Presence Of Weapons Research Articles

Object recognition based on foreground detection using X-ray imaging

ABSTRACTDevelopment of effective terrorism-prevention techniques has assumed international importance since the 9/11 attacks. X-ray examination technology is a nondestructive screening method that enables the contents and internal structures of objects to be viewed without destroying the packaging or the external structures. Owing to its speed and efficiency compared to manual inspection, this technology is especially useful for the inspection of checked luggage and cargo, especially for inspecting items that cannot be disassembled. This paper presents developed training software for automated X-ray image recognition for checked luggage. To obtain the optimum classification result, an algorithm is designed using the C++ language. In Taiwan, the intensity of X-ray equipment is 10 times that of a typical X-ray baggage inspection machine. The use of reflected thermal neutrons in this equipment can reveal the presence of drugs, weapons, or explosives that are hidden in luggage. Using the Harris corner detection method and the speeded-up robust features (SURF) algorithm, the corner and feature points are obtained. In an evaluation, the proposed system uses a pattern-matching method and SURF to detect a 9-mm pistol. Compared to the results of a gun template image, the similarity obtained by the proposed method is increased by 0.85 to 1.81%.

The Impact and Persistent Nature of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) Proliferation on the Nigerian Society

The Nigerian society has in it development as a nation been engaged actively in armed violence and conflict. Gun related violence has been an integral part of reports on death in the country. Gun related violence in the county ranges from insurgency, terrorism, kidnapping, cultism, armed robbery, ethnic clashes, electoral crisis etc. A driving factor is the proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in the country, presence of excess weapons in any conflict situation has resulted in prolonged and inexorable crisis. This has had tremendous impact on the polity and society in Nigeria; it has impacted the cultures of people, encouraged underdevelopment, political instability etc. In 2016 alone, there was a recorded number of over 3,147 death caused by the terrorist group Boko Haram alone, there is also a recorded number of over 180 electoral crisis related death.

Campus Discourse and Democracy: Free Speech Principles Provide Sound Guidance Even after the Tumult of 2017

This Article argues that First Amendment doctrine provides a nuanced and adequate framework for responding to contemporary challenges involving the intersection of free speech, protests, outside agitators, and the risk of violence on college campuses. The Article places contemporary events and concerns in the context of classic free speech doctrine--which binds all public colleges and universities and which many privately-run colleges voluntarily commit to respecting. It also analyzes the import of the unique mission of universities as set out in three seminal university reports on freedom of expression that emphasize intellectual freedom, “full freedom of dissent,” and the imperative of protecting views that many find deeply offensive. Using three highly publicized examples of what many regard as the transformation of colleges into political battlegrounds--events in 2017 at the University of California, Berkeley, the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia and Richard Spencer’s talk at the University of Florida--this Article provides taxonomies of how outsiders come to speak at campuses, and how they come to be disinvited or prevented from speaking, along with explanations of what the Speech Clause prohibits and permits. The Article provides constitutional and pragmatic guidance respecting best practices for balancing the need to preserve safety in the face of imminent violence (including the presence of weapons)--which requires a real, proximate risk attributable to the speaker before expression can be silenced--against the requirements of the Speech Clause and the sometimes competing imperatives of respecting dignity and equality for all members of the campus community.

Effects of Weapons on Aggressive Thoughts, Angry Feelings, Hostile Appraisals, and Aggressive Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Weapons Effect Literature

A landmark 1967 study showed that simply seeing a gun can increase aggression—called the “weapons effect.” Since 1967, many other studies have attempted to replicate and explain the weapons effect. This meta-analysis integrates the findings of weapons effect studies conducted from 1967 to 2017 and uses the General Aggression Model (GAM) to explain the weapons effect. It includes 151 effect-size estimates from 78 independent studies involving 7,668 participants. As predicted by the GAM, our naïve meta-analytic results indicate that the mere presence of weapons increased aggressive thoughts, hostile appraisals, and aggression, suggesting a cognitive route from weapons to aggression. Weapons did not significantly increase angry feelings. Yet, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis indicated that not all naïve mean estimates were robust to the presence of publication bias. In general, these results suggest that the published literature tends to overestimate the weapons effect for some outcomes and moderators.

Guns Automatically Prime Aggressive Thoughts, Regardless of Whether a “Good Guy” or “Bad Guy” Holds the Gun

The mere presence of weapons can increase aggression—called the “weapons effect.” Weapons are theorized to increase aggression by priming aggressive thoughts. This research tested the robustness of the weapons effect using two large representative samples of American adults (total N = 1,097). Participants saw photos of criminals, soldiers, police in military gear, or police in regular gear with guns. Experiment 2 also included a condition with photos of Olympians with guns used to shoot inanimate targets. The control group was police in plainclothes without guns. The accessibility of aggressive thoughts was measured using a word fragment task (e.g., KI_ _ can be completed as KILL or KISS). Photos of individuals with guns used to shoot human targets primed aggressive thoughts, regardless of whether a “good guy” (soldier, police) or “bad guy” (criminal) held the gun. Photos of Olympians with guns used to shoot inanimate targets did not prime aggressive thoughts.

Injury Matters: On Female-Perpetrated Sex Crimes.

Despite the importance of studying sexual assaults perpetrated by women, the field knows very little about female sexual offenders' (FSOs) use of violence or physical injury resulting from these assaults. This study draws more than 20 years of National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data reported to police (1992-2014) to identify factors that distinguish between female perpetrated incidents of sexual assault that result in severe, minor, or no physical victim injuries above and beyond the sexual assault itself. Using a multinomial logistic regression model (MNLM), 15,928 incidents of FSO-perpetrated sexual assault were analyzed from the NIBRS. The results showed that the extent of victim injuries sustained during the sexual assault incidents was associated with a number of factors, including the presence of a female victim, the age of victim, a greater number of offenders, and the presence of weapons. In particular, incidents that resulted in major victim injuries were significantly associated with alcohol and drug use by the perpetrator. In general, incidents with young children were at increased risk of a sexual assault resulting in a major or minor victim injury. Although further investigation is needed to continue to better understand female sexual offending behaviors, these findings suggest that certain incident characteristics increase the likelihood of the assault to involve the use of violence by an FSO against her victims.

The unbearable lightness of luck: Three sources of overconfidence in the manageability of nuclear crises

AbstractOverconfidence in the controllability of nuclear weapons creates danger. The passing of the last elite witness of the most dangerous nuclear crisis, that is, the ‘Cuban Missile Crisis’, and the current Trump administration only make this more salient. In this context, this article reviews the scholarly literature about the limits of predictability and controllability of nuclear crises and investigates three failures of learning from them. Given that France displays in particularly acute form some of the sources of overconfidence in the controllability of nuclear crises that can been found in other nuclear armed states, this article offers the first study of the French experience and evolving interpretation of the Cuban missile crisis in comparative perspective, based on untapped primary material. In security studies, this article makes three contributions. First, the publication and interpretation of primary sources is a contribution in itself given the frequent misconceptions about nuclear dynamics due to theory-driven extrapolations. Second, it challenges a widespread assumption of automaticity linking a fear-induced deterrent effect and the presence of nuclear weapons. Third, empirically, this article studies part of a regime of valuation of nuclear weapons. It finally outlines a research agenda to take luck seriously in security studies.

RETRACTED: The weapons effect

In some societies, weapons are plentiful and highly visible. This review examines recent trends in research on the weapons effect, which is the finding that the mere presence of weapons can prime people to behave aggressively. The General Aggression Model provides a theoretical framework to explain why the weapons effect occurs. This model postulates that exposure to weapons increases aggressive thoughts and hostile appraisals, thus explaining why weapons facilitate aggressive behavior. Data from meta-analytic reviews are consistent with the General Aggression Model. These findings have important practical as well as theoretical implications. They suggest that the link between weapons and aggression is very strong in semantic memory, and that merely seeing a weapon can make people more aggressive.

Geographies of U.S. Police Militarization and the Role of the 1033 Program

Concerns about police militarization have become an important public policy issue since the aggressive police response to the 2014 protests in Ferguson, Missouri, where police officers used military-style equipment to confront protestors. This event was a stark visual reminder that many U.S. police departments have used federal programs to acquire surplus military equipment, including weapons, armored vehicles, and body armor. We explore the geographies and histories of one the most important programs, called 1033, which supplies police with military equipment under the rationale of prosecuting the War on Drugs. We show that the legal blurring of the police and the military has been ongoing for decades at the national scale but this has resulted in an uneven landscape of police militarization at the county scale. We also investigate one of the most common global arguments for why police become militarized, which is the presence of Special Weapons and Tactics-style paramilitary teams, finding little support for that claim. More geographic inquiry is needed to understand the trajectories, causes, and consequences of police militarization.

Mitochondria apoptosis pathway synergistically activated by hierarchical targeted nanoparticles co-delivering siRNA and lonidamine

The mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway is an effective option for cancer therapy due to the presence of cell-suicide weapons in mitochondria. However, anti-apoptotic proteins that are over-expressed in the mitochondria of many malignant tumors, such as Bcl-2 protein, could allow the cancer cells to evade apoptosis, greatly reducing the efficacy of this type of chemotherapy. Here, we constructed a hierarchical targeted delivery system that can deliver siRNA and chemotherapeutic agents sequentially to tumor cells and mitochondria. In detail, the copolymer TPP-CP-LND (TCPL) was synthesized by the mitochondria-targeting ligand triphenylphosphine (TPP) and therapeutic drug lonidamine (LND) conjugated to the polyethyleneimine in chitosan-graft-PEI (CP), and then complexed with siRNA. Followed, the complexes were coated with poly(acrylic acid)-polyethylene glycol-folic acid (PPF) copolymer to form a hierarchical targeted co-delivery system (TCPL/siRNA/PPF NPs). The TCPL/siRNA/PPF NPs had a neutral surface charge, were stable in plasma and exhibited pH-responsive shell separation. Remarkably, the TCPL/siRNA/PPF NPs simultaneously released siBcl-2 into the cytoplasm and delivered LND to mitochondria in the same cancer cell after FA-directed internalization, and even synergistically activated mitochondria apoptosis pathway. This work demonstrated the potential of RNA-interference and mitochondria-targeted chemotherapeutics to collaboratively stimulate the mitochondria apoptosis pathway for cancer therapy.

AIRLINE PASSENGERS’ SCREENING: AN APPRAISAL FROM THE ISLAMIC LAW PERSPECTIVE

The alarming rate of aviation offences such as the offence of aircraft hijacking in the 21st century warrants the need to adopt various preventive and suppressive measures to prevent these offences. The current method to prevent and suppress these offences is to subject every passenger to screening of their body and baggage through the imaging technologies and physical searching called “pat down”, the purpose of which is to detect the presence of weapons, explosives and other dangerous materials that will aid the commission of any of these offences. As a sequel to the adoption of these methods, many queries have been raised especially from the human rights activists who argue that the so-called imaging technologies intrude on the fundamental human rights of passengers. While some passengers support the argument of the activists, others are in support of the aviation security practitioners. The question therefore is: what is the position of Islamic law on the screening of airline passengers using imaging technology? The present article intends to answer this question.

CROSSING SYMBOLIC DISTANCES IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE SPACE

This paper shows how an apparently abstract, ideologically loaded, evaluative rhetoric can be applied, legitimization-wise, to compensate for diminishing effects of fear appeal rhetoric based on material premises. The paper draws on proximization theory, which accounts for the construal of relations between entities within the Discourse Space (DS), esp. the shifts whereby the peripheral elements of the DS get construed as the central ones. Proximization recognizes the fundamental role of spatial cognition in constructing discursive representations of processes, attitudes and values in relation to the deictic center of the speaker. It focuses on spatially and axiologically grounded rhetorical choices, defining their interplay in temporally extensive discourses. Proximization is thus ideally suited to explain complex phenomena of evaluative rhetoric in interventionist macro-discourse, especially the mechanism whereby axiological argument compensates for spatially grounded discourse patterns which over time lose their rhetorical force. The analysis of the US 2003-2004 rhetoric of the Iraq war demonstrates how ‘axiological proximization’ maintains legitimization after other legitimization strategies involving strong fear appeals have become ineffective. Specifically, it reveals how the US redefined the case for the war in ideological terms following loss of the original premise (the alleged presence of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq).

Social selection and the evolution of a female weapon in queens of the antMessor pergandei(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The evolution of weaponry occurs less frequently in females than in males and is most often important for protecting ecological resources or offspring rather than winning mates. The purpose of female weapons is often confounded by the presence of similar weapons in males, so cases where only females need weapons provide important tests of our understanding of how and why weapons evolve. In some populations of the ant, Messor pergandei (Mayr), newly mated queens initiate new nests in social groups that subsequently break down when queens engage in battles for control. The incipient social environment differs geographically, so that lethal fighting occurs in some populations but not others. Consistent with the hypothesis that queens in populations where lethal fighting occurs should show selection for weaponry (broad heads and strong mandibles), we found that heads of queens from sites where lethal fighting occurs were broader than those at sites with non-fighting queens and a site with solitary queens. Evolution of weaponry is specific to queens, because regression results from workers often did not follow this pattern.

Gun Violence Trends in Movies

Many scientific studies have shown that the mere presence of guns can increase aggression, an effect dubbed the "weapons effect." The current research examines a potential source of the weapons effect: guns depicted in top-selling films. Trained coders identified the presence of violence in each 5-minute film segment for one-half of the top 30 films since 1950 and the presence of guns in violent segments since 1985, the first full year the PG-13 rating (age 13+) was used. PG-13-rated films are among the top-selling films and are especially attractive to youth. Results found that violence in films has more than doubled since 1950, and gun violence in PG-13-rated films has more than tripled since 1985. When the PG-13 rating was introduced, these films contained about as much gun violence as G (general audiences) and PG (parental guidance suggested for young children) films. Since 2009, PG-13-rated films have contained as much or more violence as R-rated films (age 17+) films. Even if youth do not use guns, these findings suggest that they are exposed to increasing gun violence in top-selling films. By including guns in violent scenes, film producers may be strengthening the weapons effect and providing youth with scripts for using guns. These findings are concerning because many scientific studies have shown that violent films can increase aggression. Violent films are also now easily accessible to youth (e.g., on the Internet and cable). This research suggests that the presence of weapons in films might amplify the effects of violent films on aggression.

Effects of Situational Cues on Aggressive Behavior

AbstractNumerous situational factors are known to increase the likelihood that a person will behave aggressively. The current review addresses what is currently understood about the relationship between three theoretically relevant situational variables (the presence of weapons, alcohol cues, and exposure to media violence) and aggressive behavior. Theoretical models of aggression generally propose heightened accessibility of aggressive cognitions (i.e., priming) as a common mechanism to explain effects of these variables on aggression but differ in terms of factors that modulate whether and how activated mental content will influence behavior. Here, we discuss these factors and suggest ways in which models of priming might be integrated. We also underscore that, although aggression has been the focus of considerable research for decades, much more research is needed to better understand the psychological and biological processes that mediate effects of situational cues on aggression in humans.

Logistical Concerns for Helicopter Emergency Medical Services Response to the Injured Police Officer

IntroductionAlthough infrequent, helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) have been activated to transport police officers injured in the line of duty. The purpose of this study was to query current industry operating procedures in terms of law enforcement training and operations, specifically in terms of firearms restrictions and cotransport of injured officers and suspects. MethodsThis is a survey-based study of air medical emergency medical services program managers in 2010. Descriptive statistics and the Fisher exact test were used to analyze the results. ResultsFifty-eight programs (78.4%) reported transporting officers injured in the line of duty. Sixty-three respondents (85.1%) maintained a written policy addressing the presence of weapons aboard the aircraft; 58.8% of respondents replied that this restriction applied to sworn law enforcement personnel on active duty. Nearly a quarter of programs with written firearms policies have not informed the law enforcement agencies affected by these policies. Two programs reported having cotransported an injured officer and a suspect. ConclusionHEMS will continue to play an important role in the care and transportation of injured officers. HEMS programs may have specific policies that impact law enforcement operations. Open communication of these policies and interagency training are critical to effective interaction during high-stress incidents.

Examining relationship between nuclear proliferation and civilian nuclear power development

This paper attempts to examine the relationship between nuclear weapons proliferation and civilian nuclear power development based on the history of Atoms for Peace Initiative. To investigate the relationship, a database was established by compiling information on a country's civilian nuclear power development and various national capabilities and situational factors. The results of correlation analysis indicated that the initial motivation to develop civilian nuclear power could be mostly dual purpose. However, for a civilian nuclear power program to be ultimately successful, the study finds the role of nuclear nonproliferation very important. The analysis indicated that the presence of nuclear weapons in a country and serious interest in nuclear weapons have a negative effect on the civilian nuclear power program. The study showed the importance of state level commitment to nuclear nonproliferation for the success of civilian nuclear power development. NPT ratification and IAEA safeguards were very important factors in the success of civilian nuclear power development. In addition, for a country's civilian nuclear power development to be successful, the country needs to possess strong economic capability and be well connected to the world economic market through international trade. Mature level of democracy and presence of nuclear technological capabilities were also found to be important for the success of civilian nuclear power program.

How and why the Cold War became a long peace: Some statistical insights

A data-based analysis of how and why the long peace of the Cold War occurred. The analysis tests a proposition originally suggested by Senese and Vasquez (2008) that alliance polarization played an important role in producing the long peace, because in the 1816–1945 and post-Cold War periods, both sides having outside alliances was positively associated with the escalation of a militarized interstate dispute (MID) to war and in the Cold War it was negatively related. New hypotheses are derived to test this claim. Tests of two hypotheses support the claim that alliance polarization played a key role in the long peace, even when controlling for the presence of nuclear weapons.

Misinformation can influence memory for recently experienced, highly stressful events

A large body of research has demonstrated that exposure to misinformation can lead to distortions in human memory for genuinely experienced objects or people. The current study examined whether misinformation could affect memory for a recently experienced, personally relevant, highly stressful event. In the present study we assessed the impact of misinformation on memory in over 800 military personnel confined in the stressful, mock POW camp phase of Survival School training. Misinformation introduced after the negatively affected memory for the details of the event (such as the presence of glasses or weapons), and also affected the accuracy of identification of an aggressive interrogator. In some conditions more than half of the subjects exposed to a misleading photograph falsely identified a different individual as their interrogator after the interrogation was over. These findings demonstrate that memories for stressful events are highly vulnerable to modification by exposure to misinformation, even in individuals whose level of training and experience might be thought to render them relatively immune to such influences.

Can China and India Rise Peacefully?

This article provides a brief overview of the theoretical literature on the rise of China, and then explores the implications of the rise of China for the U.S.- China rivalry. It then describes sources of underlying tensions in the Sino-Indian relationship. China and India are not only engaged in a competition for power and influence in Asia, but they are also locked in a particularly contentious border dispute. The authors then argue that economic interdependence may not be enough to offset the sources of conflict in the Sino-Indian rivalry. This holds true in spite of the presence of nuclear weapons by both sides in this dyad. Therefore, a limited conventional war remains a distinct possibility even though it is by no means inevitable.