Presence Of Triazole Research Articles

Interactions of triazole terconazole with copper and zinc cations

Terconazole is one of the triazole derivatives with an antifungal effect. It is used locally to treat vaginal yeast infections. Terconazole could interact with copper cations in the vagina or uterus of women who use an intrauterine device releasing copper cations. Other triazole derivatives in complexes with copper cations differ in their properties like toxicity or mobility. Cu2+ can be reduced in the presence of triazoles, which can lead to a Fenton-like reaction and the production of free radicals. Thus, the Cu2+/Cu+ terconazole system can be potentially dangerous. Stoichiometry, fragmentation, and stability of forming complexes were studied with tandem mass spectrometry. The Cu2+/Cu+ terconazole system was measured within the pH range of 4.0–7.2, with a concentration ratio of CuCl2 and terconazole 1:5 to 20:1, with water and ethanol as solvents (1:1). The achieved results suggest that terconazole is partially oxidized in the Cu2+/terconazole system and that this oxidation depends on the pH of a solution. Apart from the oxidized and protonated terconazole, other detected ions and complexes were not significantly affected by pH. The detection of complexes containing Cu+ is alarming because this could correspond to the occurrence of a Fenton-like reaction.Graphical abstract

Eco-friendly synthesis, characterization, in-silico ADMET and molecular docking analysis of novel carbazole derivatives as antibacterial and antifungal agents

In search of novel biologically potent compounds, three novel organic molecules have been synthesized. The structures of the prepared compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis and 1H/13C NMR. The antimicrobial activity of this novel series of molecules was carried out against four bacterial and four fungal strains using the well diffusion method. The obtained results exhibited a high antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to that of streptomycin and Fluconazole (standard antibiotics). The presence of triazole in the DC3 compound increases the antibacterial activity against the selected strains compared to DC1 (dimethyl pyrazole) and DC2 (pyrazole). In silico ADME prediction shows that DC3 has a slightly better pharmacokinetic and druglikiness profile than DC1 and DC2. Otherwise, they might still be considered good drug candidates. Molecular docking investigations were also completed to explore the binding affinities and also the interactions of the examined molecules with the target proteins.

Transformation pathways and toxicity assessments of two triazole pesticides elimination by gamma irradiation in aqueous solution

The presence of triazoles in the environment has received increasing attention due to their potential adverse effects on human and ecosystem health. Nevertheless, triazoles are weakly sunlight and cannot be effectively removed by solar radiation. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including gamma irradiation, present an alternative technology for removing these pesticides from contaminated water. In this study, the degradation of two triazole pesticides (Myclobutanil and Penconazole) in aqueous solution was studied by gamma irradiation. Different factors such as irradiation dose, pH, radical scavenger and natural organic matter were examined for their effects on the removal of these triazoles. A kinetic study was performed and the by-products were identified by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The results showed that the degradation process of the target molecules was of pseudo-first order and the elimination reached at least 90% at an absorbed dose of 575 Gy and 460 Gy for Myclobutanil and Penconazole, respectively. The percentage of elimination increased with dose and the degradation process was accelerated under neutral conditions. Humic acid showed a negative influence on the degradation efficiency, which decreased from 100% to 40.67% for Myclobutanil and to 50% for Penconazole at a dose of 1.2 kGy when the humic acid concentration was 20 mg.L−1. Five degradation products were identified for Myclobutanil and ten for Penconazole and most of the degradation by-products were formed by hydroxylation. To check the impact of these by-products, a toxicity study was conducted on Wistar rats and no increase in toxicity was observed. The mineralization of both pesticides by gamma irradiation was studied using 1HNMR analysis and results confirm that both molecules were completely mineralized at 1.2 kGy. According to the overall analysis, the radiolysis process seems to be an alternative to remove triazoles from contaminated waters.

The Effect of Posaconazole, Itraconazole and Voriconazole in the Culture Medium on Aspergillus fumigatus Triazole Resistance

Triazoles are the only compounds used as antibiotics in both medicine and agriculture. The presence of triazoles in the environment can contribute to the acquisition of azole resistance among isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of A. fumigatus exposure to triazoles on susceptibility to these compounds. Seventeen triazole-resistant and 21 triazole-sensitive A. fumigatus isolates were examined. The isolates were transferred 20 times on the Sabouraud medium supplemented with posaconazole, itraconazole or voriconazole, followed by five times on the medium not supplemented. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimycotics were examined according to the EUCAST broth microdilution method after the 20th transfer and also the 25th transfer. In addition, the expression levels of genes mdr1, mdr2, mdr3, atrF, cyp51A and cyp51B were determined. Cultivation of A. fumigatus on media supplemented with posaconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole resulted in the acquisition of resistance to the tested triazoles of all examined isolates. After recultivation on Sabouraud without azoles, most of the isolates lost their acquired resistance. The long-term use of triazole compounds in agriculture may result in the occurrence of triazole resistant A. fumigatus isolates in the environment, not only by induction or selection of mutations in the cyp51A gene, but also by contribution to changes in the gene expression.

Computer-aided virtual screening of Telmisartan analogues as possible CDK cell cycle inhibitors

Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) act as potential therapeutic targets in cancer disease and automated docking was performed on a set of 144 Telmisartan analogues containing imidazole rings which are reported as angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Molecular docking analysis of CDKs 2, 4 and 5 resulted in better binding affinities within the active site region of each CDK. Compounds 122 and 121 are selective towards CDK2 and CDK4 inhibitions, whereas compounds 131, 133 and 134 were found to be selective towards CDK4 and CDK5 inhibitions. Compound 27 was found to be highly selective towards CDK2 with binding affinity of −201.547 kcal/mol when compared with dock scores of CDK4 and CDK5 (−195.687 and −170.421 kcal/mol). On the basis of geometric orientation of docked poses within active sites of CDKs, it was observed that the presence of triazole and tetrazole groups on these compounds is responsible for better inhibitory activities.

Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated polymers containing triazoles as low-humidity proton exchange membranes

A series of copolymers, sulfonated poly (aryl ether ketone sulfones) containing triazoles (SPAEKST), were synthesized by direct polycondensation reactions. The content of sulfonic acid and triazole groups was controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of feeding. The structures of triazole monomer and SPAEKST copolymers were confirmed by their 1H NMR and FTIR spectral analyses. The performance of membranes such as thermal and oxidative stabilities was clearly improved with increasing content of triazole groups. The morphology of SPAEKST membranes was investigated by TEM analyses, and the results indicate that the sulfonic acid groups were dispersed evenly. No clear phase separation was observed. The contact angle tests showed that the presence of triazoles clearly improved the hydrophilicity of membranes. The water desorption curves showed that the water retention of membranes increased with increasing content of triazole groups. The proton conduction of membranes exhibited a low dependence on relative humidity. At 80 °C, the proton conductivity of SPAEKST-30 % reached to 1.1 mScm−1 under 20 % RH.

Synthesis of triazole dendrimers with a dimethyl isophthalate surface group and their application to dye-sensitized solar cells

Dendritic architectures with 1,2,3-triazole as the building unit and dimethyl isophthalate as the surface group are synthesized through a convergent approach employing click chemistry and tested for their application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The studies revealed that the presence of triazole and isophthalate groups in dendritic structures significantly altered the absorption, electrochemical and DSSC behaviors. In DSSCs, the dendritic structures exhibited higher Voc values and higher power conversion efficiency (η) in the I−/I3− redox couple under simulated conditions at 40 mW cm−2.