Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by the presence of tics and associated behavioral problems. Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), The PedsQL Pediatric Pain Questionnaire, and Pediatric Pain Coping Inventory were used to assess the severity of tics, the severity of the pain, the location of the pain and pain coping strategies both from children’s and parents’ perspectives. Sixty percent of children demonstrated pain (past or present); the pain was reported by 72% of parents raising children with TS. The pain most commonly was cervical, throat, shoulder, ocular, and joint pain; most children declared pain located in more than one part of the body. Consistency between the declarations of children and their parents in coping with pain was observed. Pain should be recognized as a common comorbid aspect of tic disorders in childhood and therapeutic treatment must include the reduction of pain caused by tics.
Highlights
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by co-occurring motor tics together with a minimum of one vocal tic, occurring several times a day or periodically for a period of at least one year after the first episode of the disorder [1]
The syndrome is known to coexist with various psychiatric comorbidities, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and its variant, obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), depression, anxiety disorders, impulse control disorders (ICD), or learning difficulties [6,7,8]
Riley and Lang [13] presented the following classification of pain related to tics and/or compulsions in patients with TS and OCD: As reported patients have experienced more than one type of pain as categorized in Table 1; the pain was often the symptom of greatest concern
Summary
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by co-occurring motor tics together with a minimum of one vocal tic, occurring several times a day or periodically for a period of at least one year after the first episode of the disorder [1]. The syndrome is known to coexist with various psychiatric comorbidities, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and its variant, obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), depression, anxiety disorders, impulse control disorders (ICD), or learning difficulties [6,7,8]. Tics, both motor and vocal, may be associated with pain. Painful tics are a common cause of the decision to initiate pharmacologic intervention [10,14]. Evidence-based knowledge on this aspect of TS would enable clinicians to improve diagnostic, therapeutic, and parental strategies for child patients
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