Presence Of Tics Research Articles

Microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of in-situ TiC/TC4 composites through Mo addition

To further improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the composites, in-situ TiC/TC4-xMo composites were fabricated. The effect of Mo content on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of the composites was investigated. The results show that with the increase of Mo content, the amount of β-Ti phase and the size of the TiC particle increase. The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the composites can be significantly enhanced through Mo addition. The TiC/TC4 composites containing 10 wt% Mo exhibits superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Grain refinement, load transfer, and solid solution strengthening are the main strengthening mechanisms for improving the strength of composites. In addition, the increase of the β-Ti content, the presence of TiC, and the solid solution of Mo elements contribute to enhancing the corrosion resistance of the composites.

Tic disorders in children as polyethological nosology

Tic disorders (TR) occupies one of the leading places among neurological diseases of childhood. Recently, educators, medical psychologists, social workers and psychiatrists are increasingly faced with the problem of tic disorders in children, defining them as states of nervous development characterized by the presence of tics and related behavioral problems. Modern neurology, psychiatry and medical psychology need to update both the therapeutic and diagnostic aspects of tic disorders. This article presents an overview of the current literature on the problem of tic disorders in children, as well as methods of their correction. The analysis of the literature actualizes the polymodal approach, taking into account possible etiological predicates of the development of the disease.

The Struggle of a Person with Tourette Syndrome for Being a Teacher as Seen in “Front of The Class” Movie by Peter Werner


 
 
 
 
 This study analyze the struggle of a Person with Tourette syndrome for being a teacher in “Front of The Class” movie by Peter Werner. The aims of this research are to identify the characteristics of a Person with Tourette syndrome and the kinds of struggle used by a Person with Tourette syndrome as seen in ―Front of The Class‖ movie by Peter Werner. This research also used James Leckman et al, American Psychiatric Association and Stephen Harrison theory to find the result of the research. Researcher used descriptive qualitative method. The source of the data in this study is “Front of The Class” Movie by Peter Werner. In the data collection, the researcher used documentation technique. Then, the data were analyzed used descriptive analysis. From the results of this research, the researcher found three of physical characteristics represented of a Person with Tourette syndrome by Brad Cohen, there are the presence of tics, tics appear between 5 or 6 years of age, and repeated tics for at least one year. The researcher also found two of the mental characteristic represented by Brad Cohen, there are hard to concentrate, demonstrate disruptive behavior (impolite) and difficulty in interpersonal relationships. Then, the researcher found two kinds of struggle used by Brad Cohen, internal struggle and external struggle. Internal struggle are Brad holding tics to study, Brad tries to convince recruiter and register to be a teacher in various school. External struggle are struggle from Brad‘s family and struggle from Brad's principal (Mr. Myer).
 
 
 

Processing and characterization of aluminium reinforced metal matrix composite

Indeed, in the areas of aerospace, maritime, transportation, military, and structural applications, composite plays a crucial role in material science. It is composed of two or more phases that are physically and chemically different. The composite exhibits hybrid properties compared to those of the separate components. Materials that are built on a metal matrix are known as metal matrix composites (MMC). The reinforcing component is typically spread in the matrix or continuous component. MMC focuses primarily on applications that need wear resistance and moderately high strength. Aluminum matrix composite reinforced with (Titanium Carbide) TiC particulate is effectively manufactured among MMCs utilising a modified stir casting technique at five various weight% of TiC particle addition. Weight fractions of 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7% were used. The presence of TiC in the cast aluminium matrix was discovered by the use of colour optical graphs, XRD, and EDS investigation. The ultimate tensile strength clearly improved as the percentage of TiC addition was raised, as seen by the results of the microhardness and tensile tests at 7% of TiC.

Influence of the milling conditions on the compressive strength of Ti/TiC composite materials sintered at atmospheric pressure

High compressive strength composite materials based on commercially pure titanium were synthesized from Ti Cp grade 2 powders processed by high-energy ball milling using n-hexane as PCA and subsequent sintering in a tubular furnace under argon atmosphere at 1100 °C for 2 h, at atmospheric pressure. The study focused on two main aspects: (i) The effect of speed and milling time on the microstructure and (ii) the relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical resistance of the obtained material. It was found that the presence of TiC was related to the mechanochemical process during milling that occurs under specific conditions of speed and time when enough energy was transferred to the powder coupled with the thermal process at elevated temperature. According to the DSC peaks, the activation energy for the transformations is close to 171 kJ/mol. The microstructure of the sintered samples was characterized by SEM EDS, XRD, and TEM, and the mechanical properties by compression and hardness tests. The high compressive strength of the specimens was attributed to three aspects: (i) the distribution of particles in the sintered samples, (ii) the fine grain size derived from the milling process and (iii) the formation of titanium carbide. A maximum compressive strength of 2.8 GPa makes this material sintered by a simple and low-cost route, very competitive with other advanced Ti composites.

Exposure and Response Prevention: Evaluation of Tic Severity Over Time for Children and Adolescents with Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorders.

Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders are characterized by the presence of tics. Different behavioral therapies have shown to be efficacious for treating tics in children and adolescents, but Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is a less researched method. However, ERP is a method often used in the clinical setting. Therefore, the present study evaluated the severity of tics over time from beginning of ERP to follow-up approximately 1 year after last training session.In total, 116 patients treated with ERP face to face or ERP via web-based videoconferencing were included. The primary outcome measure was tic severity measured with the Danish version of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale.The results showed that tic severity decreased during ERP and lasted in the follow-up period, with a statistically higher decrease in the group with patients who completed ERP as planned and the group that stopped earlier than planned because of reduction in tics, compared with those who dropped out due to lack of motivation (p < 0.001).The study concludes that ERP seems to have an immediate and a long-term effect on severity of tics, especially in those who complete the program or those who discontinue earlier due to good results.

Fabrication and characterization of HfB2-based composites in the presence of TiC and CNT

In this research, the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the sinterability, microstructure and hardness of HfB2-TiC composites were investigated. For this purpose, two HfB2-TiC specimens, with and without 1 wt% CNTs, were manufactured by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at the temperature of 2000 °C for 8 min holding time under 35 MPa pressure. The microstructure observation and phase analysis were conducted using field emission SEM (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. It was found that CNTs have no sensitive effects on the densification of HfB2-TiC composites as well as the growth inhibition of TiC grains. It was disclosed that the initial powders reacted together over the sintering process and led to the synthesis of new phases such as Ti8C5, TiC8, TiB2 and HfC in the microstructure. According to the XRD analysis, Ti and Hf diffused and dissolved in the HfB2 and TiC lattices and resulted in the formation of the (Hf,Ti)B2 and (Ti,Hf)C solid solutions, respectively.

Assessment of the psychological state of children with dental anomalies

Currently, a significant proportion of children have dental anomalies (DA) and require orthodontic treatment. The effectiveness of treatment is reduced due to the age-related characteristics of the child's psyche, which lengthens the time and affects the quality of the appointment.Objective: to assess the emotional state of children with DA aged 6–12 years.Patients and methods. To study the characteristics of the psychological state of children, 122 patients aged 6–12 years (44 boys and 78 girls, mean age 9 [7; 11] years) were examined and orthodontically treated. Children's complaints, the presence of tics and obsessive habits were assessed. The psychological state of the patients was assessed using the G.P. Lavrentieva and T.M. Titarenko anxiety level in children questionnaire. Causes and factors that increase anxiety at the reception were assessed using a questionnaire developed by the authors.Results and discussion. Aesthetic defect and speech disorders were the most frequent complaints among children aged 6–12 years with DA (58 and 23%, respectively), especially among older girls (r=0.72). 91.2% of children had obsessive habits, 48% had motor tics. Three groups were distinguished: with low (59.0%), medium (19.7%) and high (21.3%) levels of anxiety. No significant associations were found between the anxiety level and gender, age, presence of tics and obsessive habits. Factors that increased anxiety in children during an orthodontist's appointment were: past personal negative experience at a dental appointment (in 27.0%); office environment (23.8%); negative experience of parents or peers (16.4%); frequent visits to medical institutions in the past (21.3%); family relations (11.5%). The most common anxiety causes were pain expectation and inexplicable fear, a little less often - unpleasant manipulations in the oral cavity and comments from the parent. The rarest cause of anxiety was a disapproving remark from an orthodontist.Conclusion. Children with DA aged 6–12 years have an increased anxiety level, independent of gender and age. These children require a special approach from the orthodontist and, possibly, a consultation with a psychotherapist.

The Erosion–Corrosion Behavior of Eutectic High Chromium Cast Irons Reinforced by TiC Particles

In this work, high chromium cast irons (HCCIs) reinforced by TiC particles are designed and fabricated to improve the erosion–corrosion and wear resistances of materials for the pumping and handling applications. The TiC particles are formed by the in situ solidification method. The experimental results show that the hardness of as-cast HCCIs is improved significantly with TiC volume fraction. It can be as high as 63 HRC when the TiC volume fraction is 9.8%. The introduction of TiC increases the abrasive wear resistance of the HCCIs in both as-cast and heat-treated states. However, it is unexpected to find that the presence of TiC significantly reduces the erosion–corrosion performance. It suggests that corrosion-enhanced erosion is the dominant mechanism that controls the mass loss of the TiC-strengthened HCCIs.

Pain in Tourette Syndrome-Children's and Parents' Perspectives.

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by the presence of tics and associated behavioral problems. Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), The PedsQL Pediatric Pain Questionnaire, and Pediatric Pain Coping Inventory were used to assess the severity of tics, the severity of the pain, the location of the pain and pain coping strategies both from children’s and parents’ perspectives. Sixty percent of children demonstrated pain (past or present); the pain was reported by 72% of parents raising children with TS. The pain most commonly was cervical, throat, shoulder, ocular, and joint pain; most children declared pain located in more than one part of the body. Consistency between the declarations of children and their parents in coping with pain was observed. Pain should be recognized as a common comorbid aspect of tic disorders in childhood and therapeutic treatment must include the reduction of pain caused by tics.

The effect of TiC on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-5553 beta phase titanium alloy

The presence of TiC in Ti alloys is ubiquitous, so, for the interest of exploring its effects, carbon is added in Ti-5553 (beta phase alloy). After fabrication, sintering and multi heat treatments are done to get desired microstructure (TiC in beta, alpha and alpha-matrix). Quasi-static compression, three-point bend test, nano-indentation, and abrasion tests are conducted to study the microstructural response. Different analyzing tools such as SEM, EDS, EBSD, and HRTEM are used to examine microstructural changes before and after fracture. Results showed that TiC crystals are hard and brittle, and favorite sites for crack nucleation and propagation. After comparing both the curves and their corresponding micrographs, it is concluded that the propagation speed of the crack is much faster in TiC as compared to the beta and alpha phases. Furthermore, an increase in the value of strain upon reaching a crack at the TiC/Tiᵦ, and TiC/Tiα interface justifies that these phases offer comparatively more toughness and ductility. In addition, the presence of these crystals in the beta phase initiate fracture almost within half of the elastic limit of Ti-5553 beta phase alloy. Conclusively, TiC has an adverse effect on titanium's mechanical properties if shape and size are not controlled.

Improvement of TiC/Fe in situ composite layer formation on surface of Fe-based castings

This paper concerns a method of fabricating a composite layer in cast steel castings. During the research, the fragmentation phenomenon of the composite layer was identified, which was revealed by the nonuniform structure in the whole length. In order to limit the fragmentation phenomenon understood as tending to the creation of the structural heterogeneity, discontinuity, and agglomeration of the reinforcement, the addition of a moderator was added. The presented results of our structural investigations indicate the stabilization of the composite layer with a 50 wt% addition of the moderator. The conducted research of XRD analysis and SEM indicated the presence of TiC within the composite zone area. The average hardness ranged between 650 and 810 HV1, which was an increase of more than a three-fold increase when compared to the matrix.

An optimized method for synthesizing phase-pure Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase through spark plasma sintering

So far many attempts have been made to synthesize phase-pure Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase. But still the challenge posed by the presence of TiC and Ti-Al based intermetallic transient impurity phases in the final product is a persisting problem. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique has been the most successful method to decrease the impurity content of the final product. Even so, synthesis of phase-pure Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase, without any TiC and Ti-Al based intermetallic impurities, has not been achieved and reported in literature with substantial evidences. Further, high purity Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase synthesized using SPS technique has shown lack of phase and microstructural stability above 1350°C temperature. In this work, we have reported an optimized method for producing phase-pure Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase (having more than 99 % purity) using commercial grade Ti, Al and C elemental powders through SPS technique. The final product also showed very good high temperature stability up to 1500°C under flowing Argon inert atmosphere.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of AlCoCrNiTi–C High Entropy Alloy processed through Spark Plasma Sintering

AlCoCrNiTi–C High Entropy Alloy (HEA) fabricated through mechanical alloying (10 h) and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at 1000 °C develops a mixture of NiAl B2 phase, Cr rich phase and fine TiCs. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images before and after milling confirms the presence of BCC phases in the alloy. Carbon Hydrogen and Nitrogen (CHN) analysis reveal the presence of carbon content in milled powders after 10 h. Back Scattered Electron (BSE) images and elemental mapping indicates the presence of TiCs along grain boundaries of NiAl B2 phase. Microstructural characterization before and after heat treatments reveals the fact that there is an increase in the volume fraction of Cr rich phase. Moreover the alloy develops a good room temperature compressive strength of 2750 ± 4.3 MPa, high temperature strength of 871 ± 3.1 MPa at 800 °C along with micro hardness of 860 ± 7.8 HV 0.5 . Nano indentation results shows that the major contribution to hardness and strength comes from NiAl phase which has a value of 10.2 ± 2.1 GPa. Enhanced properties of the alloy can be attributed to the presence of NiAl B2, disordered Cr rich BCC phase along with fine TiCs. • Composite microstructure resulting from in situ reactions. • Enhanced strength due to grain boundary strengthening and precipitation hardening. • Limited grain growth at temperatures of 800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C. • Heat treatment studies reveals increase in volume fraction of Cr rich phase.

Pharmacological management of tourette's syndrome comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder in adult patients

AimsTourette's Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, which often presents in childhood and is hallmarked by motor and vocal tics. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric condition characterised by intrusive thoughts and time-consuming repetitive behaviours. Research suggests that 15-20% of adult patients with TS will also meet the diagnostic criteria for OCD. Both illnesses appear to have neurobiological similarities but a differing course and clinical response to pharmacological treatments.Despite this, research into optimal management of adults with co-occurring TS or other tic disorders and OCD remains sparse. Comorbidities, are known to be poor predictor of response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) monotherapy in OCD and are often associated with treatment-refractory OCD. Similarly SSRI monotherapy in patients with OCD and comorbid TS can sometimes worsen motor tics (1 in 2000) and fail to improve OCD symptoms. In this review, we aim to evaluate evidence on the management of patients with co-occurring TS and OCD and address an important knowledge gap in clinical practice.MethodThis review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA Guidelines. We performed a search using PubMed, Cochrane Library and PsychINFO using the following Boolean Input “Tourettic-OCD” OR “tic-related OCD” OR ((OCD OR “obsessive-compulsive” OR “obsessive compulsive”) AND (Tourette OR “Tourette's” OR Tourettes OR tic))”. The search was conducted until January 2020. We then screened the articles of systematic reviews to extract additional studies from their reference lists.Result1888 studies were identified, of which 15 clinical trials were included in our systematic review. The presence of tics in patients with OCD are a major predictor for treatment-refractory OCD and a lack of improvement following monotherapy with SSRIs. Dual therapy with an SSRI and antipsychotics (particularly risperidone) are associated with improved outcomes in OCD patients with tics and TS patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. However, conjoint therapy with neuroleptics and SSRIs was only investigated when OCD burden was unsatisfactory following SSRI monotherapy.ConclusionThere are clinical implications when a patient with OCD also has a chronic tic disorder. The findings indicate the need for further research, particularly in the form of a larger cohort in randomised controlled trials, to determine when it is best to initiate patients with OCD and comorbid tic disorders on a dual antipsychotic-SSRI management strategy. Further evidence should also be done to determine other characteristics that predict an improvement to conjoint SSRI/neuroleptic therapy for effective symptom reduction.

Bifilm Defects in Ti-Inoculated Chromium White Cast Iron.

In recent years, white chromium cast iron has gained a well-settled position among wear-resistant materials. In recent times, chromium cast iron samples containing titanium have attracted attention. In cast iron samples, titanium combines with carbon and forms TiC particles, which may be form a crystallization underlay for eutectic M7C3 carbides and austenite. Accordingly, the inoculation process occurring in the crystallizing alloy should result in the proper, regular distribution of fine eutectic chromium carbides in the austenitic matrix. The presented research was conducted on 20% Cr hypoeutectic white cast iron with the addition of 0.5, 1, and 2% of Ti. Ti inoculation and the presence of TiC allowed for superior wear properties to be obtained. However, the conducted study revealed a significant decrease in the impact strength of examined alloys, especially for the cast iron samples with a high amount of Ti, in which the TiC compounds agglomerated. Titanium compounds accumulate in clusters and their distribution is irregular. Most of the TiC compounds were transported by the crystallization front into the center of the castings, where micropores were formed, meaning they were no longer effective crystallization underlays. In the authors’ opinion, the agglomerate formation is strictly connected with the appearance of bifilm defects in the casting microstructure. The conducted research shows how an incorrect volume of an additive may have negative influences on the properties of the casting. This is a vital issue not only from a technological point of view, but also for economic reasons.

The functional connectivity profile of tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette Syndrome

Tourette Syndrome (TS) is characterized by the presence of tics and sensory phenomena, such as premonitory urges, and is often accompanied by significant obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS). The goal of this exploratory study was to determine the association between functional connectivity and the different symptom domains of TS, as little is currently known about how they differ. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 39 patients with TS and 20 matched healthy controls. Seed-based functional connectivity of the supplementary motor area (SMA), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula, caudate and putamen were compared between the groups, and correlated with clinical measures within the patient group. When compared to controls, patients with TS exhibited greater connectivity between the temporal gyri, insula and putamen, and between the OFC and cingulate cortex. Tic severity was associated with greater connectivity between the putamen and the sensorimotor cortex; OCS severity was associated with less connectivity between the SMA and thalamus and between the caudate and precuneus; and premonitory urge severity was associated with less connectivity between the OFC and sensorimotor cortex and between the inferior frontal gyrus and the putamen and insula seeds. Functional connectivity within sensorimotor processing regions were associated with all of the investigated symptom domains, including OCS, suggesting dysfunctions in the sensorimotor system may explain most of the observed symptoms in TS, and not just tics.

The Rage Attack Questionnaire-Revised (RAQ-R): Assessing Rage Attacks in Adults With Tourette Syndrome.

IntroductionAlthough defined by the presence of tics, most patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) also suffer from different psychiatric disorders. While much is known about clinical characteristics of comorbidities such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, and anxiety disorders, only very little is known about rage attacks. Most of this data is based on small studies in children. Until today no larger studies have been performed in adults with TS—most likely because of the lack of validated instruments. The aim of this study was to develop a new assessment and investigate rage attacks in a large sample of adults with TS and healthy individuals. Materials and MethodsBased on a parent questionnaire for children with TS, we generated 27 items for a revised version of a rage attack questionnaire (RAQ-R) and tested factor structure, internal consistency, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. We used an online survey and included 127 patients with TS and 645 control subjects. In addition to the RAQ-R, we used several other self-assessments to measure tic severity, quality of life, as well as several psychiatric symptoms including ADHD, OCD, depression, anxiety, and impulsivity.ResultsBased on expert option and statistical analyses [including item-total correlation, skewness, inter-item correlation, and principal component analysis (PCA)], we performed an item reduction resulting in a final, 22-items version of the RAQ-R (range, 0–66). Investigating internal consistency, discriminant validity, test reliability, and factor structure, the RAQ-R demonstrated good to excellent quality criteria. As assessed by RAQ-R, rage attacks were significantly more common in patients with TS compared to controls (p < 0.001). Rage attacks could be clearly differentiated from the phenomenon of impulsivity. Although rage attacks occurred more often in individuals with ADHD, they were also found in patients with “TS only”, independently from comorbid ADHD, impulsivity, and OCD. Rage attacks were found to significantly influence patients’ quality of life.ConclusionsThus, from our data based on a large sample it is suggested that rage attacks represent a discrete comorbidity in adults with TS.

Preparation of Ti, Ti/TiC or Ti/TiN based hollow fibres with extremely low electrical resistivity.

Porous Ti based hollow fibres with extremely low electrical resistivity (4.1–9.6 μΩ m), orders of magnitude smaller than reported for Ti-fibres in the literature, were produced by dry-wet spinning of a mixture of Ti-particles, polyethersulfone (PES), and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Utilizing a two-step thermal decomposition of PES, consisting of treatment in air at 475 °C, followed by treatment in argon at 800 °C, hollow fibres of entirely metallic Ti are obtained, as confirmed by XRD, SEM-EDS, and TGA-MS analyses. Only a thin oxide layer is formed due to ambient surface oxidation, as identified by XPS analysis. Carbonization of the polymer under an inert atmosphere can be used to produce a Ti/TiC-composite. To obtain a Ti/TiN composite, the porous Ti-tubes can be treated in nitrogen atmosphere at 800 °C. The porosity, pore size distribution, and bending-strength of the fibres were determined for a low (800 °C) and high (1100 °C) degree of sintering, and it was found that these are largely independent of the chemical surface composition. The presence of TiC or TiN, likely in an outer, but crystalline shell (based on XRD and XPS data), results in lower resistivity than of the pure Ti fibres, which can be attributed to the insulating layer of TiC or TiN preventing capacitive effects at the Ti/air interface. The developed preparation methodology results in porous metallic and composite Ti based fibres, which are very suitable for electrochemical applications.

Tourette Syndrome as a Disorder of the Social Decision Making Network.

Tourette syndrome is a common neurodevelopmental disorder defined by the presence of tics, stereotyped involuntary movements and phonations. Considerable evidence points to developmental abnormalities of the basal ganglia as tic substrates. Basal ganglia dysfunction does not account for important features of Tourette syndrome, including its natural history, male predominance, and the characteristic quality and distribution of tics. The latter mainly involve eye, face, and head movements, in addition to a variety of simple to complex phonations. A major normal function of these movements, and of phonations as well, is social signaling. Many important species- and sex-specific stereotyped social behaviors are mediated by a phylogenetically conserved network of subcortical nuclei, the social behavior network (SBN). Some SBN nuclei are sexually dimorphic, and SBN function is modulated strongly by gonadal steroids. Recent studies indicate that the SBN meshes with the basal ganglia to form a larger network, the Social Decision Making Network (SDM; O’Connell and Hofmann [2011]). The SDM concept overlaps significantly with Holstege’s (1993) model of an emotional motor system mediating socially relevant facial movements and phonations. Dopaminergic signaling within the basal ganglia component of the SDM may regulate social act motivation with the SBN component responsible for act expression. Developmental SDM abnormalities can explain all major Tourette syndrome features, including natural history, male predominance, the characteristic distribution of tics, and their stereotyped quality. Some data directly support this hypothesis. Tourette syndrome may be a disorder of social communication manifesting primarily as abnormal involuntary movements.