Present-day Situation Research Articles

El matrimonio en el misterio de Cristo

El matrimonio en el misterio de Cristo

European and United States Political Contexts for Family Policy Research

In this article we will attempt to sketch the political context within which family policy operates. Scholars and practitioners seeking to do research in the policy area must necessarily take this context into account in any study dealing with program initiation, evaluation or implementation. We will first examine the political implications of attempts to define family policy and then examine its varying manifestations in Western European countries. By discussing transatlantic variations due to the different settings as well as current changes in the policies, we hope to give the reader a broader perspective for his/ her investigations as well as to suggest future developments in the family policy area. Since family policy has been a part of the European political scene since the 1920s (cf Dumon and Nesari-Slingerland, 1973), our presentation focuses on the European experience in the context of the present-day situation in both the United States and Europe. The final section is addressed specifically to the political forces involved in translating family policy into government programs (Nye and McDonald, 1978) which could be a fruitful area for future research.

Adolf Schlatter's Interpretation of Scripture

Four years ago Paul Ricoeur gave a lecture here in Tübingen on ‘Philosophische und theologische Hermeneutik’,and advised us theologians in particular to give thought to our current practice and teaching in regard to the understanding of the biblical text. A real understanding of texts means, according to Ricoeur ‘to understand oneself in the light of the text. It does not mean imposing upon the text one's own limited capacity for comprehension, but exposing oneself to the text…It is not the (understanding) subject who forms…understanding, but … the self is formed by the “subject matter” of the text’ If we follow Ricoeur and attempt to practise such a form of understanding of the biblical text, then in the present-day situation of theology and church we fall all too quickly into a dilemma. The splendid tradition of modern biblical criticism, founded in Tübingen above all by F. C. Baur, seems to conflict with Ricoeur's proposal. How are we, trained and dedicated as we are to the historical and critical investigation and analysis of the biblical texts, to return again to that readiness and capacity for exposing ourselves to the texts and understanding ourselves anew in the light of them, i.e. before the tribunal of the Bible? Would that not mean precisely to abandon the scientific ethos to which we have so long considered ourselves bound? It is a searching question and, as we well know, a source of distress to many. This distress is intensified when today we hear not a few Christians pronounce a decisive ‘No!’ to all scientific biblical criticism. For them ‘understanding oneself in the light of the text’ of the Bible is only possible when all the historical insights we possess in regard to the Bible have first been rejected. A study document of the Lutheran Missouri Synod affirms: ‘We reject the doctrine, which under the name of science has gained wide popularity in the church of our day, that Holy Scripture is not in all its parts the Word of God, but in part the word of man and hence does, or at least might, contain error. We reject this erroneous doctrine as horrible and blasphemous, since it flatly contradicts Christ and His holy apostles, sets up men as judges over the Word of God, and thus overthrows the foundation of the Christian church and its faith.’

Strapdown Navigation Technology: A Literature Survey

S inertial navigation depends on the integration of acceleration with respect to a Newtonian reference frame. Conventional systems physically maintain such a reference frame by means of gimbals. This is termed a stabilized platform, and the system gyros and accelerometers are mounted on it. Many high-performance systems of this type have evolved during the past two decades. The version of this idea, wherein sensors are mounted directly on the vehicle and the transformation from the sensor to inertial reference frame is computed rather than mechanized, has been recognized as long as that of the stabilized platform. Potential advantages of the strapdown concept, compared to stabilized platforms, are often discussed and include lower cost, reduced weight and power consumption, increased reliability, and ease of maintenance, manufacture, and redundant design. Strapdown system development commenced in the late 1950's. The first flight-operational hardware, built by Honeywell for the PRIME re-entry vehicle, was flown in December 1966. A major milestone was reached in 1969 when the Apollo abort guidance system achieved man-rated operational status. These early strapdown systems, however, operated in a relatively benign dynamic environment. Dealing with rapid maneuvers and vibrations would have required sensors with much greater dynamic range and so much onboard computation as to be prohibitive with the computers available then. In the last decade, major advances in computer technology have prompted extensive development of sensors uniquely suited to strapdown requirements. Thus a trend toward widespread use of strapdown inertial navigation has been discernible for some time. Whether strapdown navigation has arrived, however, is still a point of lively debate, cf. the 1976 papers by Shaw* and Peterson. The present paper does not enter into this debate. The benefits of the strapdown approach accrue from more than just the deletion of gimbals. The integration of inertial with other types of navigation information is facilitated, and modular design is encouraged. Since a more powerful computer is used, sophisticated data processing, estimation, and failure processing methods can be employed. Redundancy for increased reliability can be implemented conveniently at the sensor and component level, rather than at the system level, and skewed configurations can be used to minimize the number of sensors. Above all, a strapdown system has the potential to show a considerable reduction in ownership and life-cycle cost over its gimbaled counterpart. These and other advantages have been touted widely for many years; however, the development of truly competitive strapdown systems has been only quite recent. As strapdown navigation technology has matured over the years, a significant body of literature covering all aspects of the field has become available. Many review papers discuss the development of strapdown navigation in its various stages. The evolution of strapdown navigation from the conceptual stage to the development of early flight hardware is discussed in Refs. 3-11; the maturing of the strapdown approach as hardware limitations were surmounted is discussed in Refs. 12-16; and the dynamic and competitive present-day situation is described in Refs. 1, 2, 17, and 18. To the authors' knowledge, no general literature survey of the field has appeared in the past, however, and the present paper attempts to fill this role.

Conclusion

The participants at the Senanque seminar presented material concerning certain restricted themes : social stratification, marriage rules, the transmission of rights, both material and political, and, finally, kinship terminology. The analysis of class relations clearly brought out the high degree of interrelatedness characteristic of master/dependent relations as well as the existence of protection relationships. Nonetheless, the material presented does not give us a satisfactory and concrete idea of either economic relations or dependents' ideology. Available marriage data indicate that about one half of all unions were contracted within the tawiit of the partners, who were often related or, indeed, parallel cousins ; remaining marriages were, to a large extent, celebrated between tawsit of equal rank. Unions between masters and slaves which constitute exceptions to these norms, confirm the hypothesis that marriage strategies are determined by political and economic considerations as well as the interests of dominating elements. The norms regulating the tranfer of rights at the opening of the inheritance procedure are complex : the inheritance is transmitted from father to children but the latter can equally benefit by a passing of rights in the maternal line. The four grandparents can thus contribute to the devolution of wealth in accordance with principes stemming from Coranic law. The right to exercise authority within the tawiit and the advantages thus entailed were transmitted in the uterine line among the Kel Rela and the Kel Gress and in the agnatic Une among the Yullemmeden and in the Imanne'n. The two latter modes of transmission could be attributed to the influence of Islam and may represent a variant in relation to an older matrilineal tradition. This material, although not equally applicable to all groups, leads one to think that the tawsit could have been a cognatic kinship unit (this being obviously related to a high frequency of marriage within the tawsit) ; genealogical links could thus be traced in either line. Inheritance and succession law certainly had a bilateral character but offered certain particularities consequent to the acceptance of Coranic law and to the persistence at the political level of a matrilineal tradition. The, tawsit, as a political community, constituted a jurai entity. Community membership determined individual status. Kinship terminology, the persistence of the matrilineal norm and reference to a distant maternal ascendant suggest, however, that the present-day situation is the result of a very lengthy evolution which can only be reconstructed at a hypothetical level. The term of 'deme' appears to offer the most adequate characteristization of this group in relation to current typologies.

The present-day situation of standardization of antibiotic sensitivity testing in West Germany

In the Federal Republic of Germany there are only few laboratories which routinely perform the exactly quantifiable tube or agar dilution test. The majority still use the agar diffusion test (disc test) in its conventional form so that the results of various investigators are of only limited comparability. For this reason the “Fachnormen-Committee Medicine” established an expert commission which, in association with the German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology, is preparing recommendations for standardization of technique and evaluation. The work of this commission is not yet complete, but first preliminary recommendations have resulted. These are largely correlated to the suggestions by ICS and thus also correspond to the methods recommended in the USA by FDA. For the dilution test in liquid and solid media the German guidelines for technique and use of Mueller-Hinton medium are identical to the ICS procedure. Equally, the agar diffusion (disc) test corresponding to the ICS procedure is recommended as reference method with MH medium in Germany. However, the German group of experts is of the opinion that standardization of the technique alone is not sufficient. The definition of the terms “sensitive” and “resistant” is at least equally important as well as recommendations on an uniform interpretation of the MIC values for therapy. For this reason special activities of a subcommittee are devoted to differentiating the various categories of sensitivity and their breakpoints. They are oriented to the mean antibiotic serum level in the middle of the application interval (timeτ/2) minus the standard variation (s) as an additional safety factor. This “meanτ/2 blood level” may be considered as an approximate value for extravasal tissue levels. High initial levels only acting as “antibiotic transport in circulating blood” and not representative for the antibiotic concentrations at the site of infection are not considered, like the lower blood levels during the second half of the application interval. Other than the ICS procedure only three categories (sensitive, moderately sensitive and resistant) are considered sufficient in Germany. The term sensitive is given to pathogens with a MIC equal (or lower) to the meanτ/2 blood level under usual normal doses. The breakpoint between moderately sensitive and resistant is defined by the meanτ/2 level under high doses. A list with the previously discussed breakpoints of the major antibiotics is demonstrated.

Increasing hardware complexity—a challenge to computer architecture education

The paper starts with a survey over history and present-day situation of educational concepts and design methods in computer architecture. Complexity problems, bad design habits, cooperation problems between specialists, as well as their changing range of responsibility are covered, and the consequences of the developmental trends are discussed: now it is time for switching over to an integrated teaching of hardware/software design methods. The HIM scheme ( h ierarchy of i nterpretive m odules) is suggested as a conceptual machine organization framework for modelling the implementation of language hierarchies. The application of the HIM scheme for better understanding of semantics, and for a derivation of designing guidelines is discussed.

Programme des modifications constitutionnelles en République Populaire de Pologne

Proposed Amendments to the Polish Constitution. The Sixth Congress of the Unified Workers' Party resolved to actively implement Socialist development in the People's Republic of Poland and with this end in view, concluded that the present Constitution, in effect since July 22, 1952, has outlived its usefulness. This decision came about as the result of certain developments in Polish constitutional law. In pre-communist Poland, both the Constitution of March 1921, and that of April 23, 1935, were conceptually unequalitarian, but in July 1944, the newly created People's Republic recognized de facto the legality of judicial statutes in effect in Poland on September 3, 1939, at the same time declaring illegal all legislative activity carried on by Polish ex-authorities in immigration in the West. Hence, the fundamental democratic principles of the 1921 Constitution remained in effect until July 1952, when replaced by the present Constitution. The 1952 Constitution has undergone some changes, but only of secondary importance. Today's proposals are more far-reaching and aimed at adapting the text of the Constitution to contemporary economic and social conditions on the premise that it should not only reflect durable changes which have taken place in Poland and in the World at large since 1952, but also Poland's actual position on the ladder of Communist achievement. Proposed amendments to the Constitution will be submitted to national public debate at the end of 1973, or early in 1974, and will probably be adopted by the Polish Diet on or before July 1974, to coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of the Polish People's Republic. They will be introduced in accordance with procedure stipulated in the present Constitution (article 91). Together with the amendments, there will be certain additions to existing provisions : for example, that which assigns the role of leader ship to the Unified Workers' Party, underlining its alliance with the Unified Farmers' Party and with the Democratic Party and reinforcing its activity with regard to registration in the Unified National Front ; to that which applies to farmer and worker self-management ; to the role of mass media (the press, publications, radio and television) ; to the role of trade unions ; and to the present defense system. As indicated by the above, the prescribed amendments concern all parts of the Constitution, the Introduction as well as the principal chapters. The basis for these modifications resides in the resolution of the Sixth Congress of the Polish Unified Workers' Party, already mentioned. In previous decisions made in the Central Committee of the Polish Communist Party and in suggestions presented by the three political parties and by different social organisations. An effort will be made to formulate the aims of State in accordance with the present-day situation and evolution in Poland, taking into account Polish integration in COMECON, the principles of present agricultural policy, actual conceptions with regard to private property and the role of individual consumption. The chapter concerning citizens' rights, liberties and obligations will be incorporated in the chapters devoted to State organizations. The rights of the citizen will be enumerated in greater detail and certain rights and obligations will be more clearly defined. No important changes in the functioning of the Diet and of the government are expected. The desired enforcement of the role of the Diet depends mainly on the exercise of its functions. However, important alterations may take place in the State Council, and it is even possible that the office of President of the Republic may be introduced. In local State organisations such as the People's Councils (Rady narodowe), there is a proposal to separate administrative and legislative control functions. In line with the introduction of community presidents (in December 1972), departmental (powiat) and provincial (voievodie) administrative chiefs, will probably be appointed by the central government. The power of the Supreme Court to emit directives pertaining to jurisprudence will also be reinforced and its duties enlarged ; whereas, the functions of the procurator will not be significantly modified. Certain changes in electoral practices may equally be anticipated, in particular with regard to local elections. The tenure of delegates to the Diet may be prolonged from four to five years, in this way changes in the legislature will take place at the same time the new five year plan gets under way. On the other hand, the mandate of the People's Councils (Rady narodowe) may be shortened ; in any event, elections to the Diet and the People's Councils will not take place simultaneously.

Johannes Quidort von Paris, Über königliche und päpstliche Gewalt by Fritz Bleienstein

178 :BOOK REVIEWS Johannes Quidort von Paris, tJber konigliche und piipstliche Gewalt. By FRITZ BLEIENSTEIN. Textkritische Edition mit deutscher Ubersetzung. Frankfurter Studien zur Wissenschaft von der Politik IV. Stuttgart: Ernst Klett, 1969. Pp. 360. This work was composed as a doctoral dissertation under the direction of Prof. Carlo Schmidt. Along with a solid introduction to the political and ecclesiological theories at the time of John Quidort of Paris, Bleienstein presents a description and classification of all nineteen known manuscripts as well as an edition of the tractate accompanied by a translation in German. Since he has nothing new to add to J. Leclercq's analysis of the sources and external history of the origin of the tractate (Jean de Paris et l'ecclesiologie du XII[e siecle [Paris, 1942]; Introd. and critical edition) , Bleienstein presupposes the pertinent literature in regard to essential points. Working independently and from a new viewpoint, he proceeds to treat the location of the tractate in the history of thought.... Whereas Scholz, Finke, GraBmann, and Leclercq (Un modele d'argumentation theologique) are interested in internal ecclesiastical aspects, Bleienstein immediately approaches the matter as a "state and Church" problem. (p. 19) Thus he arrives at a well-balanced characterization of ecclesia and christianitas (res publica christiana, p. 23) and is able to offer an appropriate introduction to the correct understanding of the " dualistic theory," which John of Paris supports. The author is right to warn against an all too hasty application to elements in the present-day situation which are purportedly grounded in the tractate De regia potestate et papali: the sovereignty of the people, democratic structures, and secularization exemplify the catchwords that have been extrapolated from this work. Through an analysis of the indirect sources (Leclercq presents a summary on pp. 31, 35-37, which Bleienstein unfortunately fails to take over) the position expounded in the introduction could have been more exactly substantiated. John of Paris is not a revolutionary; through his intensive use of Thomas (and, by way of Thomas, Aristotle), through his recourse to Henry of Cremona, Humbert of Rome, Gottfried of Fontaines he returns to pre-decretal material. He can thus enter into opposition against Boniface's followers without any anti-curial pressure. John does not simply reject existing conditions; he succeeds in developing a well-balanced criticism of the papalistic theories in the light of tradition and under the influence of the reception of Aristotle. In this way there arises the image of a " completely autonomous political system, which functions exclusively according to its own laws and does not necessarily require a supernatural superelevation." (p. 31) Bleienstein could verify his statements even more clearly by further research in this field. Cusanus-lnstitute University of Mainz WERNER J. KRAMER ...

Peking's Revolutionary Strategy in the Developing World: The Failures of Success

Three facets of China's strategy of revolutionary war are examined in this article: (1) the Mao Tse-tung-Lin Piao theory of "people's war"; (2) the history of Chinese Communist involvement abroad in promoting "national liberation wars"; and (3) some constraints upon this instrument of Chinese policy. The contradiction between theory and practice is explained by real-world restraints upon Chinese desires. The Maoist theory is essentially an analogy between the Chinese pre-1949 revolutionary past and the realities of the present-day world political situation. The analogy is imperfect, however, and many of the problems which China has encountered in fostering revolutionary movements abroad may be traced to this fact. Chinese leaders, prisoners of their limited world outlook, cannot admit this. In fact, there is a low level of actual Chinese involvement in the "Third World"; nowhere have the Chinese become, or are they about to become, a major element in attempts to overthrow local governments by rural-based guerrilla tactics. Three sets of limitations—internal, external, and historical—are important because together they place severe limits on the level and the direction of Chinese involvement. The possibilities for successful revolutionary war lies in the hands of those who elect to pay more attention to local circumstances than to the niceties of the Chinese theory.

7. North America

'Totally discouraged' is a pattern of disorder discovered among the Dakota Sioux. It is described and briefly analyzed by D. L. JOHNSON and C. A. JOHNSON. In their article on the vicissitudes of the aggressive drive among the Mescalero and Chiricahua Apaches, L. B. BOYER and R. M. BOYER compare the pre- reservation period when hostility created by socialization could be discharged through traditional channels, with the present-day situation where these channels have disappeared, but where the same hostillity is engendered during childhood. MURDOCK'S article is an ethnographic study of an Indian shamanistic system. It has a bearing on transcultural psychiatry because it deals with relationships between this system and native conceptions of disease and healing practices. Also of interest is the manner in which, in the Tenino society, a person becomes a shaman and is accepted as such. Protestant and Jewish schizophrenic patients of different social classes are compared by Victor D. SANUA. Major differences were found in the familial characteristics of patients of different social and ethnic groups as well as in sub-categories of schizophrenia (see also this Review, No. 12, April 1962, p. 12). In order to compare the conceptions of mental health of four Asian and two American groups, THAVER and his coworkers administered to them a questionnaire previously adapted to American subjects. Significant differences were found between the Asian and the American groups. However, these differences might have been due to different cultural reactions to the questionnaire itself. The final article in this section deals with Afro-Asian students in a Canadian University. Their behaviour and attitudes are described by R. C. A. HUNTER in relation to magical beliefs still prevalent among them, to their conception of physiology and disease, and to health facilities made available by the University.

Banche centrali e accordi monetari internazionali. (Central banks and international monetary arrangements)

The article reviews the short history of central banking from Bagehot on, drawing the main conclusions for the present-day situation. The author’s main focus is on international cooperation among central banks, and the main policy proposal is for the Federal Reserve to join the rest of the world by adding monetary holdings in some foreign currencies to the official reserves. JEL: E42, E58, F33

Central banks and international monetary arrangements

The article reviews the short history of central banking from Bagehot on, drawing the main conclusions for the present-day situation. The author’s main focus is on international cooperation among central banks, and the main policy proposal is for the Federal Reserve to join the rest of the world by adding monetary holdings in some foreign currencies to the official reserves.

Administrative Jurisdiction of the School Health Service

T'WO patterns of administration of 1 school health services exist in the United States. In one the school department operates its own health service and in the other the health department operates the health service within the school system. Considerable argument and conflict have occurred in recent years between proponents of the two patterns of administration. The extension and improvement of services to school children have at times been hindered by this jurisdictional dispute between two parties both sincerely interested in the same laudable objectives. In this paper we shall not. raise or try to answer the question of which of the two patterns is the better one. The question seems to be a pointless and academic one and does not face the realities of the present-day situation. Both patterns are part of the American scene and both will undoubtedly continue for many years to come. It is much more realistic to ask and attempt to derive answers to the following three questions. What are the desirable features of the administration of a school health service regardless of jurisdiction? What are the advantages that accrue from one or the other administrative pattern? How can the advantages of each be retained when the other type of administration is in effect? In the latter part of the

State participation in business concerns in Italy

The article outlines the present-day situation of State participation in business concerns in Italy in its complicated pattern and in its significance for the several branches of the national economy. Special attention is devoted to the problems of the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (Industrial Reconstruction Institute) which holds a central position in the field of State participation in business concerns, and to certain critical regional situations which make it difficult to adopt rational and comprehensive solutions. A general reorganisation of the so-called partecipazioni economiche dello Stato is however an urgent need in Italy, and has been the subject of a special Government enquiry but which until now has led to no results.

The Effect of Current International Trade Conditions and Foreign Agricultural Developments on Southern Agriculture

What is called a social or economic problem is usually a complex of several problems. The influences which contribute to a given social situation are often many, and in not a few instances may show only a remote relationship to one another. Furthermore, causes which are indirect in their determination of a given condition may be more potent than those whose connection with that condition is closer and more obvious. Under present-day industrial technique some of the most potent influences shaping general social conditions are remote or indirect. Southern agriculture has always been profoundly affected by influences international in scope. From colonial times down to the present the South has produced in large amounts a few crops marketed, for the most part, or at least very largely, in foreign countries. In the colonial period tobacco, rice, and indigo went largely to foreign consumers. After the American Revolution, and particularly following the invention of the cotton-gin in I79z and '93 the growth of raw cotton in response to an insistent foreign demand was the most distinguishing feature of agricultural production in the South. This foreign demand, though coupled with an increasing domestic demand, still remains a determining factor in the present-day agricultural situation of the South. The Civil War, while it broke up the old plantation system, did not change the pronouncedly international character of the Southern trade in agricultural products. The growth of large-scale manufacturing, first in the North, and later in parts of the South, did indeed enlarge the domestic market for typical Southern crops; but a large proportion of the acreage of the South still subserves foreign needs. This commercial feature of Southern agriculture was its most distinctive characteristic during the early part of our history. In the colonial period and the greater part of the time that elapsed from the close of the American Revolution to the Civil War the typical Northern farm was a moderate sized unit producing most of the food and a large proportion of the clothing needed by the farmer and his family. Surplus product

Men Nurses: A Survey of the Present-Day Situation of Graduate Men Nurses

Men Nurses: A Survey of the Present-Day Situation of Graduate Men Nurses

Effect of French Policies on Present-Day European Situation

IT is impossible to discuss intelligently the effect of French policies on the affairs of Europe without first defining clearly what those policies are. In fact, if such definition could be made true and conclusive it would go far towards bringing American opinion into agreement on the European situation, since the very pronounced difference of opinion which has divided the people of this country is the result of contradictory interpretations of French policies rather than approval or disapproval of the policies themselves. Again, no clear view of French policies can be had without going back to conditions which led to their adoption and which at the time seemed to make them necessary. I cannot insist that others accept my definition of the aims of those nationalist politicians who have dictated the policies of France during the past four years, but I can claim that my position as the American member of the Commission of Occupation in Germany during 1919 and 1920 gave me unusual opportunity for studying, behind the scenes, as it were, conditions existing during the period when the present French policies were incubating.