Present Formulation Research Articles

An efficient method for particle-resolved simulations of neutrally buoyant spheres

We present a simple modification of the direct-forcing immersed boundary method (IBM) proposed by Uhlmann (2005) in order to enable it to be applied to particulate flows with solid-to-fluid density ratios around unity. The main difference with respect to the original formulation lies in the particle velocity update which is performed directly after the preliminary velocity field has been computed in the absence of any IBM volume forcing term. In addition, we apply the forcing term to the entire space occupied by the immersed solid object (instead of to the vicinity of its interface only). The present approach requires the evaluation of integrals of the velocity field over the volume occupied by the solid particle, which are evaluated efficiently as sums over the respective quantities available at particle-attached force points. The resulting method can be used seamlessly for density ratios down to ρp/ρf>0.5. The new formulation has been validated using three configurations: (i) lateral migration of a neutrally buoyant circular particle in two-dimensional Couette flow; (ii) the release from rest of a neutrally buoyant sphere in a free stream; (iii) the release of a particle in a free stream after an initial phase in which it is translationally fixed with an imposed angular velocity. In all three test cases the present IBM formulation yields a very good agreement with the available reference data. Thus, the proposed approach is a cost-efficient and accurate modification of the original method which allows for the simulation of fluid systems involving density-matched solid particles.

Thermal Buckling and Vibrational Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Rectangular Composite Plates Based on Third-Order Shear Deformation Theory

In this paper, thermal buckling and free vibration of a rectangular plate reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT) are investigated within the framework of third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT). CNT distribution along the thickness direction of the plate is uniformly or functionally graded. The equivalent properties of the reinforced composite plate are calculated based on the extended rule of mixture. Governing equations of motion are derived using the Hamilton principle. Obtained governing differential equations are analyzed by utilizing Fourier series expansion along the longitudinal and latitudinal direction for simply supported edges boundary conditions whereas for other edges boundary conditions we used the differential quadrature method (DQM) to solve numerically. Validation of the present formulation is assessed by comparing the results with those reported in the open literature. The effect of CNT volume fraction, the different patterns of CNT distribution, temperature difference, aspect ratio, and thickness-to-length ratio on buckling and vibration behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) plate is studied. The numerical illustration reveals that in the FG-X pattern of CNT distribution natural frequency and thermal buckling load is more significant compared with the other patterns of CNT distribution.

Formulation and Evaluation of Buccal film of Rabeprazole sodium

Novel drug delivery systems are designed to ensure continuous delivery of drugs in predictable and reproducible kinetics over prolonged time. Buccal drug delivery system localizes the delivery of drug to tissues in the oral cavity for treatment of bacterial and fungal infection as in various periodontal diseases. This study aimed to formulate buccal film of rabeprazole drug with Hibiscus rosasinensis mucilage and Basil leaves extract. It improves therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance and the bioavailability. The present formulation targets oral ulcers that will remain in the application site for a longer period and minimizing the side effects. rabeprazole sodium, Hibiscus rosasinensis mucilage and Basil leaves extract was used for Pharmacological activity and incorporated into the buccal film prepared by solvent casting method. In the present study six formulations of rabeprazole alone and in combination with Hibiscus rosasinensis mucilage and Basil leaves extract were prepared as buccal films, by solvent casting technique. Six The F1–F6 formulations contain rabeprazole sodium, Hibiscus rosasinensis mucilage, Basil leaves HPMC, Polyvinyl alcohol, Sodium alginate, and Propylene glycol and Distilled water. Prepared film was evaluated for different parameter including pH, thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, moisture uptake and moisture content, swellability, drug content, tensile strength, in vitro drug release and stability studies. The Formulation F3was considered as ideal film with maximum release of 98.90%. F3 shows maximum disintegration time of 25 min, tensile strength of 6.98. The drug content of the formulation F3 was found to be 98.47%. The maximum moisture content showed in F4 and minimum in F2. Stability of this film was also monitored for 2 months without having any signs of deterioration, difference in pH, drug content and drug release. This study demonstrates the prospective use of buccal films as a viable and alternative approach for effective delivery of rabeprazole in treatment of Oral ulcers.

BEM applied to the buckling analysis of skew and perforated plates considering the curvatures in the geometrical nonlinearity effect.

This study considered the effect of shear deformation in the bending model, which was important to assess of the plate buckling loads according to changes in the thickness. The buckling of square, skew, and perforated plates was studied with the rotation gradient (curvature) and the deflection gradient in the in the geometrical nonlinearity (GNL) effect using the BEM. The importance of the curvatures appeared when the thickness-to-span ratio reached 0.05 and increased for thicker plates in several cases. The present boundary elements formulation used the gradient of the displacements instead of second derivatives in the GNL, which disregarded the relation between the in-plane forces derivatives consequently. The singularities related to the differentiation process to obtain the BIEs for the gradient of displacements and for the stresses were reduced with using the tangent differential operator.

Vibration and flutter analysis of damaged composite plates under thermal environment and its passive control using piezoelectric patches

The internal flaws will largely affect the structural and aeroelastic characteristics of composite structures, especially at high thermal environments. The influence of thermal conditions on the passive control of vibration and flutter characteristics of damaged composite plates with piezoelectric patches is investigated in this work. The mathematical model is developed for the damaged composite plates with piezoelectric patches under thermal conditions by the finite element method. Internal flaws are incorporated in the composite plates based on the anisotropic damage modeling concept. Present finite element formulation is coded in the Matlab environment. The natural frequency, flutter velocity and flutter frequency values for damaged composite plates are obtained at different thermal conditions. Deterioration in the vibration and flutter characteristics are observed due to the presence of internal flaw in composite plates in the different thermal environments. PZT patches are bonded on the surface of the damaged composite plates subjected to the thermal environment and studies are carried out with different input voltages. Thus the improvement in the vibration and flutter characteristics of a damaged composite plate by employing PZT patches is presented for varying thermal conditions.

Forced beam vibrations of coaxial cylinders separated by a fluid gap of arbitrary size. Inviscid theory and numerical assessment of the fluid forces

In this paper, we consider the small-amplitude forced beam vibrations of two coaxial finite-length cylinders separated by an inviscid Newtonian fluid. The three-dimensional fluid problem is solved by introducing a potential function from which the pressure field in the gap is derived. It yields a full analytical expression of the self and cross-fluid forces, which are shown to depend on the Fourier components of the forced vibrations, the aspect ratio, and the radius ratio of the cylinders. Unlike previous theories, the present formulation does not rely on the slender-body approximation nor on the assumption of a narrow gap. Also, the theory is valid whatever the profile of the forced beam vibrations. The theoretical predictions are successfully compared to our numerical simulations, considering clamped-sliding, free-pinned vibration modes and various geometrical configurations (narrow, medium, and wide fluid gaps).

Free Vibration of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Nonlocal Truncated Timoshenko-Ehrenfest Beam Theory

Carbon nanotubes with their outstanding mechanical, physical and electrical properties have stimulated a significant amount of scientific and technological research due to their uniqueness compared to conventional materials. As a result, an extensive study on their mechanical properties has been conducted, and the static and dynamic behavior of single- walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes has been examined using Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam models. The main objective of this paper is to study the free vibration behaviour of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) using the nonlocal truncated Timoshenko beam theory. According to the Hamilton principle, the equation of motion of Timoshenko single-walled carbon nanotubes is calculated taking into account the truncated theory; and the general corresponding boundary conditions are derived. Finally, some numerical examples are performed to evaluate the effects of the nonlocal coefficient and the length of the nanotube. The obtained results are validated by comparing them with those found in the literature, and they show the accuracy and efficiency of the developed model. Particularly, the results demonstrate that the present formulation is highly efficient and capable of satisfactorily describing the behavior of nanobeams.

Pharmacokinetics comparison of vardenafil as administered by an intranasal spray formulation vs a 10-mg oral tablet.

Oral vardenafil (VDF) tablet is an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED), but intranasal administration with a suitable formulation can lead to a faster onset of action and offer more convenient planning for ED treatment. The primary purpose of the present pilot clinical study was to determine whether intranasal VDF with an alcohol-based formulation can result in more "user-friendly pharmacokinetics" as compared with oral tablet administration. This single-dose randomized crossover study was conducted in 12 healthy young volunteers receiving VDF as a 10-mg oral tablet or 3.38-mg intranasal spray. Multiple blood concentrations were obtained, and VDF concentrations were determined with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters following each treatment were compared and adverse events assessed. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: apparent elimination rate constant, elimination half-life, peak concentration, peak time, total area under the curve, and relative bioavailability. Although mean apparent elimination rate constant, elimination half-life, peak concentration, and total area under the curve were similar between intranasal and oral administration, the median peak time from intranasal was much shorter (10vs 58minutes, P < .001, Mann-Whitney U test). The variability of the pharmacokinetic parameters was also less with intranasal than oral administration. The relative bioavailability of intranasal to oral was 1.67. Intranasal VDF caused transient but tolerable local nasal reactions in 50% of subjects. Other adverse events (eg, headache) were similar between the treatments. The incidence of adverse events was, however, significantly less in the second treatment after initial exposure to VDF. No serious adverse events were noted. Intranasal VDF potentially offers a more timely and lower dose for the treatment of ED in patients who can tolerate the transient local adverse reactions. The strength of this study is its randomized crossover design. Because the study was conducted in 12 healthy young subjects, the results may not reflect those observed in elderly patients who may be likely taking VDF for ED. Nevertheless, the changes of pharmacokinetic parameters in the present study are likely a reflection of the differences between intranasal and oral administration of the formulations. Our study indicated that the present VDF formulation, when administered intranasally, can achieve a more rapid but similar plasma concentration with only about one-third dose when compared with the oral administration.

Free vibration of viscoelastic nonlocally damped tapered axially functionally graded beams using the state-space formulation

For the first time, this paper presents an efficient solution for the vibration analysis of damped axially functionally graded beams with non-uniform cross-sections subjected to the axial force based on the Galerkin method and state-space formulation. Euler-Bernoulli and Rayleigh’s theories are considered to derive the governing equations of motion. Currently, simply supported beams are under investigation due to their easy fabrication and typical applications in various bridge components, buildings, and machine tools. Likewise, the proposed method is applicable to other continuous systems without any limitation on boundary conditions, material properties, or arbitrary representation of cross-sections. Moreover, complex and purely real eigenvalues are determined by outlining the state-space framework. Compared to the conventional method, the present formulation reduces computational complexity and simplifies computer implementation, especially in the case of inhomogeneous materials. Then, an extensive parametric study is performed to evaluate the effect of various characteristics on the dynamic behavior of the viscoelastic nonlocally damped beams. Results reveal that the inhomogeneity index in material constituents has a considerable influence on the eigensolutions. Additionally, it is shown that when the relaxation constant and length parameter tend to infinity there would be a decline in the increasing rate of eigenvalues.

Assessment of porosity influence on thermo-mechanical stability characteristics of skew functionally graded plates using higher order shear deformation theory

The current article presents the modeling and investigation of thermo-mechanical buckling behavior for the porous functionally graded (FG) plates of rectangular and skew geometry. In this article, the modified rule of mixture and power law distribution is incorporated in the Third order Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT) to establish the governing equations using principle of minimum potential energy (PMPE). Finite element meshing is introduced using four node rectangular elements to discretize the FG plate for stability analysis. The constituents of the FG plate are continuous and vary over the thickness in accordance with modified power-law. Porosity is associated as locally distributed density and estimated using modified power law. To ascertain the effective boundary restraints skewness to the FG plate is imposed via transformation matrix. The computation of the critical non-dimensional buckling load for the structures subjected to uni-axial compressive and different thermal loads is executed via Gauss numerical integration. The assessment of the present formulation is performed against the buckling parameter available in the reference literature. Stability characteristics is evaluated under three different temperature distributions. The impact of material compositions, different thermal load, porosity distributions and various other parameters on the stability characteristics of porous FG structures are thoroughly investigated.

Nonlinear vibration characteristic of FGM sandwich cylindrical panel with auxetic core subjected to the temperature gradient

This study deal with the nonlinear vibration of sandwich panel, composed of functionally graded material (FGM) skins and double U auxetic core subjected to heat conduction. The nonlinear equations are obtained by applying Hamilton’s principles in framework higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) and von Karman’s nonlinear theory. Linear and nonlinear equations of motion are solved by applying the differential quadrature method (DQM) and homotopy perturbation technique, respectively. In the numerical illustration, at first validation of the present formulation is carried out by comparing the numerical results with those available in the open literature. Then the effects of several parameters such as geometric parameters of auxetic core, power-law exponent, different boundary conditions, and temperature gradient on the nonlinear frequencies of sandwich panel are studied. Finally, the important findings of this research indicate that the ratio of core thickness, inclined angle, and thickness to inclined length have significant effects on nonlinear frequency response. Based on the results of this article designers can development of different parts of aircraft.

Higher-order static and free vibration analysis of doubly-curved FGM sandwich shallow shells

Plenty of research papers are available on the static and free vibration analysis of single-layer FG shells, however, literature on the analysis of FGM sandwich shells of double curvature is limited. Especially, the authors have not found any paper on the analysis of hyperbolic and elliptical paraboloid FGM sandwich shells. Therefore, FGM sandwich shallow shells with double curvature are analyzed in this study for the static and free vibration conditions. Face sheets of sandwich shells are made up of functionally graded material whereas the core is made up of isotropic material. A functionally graded material considered herein is a combination of alumina and aluminum. Sandwich shallow shells on rectangular planform are modeled using various equivalent single-layer shell theories via unified formulation considering the effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia. Different shell theories recovered from the present unified formulation satisfy the transverse shear stress-free conditions on the lower and upper surfaces of the shell. Hamilton's principle is applied to the present unified formulation for establishing equations of motion. Solutions to free vibration and static problems of simply-supported sandwich shells are obtained using Navier's technique. The numerical results of frequencies, displacements, and stresses are obtained for various types of shells, different sandwich schemes, different values of the power-law factor, and radii of curvature. The results available in the literature are used for the comparison of the present results and found in good agreement with those. However, many new and useful results are also reported in this paper for the reference of readers.

Analytical solutions for diffraction and radiation problems of an infinitely long floating compound breakwater with wide porous media

Presented herein is the analytical formulation for obtaining the hydrodynamic solutions of an infinitely long floating compound breakwater with wide porous media. Both the diffraction and radiation problems are tackled and the eigenfunction expansion method is used to obtain solutions based on the linear potential theory. The present formulation is versatile as floating box-type and compound-type breakwaters can be treated in the same formulation by changing porosity ε. The analytical solutions obtained by the present method are first verified for two limiting cases (ε=0or1) by using the authors’ numerical computer algorithm. Next, for the intermediate cases with porosity ranging between 0 and 1, the wave exciting forces are evaluated at the near-field and far-field. This implies that if the results obtained in two independent ways are agreeable, it can be said that both the diffraction and radiation problems are correctly solved. By using the verified formulation, parametric studies are conducted to investigate the wide porous media effects on major hydrodynamic quantities of a floating compound breakwater. The present formulation is useful as a benchmarking tool when developing a numerical algorithm or conducting an experiment for a floating breakwater with wide porous media.

Irreversible thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces: Special reference to the strained thin solid films on the substrates: Theory and practice

The realization of nanoscale devices largely depends on our ability to control and manipulate interfacial interactions and, thus, understanding of the mechanisms of surface/interface instabilities. In this work, theoretically as well as technologically important and distinct two thermodynamic systems, which are exposed to (isobaric) and isolated from (isochoric) external body forces and surface tractions, are formulated by using irreversible thermodynamics in combination with the generalized variational method. The starting point for the present formulation closely follows up the Fowler and Guggenheim [Statistical Thermodynamics (University Press, Cambridge, 1952)] interpretation of the Planck inequality [Über Prinzip Vermehrung Entropie: Ann. Phys. Series 2(32), 462 (1887)] for isothermal reversible and irreversible (natural) infinitesimal changes in heterogeneous systems (multi-phase and multi-component). By combining this fundamental principle with the interlink between the dissipation function and global internal entropy production postulates, two distinct sets of governing equations for the surface drift-diffusion flux as well as the rate of evaporation/condensation and/or the growth/recrystallization of amorphous solid thin films are obtained for isochoric and isobaric systems. The role of Eshelby's energy-momentum tensor in the generalized potential for the interface displacement is found to differ (opposite in sign) for isochoric and isobaric systems. To demonstrate the importance of these sign conflicts, two sets of computer experiments are performed on isochoric and isobaric systems. They showed us that the elastic strain energy density contribution to the generalized driving force for surface drift-diffusion alone favoring flat and smooth surfaces in isobaric systems regardless of the sign of the uniaxial stress (healing), rather than causing the surface roughness and even catastrophic crack initiation as the case in internally strained isochoric systems. Computer simulations allowed us to track down the dynamical behavior of test modules by furnishing surface and strain energy variations, combined with the Global Helmholtz free change, which indicates the existence of two regimes: initial smooth surface undulations followed up by the rather chaotic crack formation and propagation stage at the middle of the thin film supported by the stiff substrate. In this study, we mainly focused on the development kinetics of “Stranski–Krastanow” island-type morphology, initiated by the nucleation route rather than the surface roughening scheme. The physicomathematical model, which is based on the irreversible thermodynamics treatment of surfaces and interfaces with singularities [T. O. Ogurtani, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 144706 (2006)], furnishes us to have autocontrol on otherwise free-motion of the triple junction contour line between the substrate and the droplet without presuming any equilibrium dihedral contact (wetting) angles at edges. We have also demonstrated the formation of the Stranski–Krastanow (SK)-type doublet islanding (quantum dots) as a stationary nonequilibrium state in an epitaxially strained thin flat droplet on a rigid substrate by introducing the wetting potential—invoked by the quantum confinement—into the scenario and carefully selecting the system parameters (size and shape) for the isochoric system represented by [Ge/Si (100)]. It has been also shown that on the contrary to common perceptions, the Stranski–Krastanow islands are in genuine stationary nonequilibrium states in the sense of Prigogine if one invokes proper free-moving boundary conditions at triple junctions deduced from the irreversible thermodynamics rather than ad hoc periodic or reflecting constrains at the edges.

Asymptotically Accurate Analytical Solution for Timoshenko-Like Deformation of Functionally Graded Beams

Abstract A closed-form analytical solution is developed for a planar inhomogeneous beam subjected to transverse loading, using a variational asymptotic method (VAM). The VAM decouples the problem into a cross-sectional and an along-the-length analysis, leading to a set of ordinary differential equations. These equations along with associated boundary conditions have been solved to obtain the closed-form analytical solutions. Three distinct gradation models have been used to validate the present formulation against 3D finite element analysis and few prominent results from the literature. Excellent agreement has been obtained for all the test cases. Key contributions of the present work are (a) the solutions have been obtained without any ad hoc and a priori assumptions and (b) the ordered warping solutions result in Euler–Bernoulli type deformation in the zeroth-order, whereas the higher-order solutions provide novel closed-form expressions for transverse shear strain and stress. Finally, the effect of inhomogeneity on various field variables has been analyzed and discussed.

Flow of water conveying Fe3O4 and Mn–ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles over a rotating disk: Significance of thermophoresis and Brownian motion

Motivated by the applications of ferrofluids in electronic devices, spacecraft, and rotating shaft sealing in hard disks, etc.; a numerical study is characterized for unsteady Von-Karman flow of water-based nanofluid containing ferromagnetic (Fe3O4 & Mn–ZnFe2O4) nanoparticles over a rotating disk. The temperature-dependent viscosity of ferrofluid is considered in the present formulation. Additionally, Brownian motion and thermophoresis features are utilized to visualize the energy and mass transport characteristics. The fundamental mathematical flow model is rendered into a dimensionless system of non-linear equations via similarity variables, and the numerical results are obtained in the framework of the BVP Midrich method with the help of Maple programming. It is obtained that the (Mn–ZnFe2O4+water) ferrofluid achieves a more excellent radial velocity value than (Fe3O4+water), for ascending values of the stretching parameter. Also, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is substantially depleted with a rise in the FHD interaction parameter. Conclusively, it is noted that due to strong thermal properties, the ferrofluid (Fe3O4+water) is more efficient in thermal conductance as compared to the other ferrofluid (Mn–ZnFe2O4+water).

A semi-active electromagnetic quasi-zero-stiffness vibration isolator

A semi-active electromagnetic quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) vibration isolator (VI) (SEQZS VI) is proposed to broaden the frequency bandwidth for low or ultra-low frequency vibration isolation. The electromagnetic negative stiffness mechanism (NSM) applies a newly designed "8"-shaped electromagnetic equivalent magnetic circuit and has a more extensive tunable range of negative stiffness (NS) than previous studies. Moreover, theoretical formulations for the SEQZS VI in static and dynamic analyses under harmonic excitations were derived in detail and the parameter analysis is carried out to provide a reference for the design. Furthermore, a prototype is fabricated and tested to validate the design concept of SEQZS VI. The experimental results validate the present formulation and show that the vibration isolation performance of the proposed SEQZS VI is much better than that of the corresponding linear isolator. Moreover, the present SEQZS VI can have lower stiffness in a wider region and lower transmissibility at the resonance frequency.

Size dependent free vibration analysis of 2D-functionally graded curved nanobeam by meshless method

The free vibration of two-directional functionally graded (2D-FG) thick curved nanobeam with concentrated mass is investigated for various boundary conditions. Hamilton’s principle is employed to develop the governing equations of the 2D-FG curved nanobeam using the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The small scale effect is captured by the nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen. The nanobeam is functionally graded in the transverse and circumferential directions of the curved nanobeam. The governing equations of the system are obtained as three coupled partial differential equations with non-constant coefficients. An appropriate meshless formulation is developed to discretize the governing equations based on local weak formulation and radial basis function. The presented meshless method is employed to study the free vibration of the one-directional and two-directional functional graded curved nanobeams. Simple-simple, free-free, clamped-clamped, and clamped-free edge conditions are investigated. Moreover, an analytical solution is developed for simple-simple transversely 1D-FG curved nanobeam. In the numerical results, the natural frequencies and mode shapes of shadow and deep curved nanobeam are studied and the influence of effective parameters such as nonlocal parameter, FG power indexes, opening angle, edge conditions, and concentrated mass are investigated. It is seen that shear locking effect is eliminated in present meshless formulation.

Closed-form asymptotic micromechanics model of fiber reinforced polymer and metal matrix composites

This work presents an analytical asymptotically-correct micromechanics model that helps to predict the effective material properties of a unidirectional composite material. The conventional and numerical approaches estimate the homogenized material properties of composites for their defined component volume fractions, their constituent properties and configurational geometry. Presently these approaches are based on kinematic assumptions such as having displacement or stress components vary through the cross section for beam like structures or through the thickness for plate like structures according to certain predefined functions that doesn’t always logically follow the 3D analysis. In the present formulation, the micromechanics model is developed by accommodating all possible deformations without assuming the displacement function or stress components. These are derived by minimizing the potential energy in terms of generalized strain measures. In the present formulation, Berdichevsky’s Variational Asymptotic Method (VAM) is employed as a mathematical tool to accomplish the homogenization procedure. The Hashin-Rosen model popularly referred to as the Concentric Cylinder Model (CCM) serves as the framework to estimate all the relevant homogenized elastic moduli and coupling coefficients. The derived quantities of interest are obtained as closed form expressions which are functions of the properties of the reinforcement material, the matrix material, their volumes fraction and the geometry of their relative arrangement. These expressions are arrived following the 3D elasticity governing rules by satisfying the interfacial displacement continuity and transverse stress equilibria conditions at the reinforcement and matrix materials interface. The developed expressions for the elastic moduli, shear moduli and Poisson’s ratios of few typical polymer and metal matrix composite materials are validated with some of the relevant results available in the literature.

A bond-based peridynamics model based on variable material properties for modeling elastoplastic behavior

Crack tip singularities and material discontinuities are taken to be the main challenges for analyzing cracks in fracture mechanics problems. Peridynamic (PD) theory has been recently introduced as a nonlocal extension of continuum mechanics capable of improved modeling of progressive damage and rupture in cracked structures. In this theory, the internal forces have been characterized by nonlocal interaction between the pairs of the material points whose displacements or displacement derivatives are discontinuous. Given that the bond-based PD (BB-PD) has not been satisfactorily employed for predicting ductile fracture, the main purpose of this work is to present a new PD plasticity model in conjunction with the Variable Material Property (VMP) method, aiming to provide the possibility of elastoplastic modeling in BB-PD. In the present work, the quasi-static loading has been selected for simulation and the von-Mises yield criterion has been utilized for describing the plastic deformation. The loadings are applied as the displacement is controlled and outputs from the PD model are compared with the results achieved from ABAQUS software based on the continuum mechanic assumptions. To validate the accuracy of the present formulation, two example problems of the plate with a central crack and a central hole subjected to tensile load are examined. The results of von-Mises stress, the plastic zone size, horizontal and vertical displacement, and equivalent plastic strain have been verified in comparison with the outputs calculated by the finite element method (FEM), evidencing good accuracy of the VMP-based PD elastoplastic model in predicting the desired parameters. To predict the formation of spontaneous cracks and crack growth trajectory, two more examples that include a plate with a central hole, as well as, a plate with two edge cracks and a double hole are discussed. The obtained results are in good agreement with those from the experiment and ABAQUS software.