Presence Of Vaccination Research Articles

Public opinion and practice towards COVID-19 pandemic in Libya

Introduction: World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic, and like any global health crisis at its beginning, need a commitment to take the necessary precautions due to its spread among people before and during the presence of vaccine or drug. This study aims to assess public opinion and practice of Libyan community in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional online study was conducted among Libyans between Sep. 15th, and Oct. 29th, 2020 using a developed-design questionnaire consisting of 23 questions assessing the aim of the study. 2305, who agreed to participate, was involved in the present study. Results: The response rate of Libyan regions, the west, east, middle and south areas, was 80.0%, 8.7%, 10.0 % and 1.3%, respectively. The majority were female (63.1%), with mostly in the 20-50 years’ age group (86.6%). The high level of education was university graduate (71.3%). The opinion average rate of participants was 33.2 % disagree and 26.4 % strongly disagree towards ban measures issued by authorities. Findings reveal good practice of applying preventive measures (always, an average rate of 35.1%). The relationship between opinion score and the participant’s demographic data show highly significant difference with the educational level (P = 0.002), but no differences found with residence (P = 0.183), with age (P = 0.212), and with gender (P = 0.313). With regard to the practice score, a significant difference was existed with gender (P = 0.029), age (P = 0.000), level of education (P = 0.013) and residence (P = 0.000). Conclusions: Libyan people has an acceptable level of awareness and opinion in applying the necessary precautionary measures towards COVID-19 pandemic, where prevention practices are influenced by level of education, residence, age and gender.

Dynamic analysis of competition model between SARS-CoV-2 virus and immune system with vaccination

The competition model of the COVID-19 virus and effector cells without and with vaccination is a two-cell interaction model that takes the form of a non-linear system of differential equations. The presence of vaccination may affect the behavior of the number of both cell populations. Based on the above problems, this study aims to analyze the stability of the equilibrium point of the differential equation model system and determine the dynamics of effector cells by the COVID-19 virus without and with vaccination.

COVID-19: economic aspects of influenza vaccine prevention

Relevance. A viral pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has led to the development of a new coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the mobilization of all available health system resources. There are separate publications on reducing the risk of developing coronavirus infection in people vaccinated against influenza. Objective: to study the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the conditions of the» first « wave of COVID-19. Materials and methods. The archival data of 2,452 people from among the sick employees of JSC «Russian Railways» were analyzed. The control group consisted of 2,911 employees who were not infected with COVID-19, comparable by gender, age and territory of residence. Scores on the Charlson comorbidity scale were calculated for all individuals. The pharmacoeconomical cost of the patient’s treatment was predicted using the Markov model. Results. Having a flu shot reduced the likelihood of getting COVID-19 by 1.3 times. In the presence of a diagnosis of coronavirus infection, inpatient treatment for influenza vaccinated patients was required 2 times less often than for unvaccinated patients. Compared to the situation of the absence of vaccinated persons, in the «first wave», the estimated cost savings for the treatment of patients with coronavirus infection amounted to 124 million rubles. When the number of points on the comorbidity scale increased from 1 to 8, the average cost of treatment of patients without previous influenza vaccination increased by 2 times, and in the presence of vaccination, the average cost of treatment increased by 1.7 times. Conclusion. Thus, this study shows that influenza vaccination is cost-effective against COVID-19. The effect is achieved by reducing the likelihood of getting a coronavirus infection in the presence of a flu shot.

Beyond the new normal: Assessing the feasibility of vaccine-based suppression of SARS-CoV-2.

As the COVID-19 pandemic drags into its second year, there is hope on the horizon, in the form of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines which promise disease suppression and a return to pre-pandemic normalcy. In this study we critically examine the basis for that hope, using an epidemiological modeling framework to establish the link between vaccine characteristics and effectiveness in bringing an end to this unprecedented public health crisis. Our findings suggest that a return to pre-pandemic social and economic conditions without fully suppressing SARS-CoV-2 will lead to extensive viral spread, resulting in a high disease burden even in the presence of vaccines that reduce risk of infection and mortality. Our modeling points to the feasibility of complete SARS-CoV-2 suppression with high population-level compliance and vaccines that are highly effective at reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, vaccine-mediated reduction of transmission is critical for viral suppression, and in order for partially-effective vaccines to play a positive role in SARS-CoV-2 suppression, complementary biomedical interventions and public health measures must be deployed simultaneously.

Sensitivity and Chaotic Dynamics of an Eco-Epidemiological System with Vaccination and Migration in Prey

A four-dimensional eco-epidemiological system is formulated consisting of susceptible prey, infected prey, vaccinated prey and predator. Mathematically, boundedness of the solutions of the proposed system, and the conditions on existence and stability of equilibrium points are discussed. The basic reproduction number $$\mathcal {R}_0$$ for the system is computed. The effect of death rate of infected prey is analyzed by considering it as bifurcation parameter in transcritical bifurcation. Adoption of vaccination helps to control future disease, and emigration leads for reduction in number of infected prey. Some numerical examples are carried out to substantiate our theoretical findings. The effect of migration is discussed by considering the cases of emigration and immigration. The sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to the migrating terms. The system is found to be chaotic (hyperchaotic) by evaluating Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov dimension. Our main objective of this work is to balance the prey–predator relationship in the presence of vaccination, infection and migration in prey.

Vaccination through time: from the first smallpox vaccine to current vaccination campaigns against the COVID-19 pandemic.

The systematic study of the evolution of the concept of vaccination constitutes a fascinating journey through time and the scientific development of effective and safe vaccines against infectious diseases is one of the greatest achievements in the history of medicine. In the western world vaccination dates back to the eighteenth century, a period in which smallpox was a diffused and often lethal disorder, and in many countries attempts at the prevention of such a medical and social threat were conducted. The English surgeon Edward Jenner (1749-1823) is commonly considered the discoverer of the vaccination for smallpox. Moving from remote history to recent periods, the ongoing 2019-2021 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a tremendous challenge to the health systems of the countries involved. It has triggered all over the world the rapid development of several effective vaccines, never before prepared in such a brief span of time. It must be acknowledged that modern vaccinology as a science stands at the crossroads of multiple medical specialties and scientific disciplines. In turn, twentieth century explosive progress in the field of vaccination has triggered the development of other important medical areas, from immunopathology to infectious diseases therapy, and from prevention to anti-cancer treatment. Nowadays, effective and diffused control of infectious diseases cannot be done without vaccines, as the COVID-19 pandemic has once again demonstrated, and the role of well structured vaccine programs and of capillary and systematic vaccine campaigns has become central for the health of entire populations all over the world. (www.actabiomedica.it)

A fractional order model for the transmission dynamics of hepatitis B virus with two-age structure in the presence of vaccination

In this study, we proposed a fractional order model of hepatitis B virus transmission dynamics with two-age structure under vaccination. A qualitative analysis of the model is performed. Basic reproduction number of the model is determined. Local stability conditions of disease-free equilibrium point are proven by using fractional Ruth-Hurwitz conditions. Global stability conditions of both disease-free and endemic equilibrium points are shown by constructing appropriate Lyapunov functions. Sensitivity analysis was done by using normalized forward sensitivity index approach. Numerical simulation is performed to investigate the effect of memory on hepatitis B disease dynamics by varying order of derivatives and to simulate the effects of vaccinating newborns immediately after birth, vaccinating children and adult vaccination. Then, we compared their effects on hepatitis B disease dynamics in the sense of control and elimination. It is observed that the number of infective individuals decreases faster and even falls to zero over a long run for the model with memory than memory-less model. Comparing results between vaccination of different ages show that increasing newborn vaccination immediately after birth has the highest effect on hepatitis B disease control.

The knowledge of medical and dental college students about covid-19 in Baghdad, Iraq

This study investigated the knowledge of Medical and dental students toward COVID-19 during the pandemic. The study will also identify the relation of certain demographic characteristics with knowledge of COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the students attending Medical college/Tikrit University and Dentistry College/Al-Iraqia University, from 1st April2020 to 1st May 2020. Data were collected online, via a self-reported questionnaire. Then the information was gathered and analyzed. The study showed that (97%) knowing about seriousness, (99%) about the causative agent, and (94%) about the clinical feature of COVID-19 correct knowledge. Most of the study sample knew the common methods of transmission of COVID-19 disease (respiratory droplets (94.2%), Direct contact (90.6%) while only (78.4%) reply that the food was not a method of transmission of the disease. The answers were regarding the correct knowledge about preventive and control measure as followings (isolation and physical distances (100%), washing hands with soap for at least 60 seconds (99.1%, using mask for mouth and nose (94.5%), using alcohol for disinfection (91.7%) but knowing about the presence of vaccination and antibiotics for the disease only979.8% for vaccination, and (70.7%) reply that there are no vaccination and antibiotics for the disease till now. Most Medical and dental students were having very good knowledge about COVID-19 virus disease, (causes, clinical features, mode of transmission, the seriousness and prevention methods of COVID-19 disease.

Vaccination Decisions as a Perpetual Compulsory Democratic Programme for Society and Individuals

Infectious agents, which can spread rapidly within large groups of people, have always been a threat to human health. Hygieneand vaccination measures have played a crucial role in reducing diseases on a large scale. Globally, however, infectious diseases continue to affect the differences in life expectancy between the populations of different countries. In societies with a high standard of living and well-trained health care systems, the threat posed by infectious diseases has been comprehensively suppressed through successes in prevention. This can lead to individuals deciding against immunization because they do not perceive an individual threat from the disease. Global pandemics such as HIV and currently SARS-CoV-2, make it clear however, that many infectious diseases cannot be regulated without the presence of vaccines, or can only be regulated by accepting considerable consequences for society. A single vaccination protects the individual; high vaccination rates protect the population as a whole and particularly those at risk. Vaccination decisions must, therefore, be made on the basis of a public consensus-oriented discussion. Against this background, the vaccination idea should be a permanent part of educational canons.

Modelling the Use of Vaccine and Wolbachia on Dengue Transmission Dynamics.

The use of vaccine and Wolbachia has been proposed as strategies against dengue. Research showed that the Wolbachia intervention is highly effective in areas with low to moderate transmission levels. On the other hand, the use of vaccine is strongly effective when it is implemented on seropositive individuals and areas with high transmission levels. The question that arises is could the combination of both strategies result in higher reduction in the number of dengue cases? This paper seeks to answer the aforementioned question by the use of a mathematical model. A deterministic model in the presence of vaccine and Wolbachia has been developed and analysed. Numerical simulations were presented and public health implications were discussed. The results showed that the performance of Wolbachia in reducing the number of dengue cases is better than that of vaccination if the vaccine efficacy is low, otherwise, the use of vaccine is sufficient to reduce dengue incidence and hence the combination of Wolbachia and vaccine is not necessary.

Influenza vaccine and cardiac protection: a study from a tertiary care center

ABSTRACT Patients with heart disease (HD) are at increased risk of developing cardiac complications if they acquire the influenza virus. The objective of this study was to determine whether the influenza vaccine has a primary role in preventing newly diagnosed HD in patients who have no history of HD and who were being followed up at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC). The study is a retrospective cohort, with 2-years follow up, which was conducted using electronic medical records between the years of 2011–2013 in a tertiary care center. All patients 60 years and older (n = 698) who have taken the flu vaccine were randomly selected from the University Health Service records (UHS) and compared to a group who has not taken the flu vaccine during the same period. The odds of developing HD among vaccinated people with cofactors are 0.97 times the odds of that among non-vaccinated. This odds ratio is not significantly different than that of people vaccinated without cofactors (OR = 1.74). The occurrence of HD in the presence of vaccination revealed a non-significant decrease trend with the increase in a number of risk factors (OR = 1.61 vs 0.97). Our results suggest that there was a non-significant difference between the effect of the vaccine for influenza on patients who had cofactors for HD and those who had not. Similarly, the effect of vaccine showed a non-significant increase in protective effect as the number of comorbidities increase. The potential effects of the vaccine may be related to the protection against flu.

Modelling cervical cancer due to human papillomavirus infection in the presence of vaccination

Modelling cervical cancer due to human papillomavirus infection in the presence of vaccination

A mathematical and numerical analysis of a compartmental model for a single strain dengue epidemic in the presence of vaccination

Dengue disease has presently emerged as an alarming public health concern of mounting significance with the unprecedented number of cases reported worldwide annually, especially from the tropics and subtropics. It is currently considered as the most critical vector borne viral disease in the world due to the acute health, social and economic issues that it causes in the endemic countries. Further, human mobility, climate change, rapid urbanization and public unawareness have led to a substantial dissemination of dengue in new geographical settings with explosive outbreaks. Also, the disease burden has aggravated due to the unavailability of specific clinical therapeutics and effective vaccines for the dengue disease. In such a context, this paper intends to investigate the dynamics of dengue disease in the presence of hypothetical vaccination strategies. Thus, we use a classical compartmental model with mathematical and numerical analyses in order to emphasize the importance of vaccination as an effective measure of disease control. We are hence of the belief that this paper will be a source of motivation for the medical scientists involved in the development of vaccine candidates for the dengue disease.

Complex dynamics of an epidemic model with vaccination and treatment controls

This paper describes the dynamical behavior of an epidemic model in the presence of vaccination and treatment controls. In the first part of our analysis we study both the local as well as global dynamics of the deterministic model. Next in the second part of our analysis we modify the model with an additional perturbation around the endemic equilibrium and study the asymptotically mean square stability of the modified system. Some numerical simulations are carried out on both the deterministic and the modified models to support our analytical results.

Modelling of Infectious Disease in Presence of Vaccination and Delay

The Mathematical modelling of infectious disease is very important for public health management. Since the vaccinated individuals (immune class) are protected from infection for a time interval but not forever, they may be converted into susceptible with a specific rate. Again the infected individuals take some times to become infectious, call this time delay or latent period. Here two SIR models are taken into consideration for analysis where the newly entered individuals have been vaccinated with specific rate and the vaccinated individuals are taken as immune class, one model in absence of delay and other in presence of delay. The analysis of the two models show that if vaccination is administered to the newly entering individuals then the system will be asymptotically stable in both cases depending on certain conditions. The number of susceptible will increase more rapidly in presence of delay compare to the absence of delay. In both models the disease free equilibrium point will be asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number less than one and the endemic equilibrium point will be asymptotically stable when basic reproduction number greater than one.

The fallacy of coverage: uncovering disparities to improve immunization rates through evidence. Results from the Canadian International Immunization Initiative Phase 2 - Operational Research Grants

Immunization can and does save lives. However, the presence of vaccines does not easily translate into every child being vaccinated, and this is what the studies in this journal supplement reveal. From South Asia to West Africa,the evidence presented here reveals what we are calling the fallacy of coverage, going beyond uncovering the real vaccination rates to providing evidence on the reasons for the lack of effective coverage.The evidence for the fallacy of coverage is part of an operational research program entitled the Canadian International Immunization Initiative Phase 2 (CIII2). Through a competitive peer review process, six research grants were awarded to increase access to and enhance immunization services. This journal supplement provides a forum for the presentation of the results of five of the six studies.The story of the fallacy of coverage is made up of five theme areas of evidence - timeliness of immunization, social and gender inequities, vaccine efficacy, understanding demand side issues to tailor interventions, and national data sets masking actual district level coverage rates - that reveal the discrepancies in immunization coverage rates and the reasons behind these discrepancies. As part of the story, and to turn around the fallacy of coverage, the studies also provide proof of effective and locally relevant solutions.Policies and funding, while keeping an eye on future diseases, clearly need to maintain and increase support to address existing vaccine-preventable diseases to increase coverage such that by 2015 we can achieve 90% national vaccination coverage and reach the MDG of reducing mortality rates among children under five by two-thirds.The results from the operational research grants of the CIII2 offer some answers on how to reach this goal by demonstrating how locally generated evidence can inform immunization strategies to ensure that children who need to get vaccinated will get vaccinated, and vaccinated on time.

Basic mathematical models for the temporal dynamics of HAV in medium-endemicity Italian areas

In some Southern Italy areas Hepatitis A still represents a serious public health issue. In 1996 a big epidemics in Puglia led that region to adopt a mass vaccination programme. In this paper a basic mathematical model for the temporal trends of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) in Southern Italy is proposed and investigated. The model includes the main distinctive features of HAV in Southern Italy, i.e. multiplicity of exposure factors, and periodic forcing caused by yearly patterns of seafood consumption. The analysis illustrates the role played by the risk factors on equilibria, stability, and the period of HAV oscillations, both natural and in presence of vaccination. The model also fits well temporal trends of HAV in Southern Italy, suggesting that it is a good starting point for more structured modelling.

Analysis of Anthrax and Plague Biowarfare Vaccine Interactions with Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

The anti-biowarfare anthrax and plague vaccines require repeated dosing to achieve adequate protection. To test the hypothesis that this limited immunogenicity results from the nature of vaccine interactions with the host innate immune system, we investigated molecular and cellular interactions between vaccines, dendritic cells (DCs), and T cells and explored the potential for adjuvants (pertussis) to boost induction of host immunity. Human monocyte-derived DCs were matured in the presence of vaccines and analyzed for their ability to induce Th1/Th2 development from naive T cells, expression of cell surface maturation/costimulation molecules, and cytokine production. The vaccines showed different behavior patterns. Although the plague vaccine is equivalent to control maturation factors in maturation and stimulation of DCs and induces strong MLR and Th outgrowth, the anthrax vaccine is a poor inducer of DC maturation, as indicated by low levels of HLA-DR, CD86, and CD83 induction and minimal proinflammatory cytokine production. Interestingly, however, anthrax vaccine-treated DCs stimulate Th1 and Th2 outgrowth and a limited MLR response. There was no sustained negative modulatory effects of the anthrax vaccine on DCs, and its limited stimulatory effects could be overridden by coculture with pertussis. These results were supported by analysis of anthrax vaccine recall responses in subjects vaccinated using pertussis as an adjuvant, who demonstrate anthrax-specific effector T cell responses. These data show that the anthrax vaccine is a suboptimal DC stimulus that may in part explain the observation that it requires repeated administration in vivo and offer a rational basis for the use of complementary DC-maturing adjuvants in combined immunotherapy.

Global stability of an age-structured SIRS epidemic model with vaccination

This paper focuses on the study of an age-structured SIRS epidemicmodel with a vaccination program. We first give the explicitexpression of the reproductive number $ \mathcal{R}(\psi) $ in the presence of vaccine, and show that the infection-free steady state is locally asymptotically stable if $ \mathcal{R}(\psi)1 $. Second, we prove that the infection-free state is globally stable if the basic reproductive number $ \mathcal{R}_0 1 $.

Global stability of an age-structure model for TB and its applications to optimal vaccination strategies.

This article focuses on the study of an age-structure model for the disease transmission dynamics of tuberculosis in populations that are subjected to a vaccination program. We first show that the infection-free steady state is globally stable if the basic reproductive number R0 is below one, and that an endemic steady state exists when the reproductive number in the presence of vaccine is above one. We then apply the theoretical results to vaccination policies to determine the optimal age or ages at which an individual should be vaccinated. It is shown that the optimal strategies can be either one- or two-age strategies.