives and boredom coping strategies. A total of 719 undergraduate students voluntarily participated in the study. Results of the study showed that undergraduate students’ time perspectives can be reliably defined through four meaningful and distinctly different clusters: high past-positive and future time perspective cluster, high present-hedonistic time perspective cluster, high past-negative and present-fatalistic time perspective cluster, and low present-fatalistic time perspective cluster. Results also showed that, regardless of the effects of social desirability, students in high past-positive and future time perspective and low present-fatalistic time perspective clusters used cognitive-approach and behavioral-approach boredom coping strategies; whereas students in high past-negative and present fatalistic time perspective cluster used both cognitive-avoidance and behavioral-avoidance strategies. Results of the present study suggest that it makes sense to consider students’ time perspectives together with their boredom coping strategies in educational settings. Implications for education and directions for future studies were also discussed in the present study.

Why certain time perspectives makes people aggressive? Mediating effect of situational triggers of aggressive behaviors

Time perspectives were found to correlate with aggression. In the present study we wanted to explore the nature of this relationship in regard to sensitivity to provoking and frustrating situations. A sample of 200 university students completed the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), Situational Triggers of Aggressive Response (STAR) and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). The strongest relation was found between Present Hedonistic (PH) time perspective and all scales from AQ measuring various aspects of aggression. Situational triggers of aggressive behaviors mediated the relationship between PH and physical aggression. It seems that individuals with high PH are more sensitive to both frustrating and provocating triggers and which in turn may lead them to physical aggression. Moreover, it was found that PH interacts with Future orientation in predicting aggression. Individuals with high PH and low Future have higher tendency towards aggressive behavior.

To Study or Not to Study? Investigating the Link Between Time Perspectives and Motivational Interference

The aim of this study was to explore possible synergies between research on motivational interference and time perspectives. A conceptual model relating individual differences in time perspectives to motivational interference during studying and leisure and academic achievement was tested. Filipino college students ( N = 385) participated in the study. Results from the path analysis indicated that future time perspective was positively associated with motivational interference during leisure and negatively associated with motivational interference during studying. Moreover, future time perspective also positively predicted academic achievement. Present fatalistic and past negative time perspectives were positively associated with motivational interference during studying. Present hedonistic time perspective negatively predicted motivational interference during leisure. Motivational interference during studying, in turn, was negatively associated with academic achievement. Implications are discussed.

How We Feel is a Matter of Time: Relationships Between Time Perspectives and Mood

Both personality and emotional experiences may be influenced by people’s time perspectives. The Zimbardo time perspective inventory measures five trait dimensions related to past, present and future perspectives. Two studies were conducted to investigate how these time perspective dimensions related to mood. The first study (n = 260) confirmed that ZTPI scales predicted moods including energetic arousal, tense arousal and Hedonic Tone, revealing that past negative and Present Hedonistic time perspectives are the most robust predictors of current emotional states. Moreover, future time perspective proved to predict energetic arousal, but the effect was suppressed by present hedonism. The second study (n = 65) measured mood twice in a 4-week period, and focused on relationships between the ZTPI and recalled and anticipated mood. Analyses conducted using DBTP, an index of temporal harmony based on the ZTPI scores, proved that balanced time perspective was related to more positive mood states in both studies. Findings confirmed that time perspective appears to influence both recall and anticipation of mood. For example, past negative time perspective is associated with anticipation of negative moods, and Past Positive perspective relates to both recall and anticipation of energy. Time perspective may structure the individual’s affective experience.

Quality of life and time perspective in inflammatory bowel disease patients

Numerous studies have shown the impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on patient quality of life (QoL), but no research has yet examined the impact of time's experience in the assessment of QoL in IBD. Our goal is to explore the links between QoL and time perspective (TP) and the role of TP as a determinant of QoL. Data were collected from 156 patients who completed a questionnaire comprising a generic measure (SF-12) and a specific measure (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire) of QoL, a measure of TP (ZTPI) and a collection of socio-demographic and medical data. Correlational analyses illustrated the links between TP and QoL. Regression analyses revealed that records of Past-negative and Present-hedonistic perspectives predicted QoL. Past-negative time perspective seemed to have a deleterious impact, while a Present-hedonistic time perspective predicted a better QoL, and this was irrespective of the level of severity of the disease. These results suggest the importance of considering TP as a determinant of psychological QoL. They corroborate earlier findings on the relationship between TP and QoL associated with other pathologies. The past-negative register, which indicates rumination, tells us about the importance of considering the psychological experience of time in order to improve the QoL of patients.

Morning is tomorrow, evening is today: relationships between chronotype and time perspective

The present study explores the relationship between Morningness–Eveningness and five personality dimensions for Time Perspective (TP), representing psychological attitudes toward time. Although these constructs are related to different time horizons (i.e., daytime vs. life-time horizon), existing empirical data regarding their personality and behavioral correlates allows for the prediction that some of the TP dimensions are significantly related to diurnal preference. A sample of 309 university students (30.1% male) aged between 19 and 26 completed the Polish adaptation of the morningness–eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Our research confirmed the main hypotheses, that Morningness is positively related to Future TP, whereas Eveningness correlates positively with Present-Hedonistic TP. Moreover, chronotype proved to be significantly related to other TP scales, as well as to the Deviation from Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) coefficient, an indicator of a balanced time perspective, showing that Morning-types generally tend to express a more adaptive attitude toward psychological time. The possible mechanisms of the relationship, as well as implications for practice and theory are discussed in respect to the obtained data. The paper contributes to the knowledge about the relationship between circadian typology and personality in young adults.

Time Perspective as a Predictor of Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game Playing

This article focuses on the relationship between the time perspective (TP) personality trait and massive multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) playing. We investigate the question of frequency of playing. The TP was measured with Zimbardo's TP Inventory (ZTPI), which includes five factors-past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic, and future. The study used data from 154 MMORPG players. We demonstrated that TP partially explained differences within a group of players with respect to the frequency of playing. Significant positive correlations were found between present factors and the amount of time spent playing MMORPGs, and significant negative correlation was found between the future factor and the time spent playing MMORPGs. Our study also revealed the influence of future-present balance on playing time. Players who scored lower in future-present balance variables (their present score was relatively high compared with their future score) reported higher values in playing time. In contrast to referential studies on TP and drug abuse and gambling, present fatalistic TP was demonstrated to be a stronger predictor of extensive playing than present hedonistic TP, which opened the question of motivation for playing. The advantage of our study compared with other personality-based studies lies in the fact that TP is a stable but malleable personality trait with a direct link to playing behavior. Therefore, TP is a promising conceptual resource for excessive playing therapy.

The Social Language of Time: The Time Perspective–Social Network Connection

Time perspective (TP) is a pivotal cognitive process through which people perceive, interpret, and negotiate their physical and social worlds. This study identifies unique patterns in the quality of social relationships that were associated with different TP dimensions. Low support and high conflict with family characterized past-negative TP. Large networks and high support from family distinguished past positive TP. Large networks with more support and companionship from friends/acquaintances typified present hedonistic TP. Having highly supportive significant others was associated with high future TP. Multidimensional time perspective is an essential cognitive process influencing human social behavior.