Presence Of Webbing Research Articles

Development and reproduction of four predatory mites (Parasitiformes: Phytoseiidae) feeding on the spider mites Tetranychus evansi and T. urticae (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) and the dried fruit mite Carpoglyphus lactis (Sarcoptiformes: Carpoglyphidae)

The tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi, a notorious crop pest, invaded New Zealand in 2020. In an effort to identify potential biological control agents for this species, we investigated the capabilities of four phytoseiid predators found in New Zealand—Amblyseius herbicolus, Amblyseius lentiginosus, Amblydromalus limonicus, and Neoseiulus californicus. For comparison, we also used the two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae, and the dried fruit mite, Carpoglyphus lactis, as prey for these predators. In our first experiment we monitored immature development and oviposition rate (over the first 5 days) of the phytoseiid predators when presented with the three prey species. While all four species of predators could develop and reproduce on the factitious (alternative and easily available) prey species C. lactis, they had limited success when feeding on T. evansi and T. urticae. Amblyseius herbicolus, A. lentiginosus, and Amblyd. limonicus were unable to reach adulthood when feeding on T. evansi and T. urticae in the presence of the protective webbing spun by the mites. While N. californicus matured when exposed to T. evansi reared on black nightshade leaves, it did not lay eggs—indicating potential limitations in prey suitability. In our second experiment, gravid females of all four predators failed to maintain their reproduction when provided with T. evansi in the presence of webbing. Neoseiulus californicus exhibited phenotypic plasticity in its developmental time, body size, and oviposition rate when feeding on the three prey species. This suggests that N. californicus has the flexibility to switch diets to survive during food scarcity, especially when their primary prey, T. urticae, is limited. This study is also the first to offer life history information about A. lentiginosus. Our findings underscore the difficulties of controlling T. evansi using phytoseiid predators and highlight the need for diversified pest management strategies, including the use of alternative insect predators or entomopathogenic fungi.

Sprengel shoulder: a case report

Sprengel shoulder is a rare deformity of shoulder girdle of unknown etiology. Eulenburg in 1863, had first reported this rare congenital anomaly of the scapula. Sprengel described it in 1891, and hence this deformity got its’ name. Autosomal dominant inheritance has been reported for this abnormality. Abnormal descent of the scapula during 9th to 12th weeks of gestation leads to this congenital anomaly. It is a cosmetic deformity. Elevation of scapula is the characteristic feature. A lump at the back of the neck with restricted movements of the shoulder and or arm are the presenting finding. The affected scapula is rotated on its sagittal axis. The superior and the vertebral border comes nearer to the medial line and to the axilla respectively. Severity of this deformity varies widely being almost invisible when covered with clothes to the shoulder being elevated over 5 centimeters along with the presence of webbing of neck. This congenital deformity can be associated with other musculoskeletal abnormalities such as Klippel-Feil syndrome, scoliosis and rib anomalies. In 30% of cases of Sprengel shoulder, an omovertebral cartilaginous, fibrous or bony bar connecting superomedial border of scapula to spine, transverse process or lamina of cervical vertebra can be seen and this causes restriction of movements around the shoulder girdle. Surgical management is considered in severe cases. Surgical management involves excision of the protruding portion of scapula and inferior translation of scapula. This enhances shoulder functions as well as general appearance of the patient.

A European giant: a large spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Vectis Formation (Wealden Group, Early Cretaceous), UK.

Postcranial elements (cervical, sacral and caudal vertebrae, as well as ilium, rib and limb bone fragments) belonging to a gigantic tetanuran theropod were recovered from the basal unit (the White Rock Sandstone equivalent) of the Vectis Formation near Compton Chine, on the southwest coast of the Isle of Wight. These remains appear to pertain to the same individual, with enormous dimensions similar to those of the Spinosaurus holotype and exceeding those of the largest European theropods previously reported. A combination of features—including the presence of spinodiapophyseal webbing on an anterior caudal vertebra—suggest that this is a member of Spinosauridae, though a lack of convincing autapomorphies precludes the identification of a new taxon. Phylogenetic analysis supports spinosaurid affinities but we were unable to determine a more precise position within the clade weak support for a position within Spinosaurinae or an early-diverging position within Spinosauridae were found in some data runs. Bioerosion in the form of curved tubes is evident on several pieces, potentially related to harvesting behaviour by coleopteran bioeroders. This is the first spinosaurid reported from the Vectis Formation and the youngest British material referred to the clade. This Vectis Formation spinosaurid is unusual in that the majority of dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous units of the Wealden Supergroup are from the fluviolacustrine deposits of the underlying Barremian Wessex Formation. In contrast, the lagoonal facies of the upper Barremian–lower Aptian Vectis Formation only rarely yield dinosaur material. Our conclusions are in keeping with previous studies that emphasise western Europe as a pivotal region within spinosaurid origination and diversification.

Footprints of Batrachopus isp. From the Imilchil megatracksite. Middle? - Upper Jurassic, central High Atlas (Morocco)

In this work we present the description and analysis of a palaeoichnological site (7.9TAG) that only contains crocodile tracks. The site contains well preserved and abundant crocodilian manus and pes prints; there are no belly and/or tail traces. The crocodyle tracks have been mapped and the biomorphic and morphometric characters of the tracks and trackways have been studied. Between the digit traces of the pes prints (not in manus prints) there is a graded depression that indicates the presence of a foot webbing. The number of crocodilian footprints (93) and trackways (8) of the site is sufficient to define, and to support with confidence the data shown in the article. As consequence a crocodiliform ichnogenus, Batrachopus has been defined, characterized by the presence of a trace of a probably interdigital membrane in the pes prints, the trace of a bulge on toe V, the lack of tail traces, and the very narrow gauge trackway. A comparative study is done with all the fossil crocodile footprints described so far. The 7.9TAG footprints printed on sediments of Middle?-Upper Jurassic age (Isli Formation) are the first Batrachopus ichnites described both from this age and in the African continent.

A new species of Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Anura: Microhylidae) from West Coast of India: an integrative taxonomic approach.

A new species of microhylid frog Microhyla kodial sp. nov. from the west coast of India is described in this paper. It is distinct from all described species of Microhyla occurring in South and Southeast Asia as revealed by a combination of morphological, molecular and acoustic characters. The new species is characterized by absence of lateral body stripe, tuberculated dorsal skin surface, absence of webbing between fingers, presence of basal webbing between toes and absence of dorsal marginal groove on finger and toe disc. Each male advertisement call lasts for 0.11-0.42 s and is comprised of 2-7 pulses with a dominant frequency of 3.3-4.2 kHz. The breeding season is short, limited to the rainy season (June to September) and the females lay up to 300 eggs per clutch. A molecular phylogenetic tree constructed using the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene shows that M. kodial sp. nov. is closely related to the M. achatina group from Southeast Asia. The uncorrected genetic divergence between the new species and its closest congeners M. heymonsi, M. mantheyi, M. borneensis and M. orientalis were 7.3-7.6 %, 7.5-7.8%, 7.8-8.1% and 8.1-8.4% respectively. At present, this species is known only from the type locality, a highly disturbed urban and industrialized area which needs conservation intervention.

Review and experimental evaluation of the embryonic development and evolutionary history of flipper development and hyperphalangy in dolphins (Cetacea: Mammalia).

Cetaceans are the only mammals to have evolved hyperphalangy, an increase in the number of phalanges beyond the mammalian plesiomorphic condition of three phalanges per digit. In this study, cetaceans were used as a novel model to review previous studies of mammalian hyperphalangy and contribute new experimental evidence as to the molecular origins of this phenotype in embryos of the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata). Results show embryos of dolphins, mice, and pigs share similar spatiotemporal patterns of signaling proteins known to shape limbs of mammals (e.g., FGF8, BMP2/4, WNT, GREM). However, fetal dolphins differ in that their interdigital tissues are retained, instead of undergoing apoptosis, and that multiple waves of interdigital signals likely contribute to the patterning of supernumerary joints and phalanges in adjacent digits. Integration of fossil and experimental evidence suggests that the presence of interdigital webbing within the fossils of semi-aquatic cetaceans, recovered from the Eocene Epoch (49Ma), was probably the result of BMP-antagonists counteracting interdigital apoptosis during embryonic limb development. Modifications to signals originating in these interdigital tissues likely contributed to the origin of an incipient form of hyperphalangy in obligatorily aquatic cetaceans about 35Ma. Finally, an extreme form of hyperphalangy, with six or more phalanges per digit, evolved independently in rorqual whales (Balaenopteridae) and delphinids, and was probably associated with a wave of signaling within the interdigital tissues.

Analysis of film cooling performance of advanced tripod hole geometries with and without manufacturing features

The present study evaluates the film cooling performance of a set of manufacturable tripod hole designs, with and without shaped exits. The tripod holes with realistic manufacturing features included rounded corners at the hole inlet and outlet, as well as a webbing between the tripod holes. Standard cylindrical and shaped cylindrical (10° fan+laidback) holes were also studied for comparative analysis. Transient heat transfer experiments with a mainstream Red≈3200 were conducted on a flat plate test rig. Different hole geometries were tested at equal mass flow rates, corresponding to a range of blowing ratios equal to 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 for the cylindrical hole. IR (Infrared) thermography was used to evaluate adiabatic film cooling effectiveness, heat transfer coefficient, and the normalized heat flux on the flat surface. Results showed that the presence of rounded corners or webbing did not lower the performance of the tripod cooling holes. Both tripod hole geometries, with and without manufacturing features, yielded higher film cooling effectiveness compared to the cylindrical holes and slightly higher effectiveness than the shaped holes, while consuming 50% less coolant when operating at the same blowing ratio. The heat transfer coefficient measurements and the overall heat flux ratios further corroborated the thermal advantages of the tripod hole design over traditional cylindrical and shaped holes.

Snoring intensity after a first session of soft palate radiofrequency

To determine whether snoring sound intensity measured after a first soft palate radiofrequency (RF) session for simple snoring helps predict the final result of the treatment. Observational retrospective study. We conducted a retrospective review of 105 subjects presenting with simple snoring or mild sleep apnea. All patients underwent two to three sessions of RF-assisted stiffening of the soft palate. In addition, uvulectomy was performed in case of a long uvula, and two paramedian trenches were created in the presence of palatal webbing. Snoring sound intensity was evaluated by the bed partner after each session. Eighty-six men and 19 women were included in the study. Mean age was 51.7 ± 9.8 years, and mean body mass index was 24.7 ± 4.4 kg/m(2) . The mean apnea/hypopnea index was 6.6 ± 4.2/h. The mean snoring sound intensity, as evaluated on a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS), decreased from 8.2 ± 1.5 to 3.5 ± 2.2 after all sessions (P < .0001). A score of 3 was determined as being a score that satisfied the bed partner. Two groups were formed according to the final snoring sound intensity, using 3 as a threshold. Both groups had similar preoperative characteristics, but the snoring sound intensity was significantly lower after the first session in the group with final score <3 (P = .01). Similarly, a VAS score >7 after the first session was associated with a final score <3 in 30% of the cases. Snoring sound intensity after the first RF session helps predict the final outcome of RF-assisted stiffening of the soft palate for simple snoring.

A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado

A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Pristimantis conspicillatus group is described from theCerrado biome in central Brazil. Pristimantis ventrigranulosus sp. nov. is found in riparian forests associated with a par-ticular palm tree called “babaçú” (Attalea speciosa: Aracaceae) in northwestern Goiás state of Brazil. The new species isonly known from the type locality: Fazenda Macaúba (16°35’23” S; 51°47’43” W, approximately 400 m above sea level),Piranhas Municipality in the state of Goiás. The new species differs from the other species in the P. conspicillatus groupmainly by having, an homogeneously granular belly, Finger I &gt; Finger II, dorsal skin coarsely shagreen, toe and fingerfringes weakly developed or absent, presence of basal webbing and tarsal fold, single nuptial pad on thumb, moderatelydeveloped and round discs on Fingers III and IV, and higher dominant frequency than other Pristimantis with similar calls(ranging 3451.8−4334.8 Hz). The new species shows an advertisement call equal in structure to the calls of P. dundeei, P. fenestratus, P. koehleri and P. vilarsi. Pristimantis dundeei is transferred to the P. conspicillatus group.

Effect of trichomes on the predation of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) by Phytoseiulus macropilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on tomato, and the interference of webbing

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important pest of tomato in different parts of the world. Biological control of this pest on this crop has not been very successful. Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) has been used commercially for the control of T. urticae on different crops, but no information has been published on its potential to control T. urticae on tomato. The objective of this work was to compare the performance of a Brazilian population of P. macropilis on tomato with its performance on other plant species, relating the observed variation to the respective types and densities of trichomes. It has been hypothesized that the presence of the webbing produced by T. urticae could help the predator to avoid contact with trichomes and consequently to improve its performance on tomato plants. This hypothesis was also evaluated. Phytoseiulus longipes Evans was included in the work as a control, given that it has been reported to be a promising predator of Tetranychus species on tomato. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. It was found that the performance of P. macropilis was similar to that of P. longipes and that trichomes hampered the locomotion as well as prey consumption and oviposition rate of both predators; that the presence of webbing resulted in higher levels of prey consumption and of predator oviposition; and that the presence of webbing eliminated the negative effect of trichomes of eggplants and partially eliminated the negative effect of trichomes of the 'cerasiforme' tomato variety. The observed density of trichomes in 'Carmem' one of the most common tomato varieties grown in Brazil, seems not to have interfered significantly with the prey consumption and the oviposition rate of P. macropilis. The results suggest that the latter is a promising predator of T. urticae on tomato. Complementary studies are warranted, to further evaluate the potential of P. macropilis for use as a biological control agent of this pest.

A New Species of the Craugastor rugulosus Series (Anura: Craugastoridae) from West-Central Panama

We describe a new species of anuran from the Cordillera Central, El Copé, Coclé Province, Panama. The species is assigned to the Craugastor rugulosus species series of Neotropical stream-dwelling frogs, which contains 33 species and which ranges from Mexico to central Panama. The new species differs from all other members of the C. rugulosus species series by the combination of the absence of vocal slits and nuptial pads, and the presence of strong toe webbing and a large flap-like tarsal fold. This species experienced population declines in central Panama in 2004 and no remaining populations are known.

Influência da teia de Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) sobre os fitoseídeos predadores associados

Oligonychus ilicis (McGregor) is among those mite species that can cause damage to coffee plants (Coffea spp.). Species of Phytoseiidae acari are considered the most important and studied predatory mites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the webbing produced by O.ilicis on its predation by females of the phytoseiids Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark & Muma, Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma and Amblyseius herbicolus (Chant). Four bioassays were conducted, with three treatments and ten replicates. Each replicate consisted of 25 O.ilicis per experimental unit (a leaf disc of Coffea arabica) according to the tested developmental stage, in independent experiments. To spin the web, 15 adult females were put on each experimental unit for 24h; females were then removed, leaving only the web, and predators and prey to be tested were introduced. Predation was assessed after 24h. In the presence of webbing, the consumption of eggs, larvae and nymphs by I.zuluagai and eggs and larvae by E.citrifolius was lower. For A.herbicolus, egg predation was lower, but larval predation did not vary significantly and predation of nymphs and adults was higher in the presence of webbing. Predators as a whole were more efficient consuming larvae regardless of the presence of webbing. Considering the stages of O.ilicis altogether, webbing reduced the predation potential of I.zuluagai and E. citrifolius, but not of A. herbicolus.

Predação por coccinelídeos e crisopídeo influenciada pela teia de Tetranychus evansi

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da teia produzida por Tetranychus evansi (Acari: Tetranychidae) na eficiência de predação por coccinelídeos Cycloneda sanguinea e Eriopis connexa e pelo crisopídeo Chrysoperla externa. A eficiência em predar as fêmeas de T. evansi na presença e na ausência de sua teia em discos de folhas de tomateiro com ácaros foi avaliada para cada instar das diferentes espécies de predadores. Foi observado efeito negativo da teia produzida por T. evansi na eficiência de predação do segundo e do terceiro instar de C. externa. Quanto à E. connexa, somente a predação pelo último instar foi influenciada negativamente pela presença da teia. A predação pelas larvas de primeiro e terceiro instar de C. sanguinea foi significativamente menor na presença da teia; no entanto, o resultado foi contrário para o quarto instar. O efeito da teia de T. evansi como mecanismo de defesa varia conforme a espécie e o estágio de desenvolvimento do predador.

Aortic dissection in Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome is a relatively common disorder of female development with cardinal features of short stature and congenital cardiovascular defects (CHD). Turner syndrome is the most common established cause of aortic dissection in young women, but has received little attention outside pediatric literature. This review focuses on emerging knowledge of the characteristics of aortic disease in Turner syndrome in comparison with Marfan-like syndromes and isolated aortic valve disease. The incidence of aortic dissection is significantly increased in individuals with Turner syndrome at all ages, highest during young adult years and in pregnancy. Pediatric patients with dissection have known congenital cardiovascular defects (CHD), but adults often have aortic valve and arch abnormalities detected only by screening cardiac magnetic resonance. Thoracic aortic dilation in Turner syndrome must be evaluated in relation to body surface area. Dilation is most prominent at the ascending aorta, similar to the pattern seen in nonsyndromic bicuspid aortic valve, is equally prevalent (20-30%) in children and adults, and does not seem to be rapidly progressive. Cardiovascular anomalies and risk for aortic dissection in Turner syndrome are strongly linked to a history of fetal lymphedema, evidenced by the presence of neck webbing and shield chest. Risk for acute aortic dissection is increased by more than 100-fold in young and middle-aged women with Turner syndrome. Monitoring frequency and treatment modalities are decided on an individual basis until more information on outcomes becomes available.

Uncapping of pupal cells by European bees in the United States as responses to Varroa destructor and Galleria mellonella

SummaryWe investigated the uncapping of pupal cells by honey bees in the United States as responses to infestation with V. destructor and G. mellonella. In a group of 15 colonies, we counted the number of uncapped cells with pupae, and estimated the total sealed brood area. At the same time, the infestation by V. destructor and evidence of wax moth activity were measured in uncapped pupal cells, in cells immediately adjacent (neighbours), and in cells along linear transects. The relative amount of uncapped pupal cells (uncapped pupal cells/total sealed cells) increased with infestation (linear regression R2 = 0.64, slope = 0.16). Varroa mite infestation of uncapped cells (30%) significantly exceeded that of neighbours (14%) and also that of transect cells (12%), but infestations of neighbour and transect cells were similar. The relationship between infestation of uncapped cells and that of other cells (neighbour or transect cells) had a slope significantly higher than one, suggesting that discrimination of infested cells increases with overall colony infestation. Frequencies of wax moth activity (presence of larvae, frass, tunnelling and webbing) were highest in uncapped cells (33%), lower in neighbour cells (21%) and extremely low in transect cells (4%). We followed the opening, removing and resealing of pupal cells every 24 h in a colony with one of the highest infestations with varroa mites and with one of the lowest levels of wax moths, and in a second colony with the opposite infestation levels. Many opened or partly removed cells were found in a different condition, suggesting a dynamic process under conditions of high infestation.

Association Between Fetal Lymphedema and Congenital Cardiovascular Defects in Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with congenital cardiovascular defects (CCVDs), most commonly bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and aortic coarctation (COARC), congenital renal anomalies, and fetal lymphedema. It has been theorized that compressive or obstructive effects of fetal lymphedema may actually cause cardiovascular and renal dysmorphogenesis in TS. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a specific association between a history of fetal lymphedema and CCVDs in monosomy X, or TS, independent of karyotype or general severity of the phenotype. This was a prospective study of 134 girls and women who have TS (mean age: 30 years) and were clinically evaluated for evidence of fetal lymphedema, classified as central (signified by the presence of neck webbing) or peripheral (current or perinatal, or dysplastic fingernails). The presence of BAV and/or COARC was detected by magnetic resonance imaging combined with echocardiography, and renal anomalies were determined by ultrasound. There is a strong association between developmental central lymphedema, signified by neck webbing, and the presence of BAV (chi2 = 10) and COARC (chi2 = 8). The association between webbed neck and CCVDs was independent of karyotype. There was, in contrast, no significant association between renal anomalies and webbed neck or CCVDs. The strong, statistically significant association between neck webbing and the presence of BAV and COARC in TS suggests a pathogenetic connection between fetal lymphatic obstruction and defective aortic development. The presence of neck webbing in TS should alert the clinician to the possibility of congenital cardiovascular defects.

Behavioral responses to prey density by three acarine predator species with different degrees of polyphagy.

Behavioral responses by three acarine predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis, Typhlodromus occidentalis, and Amblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae), to different egg and webbing densities of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on rose leaflets were studied in the laboratory. Prey patches were delineated by T. urticae webbing and associated kairomones, which elicit turning back responses in predators near the patch edge. Only the presence of webbing affected predator behavior; increased webbing density did not increase patch time. Patch time increased with increased T. urticae egg density in the oligophagous P. persimilis, but was density independent in the polyphagous species T. occidentalis and A. andersoni. Patch time in all three species was more strongly correlated with the number of prey encounters and attacks than with the actual prey number present in the patch. Patch time was determined by (a) the turning back response near the patch edge; this response decayed through time and eventually led to the abandonment of the patch, and (b) encounters with, and attacks upon, prey eggs; these prolonged patch time by both an increment of time spent in handling or rejecting prey and an increment of time spent searching between two successive prey encounters or attacks. Although searching efficiency was independent of prey density in all three species, the predation rate by P. persimilis decreased with prey density because its searching activity (i.e. proportion of total patch time spent in searching) decreased with prey density. Predation rates by T. occidentalis and A. andersoni decreased with prey density because their searching activity and success ratio both decreased with prey density. The data were tested against models of predator foraging responses to prey density. The effects of the degree of polyphagy on predator foraging behavior were also discussed.

A new skeleton of Ianthasaurus hardestii, a primitive edaphosaur (Synapsida: Pelycosauria) from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Kansas

A new specimen from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Garnett, Kansas, is referable to the edaphosaur Ianthasaurus hardestii. It is the second articulated skeleton known of this species, and possesses previously undescribed midline elements of the skull roof. This specimen features a new autapomorphy, an elongate cross-barred dorsal process on the axial neural spine. The presence of ventral webbing and multiple tubercles on several basal lateral protuberances of the presacral neural spines in this skeleton may represent a sexual dimorphism of Ianthasaurus. Two synapomorphies of sphenacodonts and edaphosaurs, the presence of a lateral lappet on the frontal and exclusion of the reduced quadratojugal from the ventral margin of the temporal bar, are confirmed in this specimen. The presence of these traits in Ianthasaurus supports the hypothesis that edaphosaurs and sphenacodonts form a clade more derived than other pelycosaur groups. New information provided by this specimen indicates that edaphosaurs can be recognized only by the morphology of their distinctive presacral neural spines. Small, problematical edaphosaur species assigned to the genus Edaphosaurus may be reinterpreted as insectivores, closely related to the Garnett edaphosaur and distinguishable from the large, bulky herbivore Edaphosaurus.

A New Frog Genus and Species from the Mountains of the Southwestern Cape, South Africa (Anura: Ranidae)

A new ranid frog is described from the mountains of the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. It is placed in the Petropedetinae, but cannot be assigned to any existing genus. We erect the genus Poyntonia to accommodate it and name the new frog Poyntonia paludicola. Poyntonia may be separated from the other genera of petropedetine ranids by the absence of a tympanum, the lack of digital discs, a tarsal tubercle, and lingual papilla, and the presence of webbing and an ossified omosternum. Populations of Poyntonia paludicola are known from five localities, all marshy habitats at high elevations in the southwestern Cape mountains. Adults are of moderate size (SVL 30 mm) and are very warty. The tadpoles are distinguishable from other ranid tadpoles by their small mouth, long tail, and presence of minute sharp tubercles in areas corresponding to positions of adult warts. The diploid chromosome number is 2N = 24. A sonagram of the male advertisement call is presented.

Grape Berry Moth Control, 19S8

Abstract Materials were applied to 8-yr-old ‘Concord’ grapevines at the research station. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design. Each replicate consisted of a single 40-ft row of 12 vines. Treatments were applied with a 32 TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling at 2.5 mph and delivering 50 gal/acre. Applications were made on the following dates: 27 Jun (petal fall), 8 Jul, 21 Jul, 2 Aug, 16 Aug, 30 Aug, and 12 Sep. For evaluation, 25 bunches/replicate were picked and evaluated in the field for the presence of GBM damage or webbing.