Present Hedonistic Time Perspective Research Articles

Circadian functioning and time perspectives: associations with eveningness, morning affect, and amplitude distinctness

Well-established correlates of morningness-eveningness include those of morningness with more future Time Perspective (TP), and eveningness with more present TP. However, research into these relationships has used unidimensional measures of morningness-eveningness. So, the current study aimed to further understanding by assessing associations between TP and the separate components of Morning Affect (MA: alertness/sleep inertia after awakening) and Distinctness (DI; amplitude of diurnal variations of functioning), in addition to Eveningness (EV; time-of-day preference). Chinese university students (N = 299, aged 18–25, 94 males, 205 females) completed an online survey with questionnaire measures of TP, MA, DI, EV, and other measures including mind wandering, conscientiousness, life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and sleep quality. Previously demonstrated correlations were replicated, including positive correlations between Future TP, conscientiousness, and life satisfaction, and Past-negative TP and more negative affect. MA positively correlated with Future TP, and negatively correlated with Past-negative TP and Deviation from Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP); DI positively correlated with Past-negative TP, and with DBTP, and negatively correlated with Future TP; EV positively correlated with Present-hedonistic TP, and negatively correlated with Future TP. The EV-Future TP association was mediated by MA. Path models were consistent with the view that the relationship between EV and less Future TP may involve impaired functioning and reduced self-control/self-regulation associated with experiencing lower Morning Affect. This research shows relationships between time perspectives and specific components of circadian functioning, indicating the value of component-level analysis and the limitations of research utilising unidimensional measures of morningness-eveningness.

시간관이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향에서 스트레스 대처전략의 매개효과

Objectives In the present study, we examined the mediating effects of the three stress coping strategies(seeking social support, problem-solving coping, and avoidance coping) in the relationship between the five factors of the time perspectives(past-positive time perspective(PP), past negative time-perspective(PN), present hedonistic time perspective(PH), present fatalistic time perspective(PF), future time perspective(F) and PTG in (under) grad-uate students with trauma.
 Methods The self-report questionnaires including Traumatic Events Questionnaire, Zimbardo Time perspective Inventory(ZTPI), Coping Strategy Indicator(CSI), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(PTGI) were administered to 303 undergraduate and graduate students(215 women and 88 men).
 Results First, the coping strategy of seeking social support mediated the relationship between past-positive, past-negative, present hedonistic time perspective and PTG respectively. Second, problem-solving coping strat-egy showed significant mediating effects between all time perspectives except for the present hedonistic time perspective and PTG. Finally, there were no significant mediating effects of avoidance coping strategy in the rela-tionship between time perspectives and PTG.
 Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that the role of seeking social support and problem-solving coping strategies is important in the effect of time perspective on post-traumatic growth, and it should be the fo-cus of clinical intervention.

성인 남녀의 시간관이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과

Objectives This study attempted to verify the mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between adult men and women’s time perspective and post-traumatic growth.
 Methods To this end, 450 adult men and women in their 20s and 50s who have experienced past trauma nationwide were analyzed.This study conducted frequency analysis, reliability analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis using sps 28.0, and hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to verify the mediating effect of resilience in the effect of time views on post-traumatic growth.
 Results The past negative time perspective and the present fatalistic time perspective showed a negative correlation with recovery elasticity, no significant correlation with post-traumatic growth, and post-traumatic growth showed a static correlation with recovery elasticity. In addition, the higher the past positive time perspective, present hedonistic time perspective, and future time perspective, the higher the post-traumatic growth, and resilience partially mediated the relationship between past positive time perspective, present hedonistic time perspective, and future time perspective.
 Conclusions These results suggest that time perspective are an important factor in predicting post-traumatic growth and that resilience can effectively increase the level of post-traumatic growth, and based on the relationship between these variables, it can be a basic data to help people suffering from negative changes after experiencing trauma.

Role of time perspectives and self-control on well-being and ill-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multiple mediation model

BackgroundA growing body of evidence indicates that the outbreak of COVID-19 has had a significant influence on individuals’ cognition, emotion, and psychological health. This study aims to explore the effect of the association between time perspectives and self-control on the well-being and ill-being among college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe conducted an online survey involving 1,924 participants in mainland China during the outbreak of COVID-19. A series of self-rating questionnaires measuring the perceived impact of COVID-19, time perspectives, self-control, as well as the statuses of well-being and ill-being were administered. Multiple indirect effects of time perspectives and self-control on well-being and ill-being were analysed through structural equation modelling.ResultsThe present-hedonistic time perspective (an orientation on immediate impulses of pleasure) meditated the effects of perceived impacts on both well-being and ill-being, and the future time perspective (considering the outcomes of actions and decisions) mediated the effects on well-being. Moreover, the mediating effects were further mediated by self-control. Specifically, the impact of the future time perspective on ill-being was fully mediated by self-control (β = 0.01, p < 0.01).ConclusionBased on the results, it is evident that the present-hedonistic time perspective, the future time perspective, and self-control are related to higher levels of well-being and lower levels of ill-being, thereby providing further insight into the theoretical framework of time perspectives during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, our findings provide practical implications for psychological interventions during the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the effects of time perspectives and self-control on the well-being and ill-being of different individuals.

Present hedonism and future time perspectives predicting hypersexuality and problematic pornography use

The Time Perspective (TP) theory (i.e., the psychological experience regarding time) was often examined in association with different addictive behaviors, and the different TPs (i.e., Past Positive, Past Negative, Present Hedonistic, Present Fatalistic, and Future TPs) demonstrated different relationship patterns with them. However, most studies were conducted in relation to substance use-related disorders, leaving crucial knowledge gaps concerning the associations between TPs and potential behavioral addictions. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between the five TP dimensions, hypersexuality, and problematic pornography use (PPU), considering potential gender differences. Participants from two independent samples (N1 = 554; N2 = 453) completed a self-report survey on TPs and sexual behaviors. Structural equation modeling results indicated that the Present Hedonistic TP had a positive, moderate, and the Future TP had a negative, weak association with hypersexuality in both samples. Only the Present Hedonistic TP had a significant, positive, weak-to-moderate association with PPU across the samples. The explained variances of the models were higher in case of hypersexuality (28 and 27%, respectively), than in case of PPU (1 and 14%, respectively). No significant gender differences were observed. In line with previous findings concerning other predictors of hypersexuality and PPU, the results of the present study suggest that hypersexuality and PPU may differ from each other in terms of their TP background. Yet, present hedonism, which is related to impulsivity, may play an important role in both problematic sexual behaviors, suggesting that interventions focusing on this TP might be successful in reducing hypersexuality and PPU.

Risk taking in gambling task: The role of psychological variables in lottery risk-taking

This preregistered study aims to build a model of people's risky financial choices when gambling. Psychological constructs that have been demonstrated to predict such choices in earlier studies were considered. A total of 409 Polish working adults (211 men and 198 women; aged 18–72 years, M = 44.80 years, SD = 15.56) took part in a two waves correlational CAWI study. In most cases, the links between psychological variables and gambling choices were confirmed. When entered into the model, the following proved to significantly predict people's gambling choices: Self-control and net income per capita decreased risk-taking in lotteries, while Self-esteem, Psychopathy, Present Hedonistic Time Perspective, and Sense of Power enhanced gambling risk-taking. The model accounted for 15 % of the observed variance.

To spend or to save? The role of time perspective in the saving behavior of children

PurposeThis study aims to focus on the possibility of promoting saving behaviors in children by activating a future time perspective (TP) in their thinking.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental study of 8- to 11-year-old children (N = 212) was conducted in which future and present hedonistic TPs were induced.FindingsThe results suggest that inducing a future TP can modify children’s financial behavior, making them more inclined to save their money. However, the induction of a present hedonistic TP had no significant effect on children’s financial decisions.Originality/valueThis study improves current theoretical knowledge concerning the effectiveness of psychological interventions in fostering saving behaviors in children and answers the question posed of how the economically desirable behavior of saving may be enhanced in children. Thus, inducing a future TP in children by showing them the benefits of focusing on the future might constitute a useful means of strengthening children’s saving abilities.

Educating students about time perspective and its effect on subjective well-being

Four hundred and twelve secondary school students in Hong Kong responded to the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the Temporal Satisfaction with Life Scale (TSWLS) to examine the relationship between time perspective and subjective well-being. Past-Positive, Present-Hedonistic, and Future time perspectives predicted higher levels of subjective well-being, whereas Past-Negative and Present-Fatalistic time perspectives predicted lower levels of subjective well-being. Of the 412 students, 149 volunteered to take part in an intervention to optimise their time perspectives. After coarsened exact matching was applied, the results showed that the intervention optimised students’ time perspective profile with a significant increase in Present-Hedonistic time perspective and reduction in Past-Negative and Present-Fatalistic time perspectives. It also led to a significant increase in positive affect, past and future life satisfaction for the students in the experimental group compared with those in the control group.

The relation between time perspective and posttraumatic stress symptoms: The mediating role of traffic locus of control

A limited number of studies have assessed the relation between time perspective and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The first aim of this present study is to evaluate the relation between time perspective and posttraumatic stress symptoms in a sample of victims of road traffic crashes. Further, we explored the mediating role of traffic locus of control in the relation between time perspective and posttraumatic stress. A sample of 120 participants participated in this study (42.9% women, Mage = 29.15, SD = 11.91). The participants completed scales measuring time perspective, traffic locus of control, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in the last month. The results show that past negative, present fatalistic, present hedonistic time perspectives, and traffic locus of control are positively related to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Moreover, internal traffic locus of control mediated the relations between time perspectives and posttraumatic stress symptoms. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

Association between food addiction and time perspective during COVID-19 isolation.

PurposeThe concept of time perspective (TP) implies that a mental focus on past, present, or future affect a person makes decisions and take action. Inability to plan their life for a sufficiently long time perspective due to the COVID-19 pandemic appeared to have a pronounced impact on a human’s lifestyle influencing their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, including eating behavior. This study tested two hypotheses: (a) that during COVID-19 isolation, the incidence rate of food addiction is increased, and (b) people with present TP are more likely exhibited signs of food addiction (FA). MethodsThe final study sample included 949 people, mean age 21.8 ± 7.8 years (range: 17–71 years, women: 78.3%). Each participant indicated their personal data and completed Yale Food Addiction Scale and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory.ResultsThere was an increased incidence rate of FA (OR = 1.678, 95% CI = 1.324, 2.148, p = 0.000) during COVID-19 isolation. Individuals with balanced, future, and past positive TP were less likely to exhibit symptoms of FA. Persons with past negative, and present hedonistic TP were more likely to exhibit signs of FA.ConclusionThere was an increased incidence rate of FA during COVID-19 isolation. Persons with shortened time horizon are more likely to exhibit symptoms of FA.Level of evidenceLevel V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Do time perspectives moderate the effects of gratitude, savoring and prioritizing positivity on well-being? A test of the temporal match-mismatch model

Gratitude, savoring and prioritizing positivity are well-established well-being boosters (WBBs). Burzynska and Stolarski (2020) noted that each of them has a distinct temporal reference: gratitude builds upon the past, savoring refers to the present, whereas prioritizing positivity refers to the future. Their conceptual match-mismatch model posits that a cohesion between one's time perspectives (TPs) and their tendency to use particular WBBs fosters well-being. For instance, gratitude exerts greater influence on well-being if accompanied by a warm, sentimental view of the past. In two studies, we empirically tested the match-mismatch model. Participants (N = 451 and N = 205) completed measures of TPs, WBBs, and well-being. Moderation analyses provided no evidence for synergistic effects of the match between ‘positive’ TPs and respective WBBs in predicting well-being, undermining the match-mismatch model. Interestingly, the interaction between future-positive TP and prioritizing positivity proved opposite to hypothesized, whereas present-hedonistic TP enhanced the effect of prioritizing positivity on well-being. Moreover, interactions between past-negative TP and gratitude, present-fatalistic TP and savoring, and future-negative TP and prioritizing positivity predicted well-being, showing that WBBs may allow to compensate for the undesirable effects of the ‘negative’ TPs. Alternative models proposed by Stolarski and Burzynska may better illustrate the interplay between WBBs and TPs.

Self-disclosure during the COVID-19 emergency: Effects of narcissism traits, time perspective, virtual presence, and hedonic gratification

During the COVID-19 emergency, people must face the invisible threat of uncertain death and comply with social distancing and other related protective measures. But social networking sites (SNSs) like WeChat have emerged as alternative contexts where people can maintain self and obtain gratification, despite the disclosure of self to others often being a challenging issue. To examine the effect of personality factors on people's self-disclosure on SNSs, we develop a model based on the time perspective theory and the socioemotional selectivity theory. We suggest that people's narcissism traits and two types of time perspective (i.e. future and present-hedonistic) have positive effects on their self-disclosure. In addition, we propose that virtual presence and hedonic gratification mediate the effects of both future time perspective and present-hedonistic time perspective. We obtain a sample of 516 WeChat users in China and take ex-ante and post-hoc measures to deal with common method variance. By means of partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) methods, we validate both our measurement model and the structural model, so we confirm all the hypothesized causal paths in the proposed model. Our study broadens the boundaries of the time perspective theory and the socioemotional selectivity theory, and offers new insights for addressing some of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The interplay between disinhibition and Present-Hedonistic time perspective in the relation between Borderline Personality Organization and depressive symptoms

The purpose of the current study was to examine the moderating effect between borderline personality organization (BPO) and depressive symptoms of factors associated with impulsive behavior – Present-Hedonistic time perspective and Disinhibition. The research sample consisted of 720 adults from Poland (518 females), who participated in a survey through the research panel. In the case of low levels of Disinhibition, the positive relationship between borderline and depressive symptoms is stronger in people with low hedonism than in people with high hedonism. In this sense, low Disinhibition constitutes a conditio sine qua non of the buffering role of hedonism between BPO and depressive symptoms. We discuss possible explanations for this result and relevance to the psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy treatment of individuals with BPO. By eliminating hedonistic behavior (e.g. in the psychotherapy process) borderline patients could experience elevated levels of depression; therefore, this should be addressed in the treatment process.

Delay discounting, time perspective, and self-schemas in adolescent alcohol drinking and disordered eating behaviors

Delay discounting, time perspective, and self-schemas are well-known predictors of health risk behaviors among adolescents. However, the associations between these constructs and their influence on such behaviors are yet to be examined. This study aimed to determine the relationships among three cognitive constructs, namely, delay discounting, time perspective, and self-schemas, and determine the associations of these constructs with alcohol drinking (alcohol use and alcohol problems) and disordered eating behaviors in adolescents. Participants were 436 eighth-graders from three public junior high schools in southern Taiwan, who answered an anonymous questionnaire assessing self-schema, delay discounting, time perspective, and health risk behaviors. Generalized linear models with robust estimation were performed to estimate the effects; gender was the covariate. Delay discounting was associated with alcohol use (OR = 1.15), but not alcohol problems and disordered eating behaviors. Present-Hedonistic time perspective was associated with alcohol use (OR = 2.01), alcohol problems (IRR = 2.23), and disordered eating behaviors (Exp(b) = 1.38); while Future time perspective was associated with alcohol problems (IRR = 2.18). Drinker self-schema was associated with alcohol use (OR = 1.62) and alcohol problems (IRR = 1.71). Fat/overweight self-schema was associated with overall disordered eating (Exp(b) = 1.03). Thus, the findings suggest that each of the three constructs is independently associated with drinking and disordered eating behaviors, and these associations vary according to the specific type of behavior. Future research identifying the underlying mechanisms linking these constructs to the abovementioned behaviors can be useful for developing targeted intervention strategies.

Age, frequency of volunteering, and Present-Hedonistic time perspective predict donating items to people in need, but not money to combat COVID-19 during lock-down.

Restrictions due to COVID-19 necessitated staying at home, but in some cases, encouraged charitable behavior, e.g., donating items to people in need (e.g., clothes, food), or money to support combatting COVID-19. Drawing on the previous findings regarding helping during disastrous situations and roles of time perspective in helping behaviors, the study tested the predictive value of age, gender, previous volunteering, altruistic social value orientation, and time perspectives of donating items to people in need or money to combat COVID-19. The study is pioneering in terms of including time perspectives as individual differences which might contribute to making donations during COVID-19 circumstances. The study was questionnaire-based and conducted online in the eighth week of social distancing in Poland. 150 young adults (age 18–35) took part in the study. Results of multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that age, frequency of volunteering before the epidemic, and Present-Hedonistic time perspective predict donating items to people in need, but none of the tested variables predicted donating money to combat COVID-19. The findings suggest that charitable behavior, especially in the context of extraordinary social situations, needs to be treated as a multifaceted phenomenon. The study indicates that a Present-Hedonistic time perspective would be a promising individual difference to test in future studies on prosociality.

Personality Traits and Time Perspectives: Implications for Adolescents’ Mental Health and Mental Illness

This study investigated how adolescents’ Big Five personality traits are related to mental health (i.e., happiness) and mental illness (i.e., depressive symptoms and anxiety) and whether their time perspectives may be potential mediators of these relations. The sample included 235 high school students (54.5% girls), aged between 15 and 18 (M = 16.87, SD = 0.68). The results indicated that adolescents with higher emotional stability also reported higher levels of happiness and lower levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety, whereas those with high levels of extraversion or conscientiousness experienced higher happiness. Further, adolescents with low levels of past negative or high levels of past positive time perspectives also reported high levels of happiness and low levels of mental illness. Furthermore, high levels of present fatalist and low levels of present hedonist time perspectives were associated with low levels of happiness. Our findings provided evidence for the mediating role of the past negative and past positive time perspectives for the relations of extraversion, emotional stability and agreeableness with both mental health and mental illness. Finally, the present hedonistic time perspective mediated the relations of extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness with happiness, whereas the present fatalist time perspective mediated the relation between emotional stability and happiness. Our study highlights the importance of time perspectives as mediational factors for the relations of the personality traits with adolescents’ mental health and mental illness.

Time perspective, future anxiety, and hope for success in individuals awaiting bariatric surgery

BackgroundThe paper focuses on the problems of temporal functioning of obese individuals and of individuals prepared for bariatric treatment. The experience of time heavily weighs on many areas of human functioning, everyday activity, planning and achieving goals, engaging in pro-health behaviours, and in consequence on the quality of life and on physical health. Contingent on numerous factors, obesity may be related to focusing on particular aspects of time perspective. The aim of the study was to determine the specificity of particular temporal dispo-sitions in individuals prepared for bariatric surgery, and thus to devise suitable post-op psychological interven-tions.Participants and procedureThe study sample comprised 28 individuals (60.7% women, mean age M = 43.82 years, SD = 10.01, mean BMI M = 44.83 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, SD = 6.51) awaiting bariatric surgery. The data were collected individually with the following pen-and-paper questionnaires: the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, the Dark Future Scale, and the Polish adaptation of Snyder’s Adult Hope Scale, which is named the Hope for Success Questionnaire.ResultsThe results showed the prevalence of present hedonistic time perspective in the obese. With regard to future anxiety or the hope for success, no significant deviations from the general population were observed.ConclusionsThe results indicate that this group is in need of temporal psychotherapy aimed at balancing the time perspec-tive. The results may also be interpreted through the lens of contextual determinants connected with task orien-tation preceding the surgery.

Purchasing insurance – the roles of individual differences in time perspectives and regulatory foci

ABSTRACT Objective The present studies focused on the role of time perspectives (TPs) and regulatory foci (promotion and prevention) in explaining people’s purchases of car, accident, home, life, and travel insurance. Method Two correlational studies on nationwide Polish samples (N = 1,093 and N = 1,047) were conducted. Results The first study showed that, after controlling for age and sex, higher levels of Future TP and lower levels of Past Negative TP were related to the propensity to make voluntary purchases of car, life, home, and accident insurance. Higher levels of Present Hedonistic TP and lower levels of Present Fatalistic TP were related to the propensity to buy travel insurance. The second study identified significant positive roles of both promotion and prevention regulatory foci in explaining people’s possession of all five types of insurance considered. Conclusions TPs (mainly Future and Past Negative) and regulatory foci (promotion and prevention) seem to be important in explaining people’s insurance-related behaviours. KEY POINTS What is already known about the topic? Insurance decisions are influenced by many psychological variables, e.g., social norms, previous personal experience, emotions and cognitive biases and heuristics Future time oriented individuals focus on future consequences of today decisions and have a greater propensity to save and to invest money Prevention focused individuals try to avoid the negative consequences of unexpected event, so they prefer to invest in financial tools which are characterized by minimal risk What this topic adds? People declaring possession of car, life, home and accident insurance policies were characterized by lower levels of past negative TP and higher levels of future TP than those not possessing such policies Individuals declaring possession of all types of insurance (life, accident, car, home, and travel) were more prevention oriented than those not having such insurance Individuals declaring possession of all types of insurance (life, accident, car, home, and travel) were more promotion oriented than those not having such insurance

The relationship between time perspective and meaning in life across different age stages in adulthood

This research explored the moderating role of age in the relationships between time perspective and meaning in life in Chinese adults. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (short version) and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire were distributed to 334 participants aged 18–65 who were divided into three groups: emerging (aged 18–24), young (aged 25–44), and middle-aged (aged 45–65). Our results indicated that middle-aged adults showed a higher present-hedonistic time perspective and a lower future time perspective than young adults. Middle-aged adults also had a higher presence of meaning in life and a lower search for meaning in life than emerging adults. Importantly, the relationship between time perspective and search for meaning in life was moderated by age. For emerging and young adults, the future time perspective was positively related to the search for meaning in life. In contrast, for middle-aged adults, the present-hedonistic time perspective was positively related to the search for meaning in life, and the future time perspective was negatively related to the search for meaning in life. The findings suggest that the associations between time perspective and meaning in life differ across age in adulthood.

Understanding young drivers in Turkey: Time perspective, driving skills, and driver behaviors

Many studies have focused on the tendency of young drivers to drive riskily. However, little is known regarding time perspective, driving skills, and driver behaviors, even though time perspective is an important predictor of many risky behaviors. Time perspective is a general construct of the thoughts relating to present, past, and future. Broadly, (i) past time perspective is related to the recall of reconstructed past scenarios; (ii) present time perspective means attending to immediate and salient stimulus; and (iii) future time perspective is related to anticipation and imagining future consequences. In the present study, we investigated the effect of time perspective on driving skills and driver behaviors. Young drivers (N = 203, aged 18 to 30, M = 25.36, SD = 3.09) who drive their own vehicle at least 1000 km per year completed the Driving Skill Inventory, Driver Behavior Questionnaire, and Time Perspective Inventory. The canonical correlation findings revealed significant associations between the study variables. Lower scores on present hedonistic time perspective were associated with lower scores on perceptional-motor skills. Lower scores on past negative and present fatalistic time perspectives, and higher scores on past positive and future time perspectives were associated with higher scores on safety skills and lower scores on errors and traffic violations. These results provide a better understanding of the causes of young drivers' risky behaviors.