Presence Of Splitting Research Articles

Changes in Physical and Water Sorption Characteristics of Three Solid Woods after One-Sided Surface Charring.

One-sided surface charring of wood is a modification process used to lower moisture absorption and improve the resistance to biological degradation for durable surface exterior claddings. Cupressus lusitanica, Gmelina arborea, and Tectona grandis wood samples from fast-growth plantation were charred with a hot plate using three temperatures (300, 350, and 400 °C ± 3 °C) for 10 min. Wood density, surface quality (color and presence of splits), and sorption characteristics (wetting rate and water uptake) were evaluated. Results show that samples charred at 300 °C presented a lower loss of density and thickness than samples charred at 400 °C. Changes in the chemical structure of the wood as a result of the high temperatures caused a decrease of all color parameters (L*, a*, and b*). These values decreased in the samples charred at 400 °C for the three species. Also, the presence of cracks and splits on the surface, or in some cases the presence of detachments from the charring surface, was mostly observed in the samples charred at 350 and 400 °C. One-sided surface charring reduced the liquid water sorption of wood samples in comparison with that of reference samples, especially for C. lusitanica and T. grandis. G. arborea, due to the composition of its anatomical structure and its initial density, chars faster than the other species, causing a greater loss of density, wetting rate values like those of the reference wood, and higher values of water uptake.

The influence of the structural condition of high-strength steel on the fractographic characteristics of the fracture structure when testing the specimens with a falling load (VPV, DWTT)

Problem. The fracture structure of samples tested by a falling load (VPV, DWTT) of steel type 10G2FB, Х70 produced by the method of thermomechanical rolling with accelerated cooling was investigated. The DWTT fractures of high-viscosity ferrite-bainite sheet steel of thermomechanical rolling differ significantly from the fractures of ordinary hot-rolled or normalized steel. The results of a fractographic study of the topography of the DWTT samples fracture surface are presented in the paper. Metodology. The paper presents the results of a factographic study of the topography of the fracture surface of VPV sample. Steels with a ferrite-bainite structure after thermomechanical treatment were studied. Result. In the structure of fractures, elements of the "dimensional arrow" type were found. However, the current standards for the falling load test (DWTT) do not take into account the peculiarities of the structure of such fractures, which makes it difficult to identify them by the amount of viscous component. Fractures with splits and fractures of the "dimensional arrow" type can probably be recognized as a type of ductile fracture of high-viscosity thermomechanically rolled steel with a ferrite-bainite structure. Currently, the presence of splits in the fracture of VPV samples of high-viscosity steel is considered an unambiguous indicator of its generally viscous failure. Therefore, based on the similarity of the mechanisms of local destruction that form fractures with splits and fractures of the "dimensional arrow" type, the latter can probably be recognized as a specific type of viscous fracture of high-viscosity thermomechanically rolled steel with a ferrite-bainite structure. Enterprises need the creation of sample break scales for product quality control. Practical value. The conducted research made it possible to draw up scales that are used in the assessment of product quality at manufacturing plants.

Verification of a Torsional Behaviour Prediction Model for Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete Beams

This study shows the torsional conduct of aggregate streaming beams of reinforced concrete recycling. Pure torsion was perceived for 15 reinforced concrete beams containing recycled concrete aggregates. The beams were grouped into five lengths and cross-sectional groups. The study’s principal parameters were the various percentages of longitudinal steel reinforcement and the proportions of recycled aggregates. The beams were purely twisted until failure and investigated for torsional and crack behaviour. The findings show that the beams with maximum steel enhancement and standard aggregate exhibited maximum cracking power and ultimate torsional strength. Recycled aggregates increased the presence of splitting and the ultimate strength, and the effects of steel strengthening in recycled beams were apparent. In a second analysis, the whole torsional reaction of the beams was analytically predicted. A soft truss model was used and matched with test results for standard beams. A strong compromise was generally reached.

Influence of La+3 doped nano spinel ferrites on infrared spectroscopy in elastic properties via O/W micro emulsion method

The elastic moduli of La+3 substituted Ni–Co–Zn nano ferrites synthesized by O/W micro emulsion method have been determined through X-ray diffraction pattern and IR spectral analysis. The analysis of IR spectra indicates the presence of splitting in the absorption band due to the presence of small amounts of Fe2+ ions in the ferrite system. The variation of elastic moduli with composition has been interpreted in terms of binding forces between the atoms of spinal lattice. The elastic moduli values for the compositions are found larger as compared to conventional commercially prepared compositions.

Strength analysis of unidirectional composites to explain fiber bundle splitting

This paper proposes a 0° tensile strength prediction model for unidirectional composites with a low interfacial strength or low matrix yield stress applied to carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene. First, a critical dimension of broken fiber cluster in the presence of splitting is formulated using the principles of fracture mechanics. Based on the geometry of fiber packing, a relation between the rate of fiber breakage and the probability distribution of the cluster dimension is derived. Lastly, the assumption that the cross-sectional area separated by splitting sustains no load is used as a discounting factor to reduce the tensile stress in the unidirectional composites and the stress–strain relation is then predicted. The discounting factor is calculated by comparing the probability distribution for the cluster dimensions estimated from the rate of fiber breakage with that of the critical cluster dimension, both of which are functions of fiber stress. When the interfacial toughness related to the critical cluster dimension is estimated from the single-fiber pull-out test and substituted into this model, the predicted tensile strengths are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Influence of Calcium Ions on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cd–Mg Ferrites Nanoparticles

Cadmium magnesium ferrites doped with calcium having the chemical formula Cd0.5Mg0.5-x Ca(x)Fe2O4 (0.0 < or = x < or = 0.3) were prepared by the Co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a single phase with spinel crystal structure for the samples. The lattice parameter is determined for each composition and has been found to increase from 8.505 angstroms to 8.626 angstroms with increasing calcium concentration. Cation distribution for the studied ferrite system is proposed in terms of the structural and magnetic properties by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and is found to be reliable. The experimental and theoretical lattice constants show the same trend with increasing calcium concentration indicating the validity of the proposed cation distribution. The analysis of infrared spectra indicates the presence of splitting in the absorption band which may be attributed to the presence of small amounts of Fe2+ ions in the ferrite system. The appearance of a shoulder around 700 cm(-1) suggests the presence of calcium ions in the tetrahedral site. The addition of non magnetic calcium ions in the ferrites suppressed the A-interaction and developed a B-B interaction, which is reflected in reducing the saturation magnetization in the present samples. The coercive field (H(c)) is also found to increase by increasing of Ca2+ concentration and has been explained on the bases of direct relationship with anisotropy constant.

Structural and Elastic Properties of Li-Ni Ferrite

Li-Nickel ferrites with the chemical formula () have been prepared by the ceramic method. The spinel structure in homogenous state was realized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The lattice parameter has been determined for each composition and found to be nearly constant over the whole range of Ni concentration (= 0.83 nm ± 0.01). The cation distribution for each composition has been suggested. The experimental and theoretical lattice constants were found to be in good agreement with each other confirming the agreeability of the suggested cation distribution. The analysis of IR spectra indicates the presence of splitting in the absorption band due to the presence of small amounts of Fe2+ ions in the ferrite system. The force constants for tetrahedral and octahedral sites have been determined. Young’s modulus (E), rigidity modulus (G), bulk modulus (B), Debye temperature (), and transverse () and longitudinal () wave velocities have been determined. The variation of elastic moduli with composition has been interpreted in terms of binding forces between the atoms of spinal lattice.

Forgiveness as the Working Through of Splitting

This article presents a psychoanalytic formulation of forgiveness seen as the resolution of splitting underlying manifest and vehement retributive states of mind such as resentment, vengefulness, grudge, envy, bitterness, blame, and spite. Clinical examination suggests that these states of mind that are indicative of the presence of splitting are not always in ascendancy. They wax and wane in consciousness, depending on whether or not a shame-filled state of mind is present. Their appearance in consciousness is due to the instigatory role of shame before onlookers and the powerful role of hidden shame dynamics that do not always appear as overt shame. Examples illustrate a clinical impasse posed by the workings of intense splitting, the transformation of a shame experience into a dynamic of guilt in the firing of a very successful football coach after a disappointing defeat, and the working through of splitting in a patient pari passu with his increased bearability of shame. Working through of the splitting underlying the retributive emotions involves the increased bearability of shame, often with the help of an identification with the analyst. Vistas for future investigation include the role of the working through of resentment of the analyst in the analytic process and the relation of that resentment to instigating shame dynamics.

The infrared absorption and dielectric properties of Li–Ga ferrite

The investigated compositions of the Li–Ga ferrite system Li0.5Fe2.5−xGaxO4 (where x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) were studied by means of infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The analysis of IR spectra indicates the presence of splitting in the absorption band due to the presence of Fe2+ ions in ferrite. The dielectric constant ɛ′, the dielectric loss ɛ″ and the loss tangent tan δ were measured at elevated temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 850 K as a function of frequency (f = 102–106 Hz) for the investigated compositions. Maximum peak in tan δ and inverse peaks in ɛ′ appeared for some samples due to the resonance phenomenon. The obtained data were discussed based on the valence exchange between (Fe3+ and Fe2+) and (Ga3+ and Ga2+), i.e. hopping mechanism.

Tartary buckwheat breeding (Fagopyrum tataricum L. Gaertn.) through hybridization with its Rice-Tartary type

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is a highly nutritious crop that is widely grown in Asia, but the flour contains a large portion of the hull if it is ground with industrial processing since the hull is very hard to remove as it adheres to the testa layer of the groat. Rice-Tartary, a particular type of Tartary buckwheat, has seeds with a loose hull and the presence of splits on the sides of the seeds that make dehulling easily. The present study reports on the first attempt of crop improvement in Tartary buckwheat breeding through hybridization. Hybrids were obtained by hybridization of crosses between Tartary buckwheat and Rice-Tartary. Additional crosses were made among selected progenies of these crosses. Based on progeny analysis of the F1, F2, and F3, the character of Rice-Tartary, as exhibited as the presence of splits on the sides of the seeds, is controlled by one gene which is homozygous recessive. A Tartary buckwheat breeding program has been conducted for 6 years based on these crosses. Advanced lines with easy dehull and yield potential are at the stage of ready for yield trials. Production of easy dehulling Tartary buckwheat in the future could boost Canada’s domestic and international markets.

Cooperative Multitarget Tracking With Efficient Split and Merge Handling

For applications such as behavior recognition it is important to maintain the identity of multiple targets, while tracking them in the presence of splits and merges, or occlusion of the targets by background obstacles. Here we propose an algorithm to handle multiple splits and merges of objects based on dynamic programming and a new geometric shape matching measure. We then cooperatively combine Kalman filter-based motion and shape tracking with the efficient and novel geometric shape matching algorithm. The system is fully automatic and requires no manual input of any kind for initialization of tracking. The target track initialization problem is formulated as computation of shortest paths in a directed and attributed graph using Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm. This scheme correctly initializes multiple target tracks for tracking even in the presence of clutter and segmentation errors which may occur in detecting a target. We present results on a large number of real world image sequences, where upto 17 objects have been tracked simultaneously in real-time, despite clutter, splits, and merges in measurements of objects. The complete tracking system including segmentation of moving objects works at 25 Hz on 352times288 pixel color image sequences on a 2.8-GHz Pentium-4 workstation

Multiplicity results for a Neumann problem withp-Laplacian and non-smooth potential

A multiplicity theorem for a non-smooth homogeneous Neumann problem withp-Laplacian is established through a locally Lipschitz continuous version of the Brezis-Nirenberg critical point result in presence of splitting. Some special cases are then pointed out.

Anisotropic Broad Nuclear Gamma‐Ray Lines: Application to the COMPTEL Observations of Orion

We investigated in detail the shape of the broad nuclear gamma-ray line emission resulting from accelerated C, N, and O interacting with ambient H and He in an attempt to fit the recent COMPTEL observations of Orion. The fact that the observed gamma-ray emission shows a strong enhancement in the 3-7 MeV region with significant structure within this energy band is the main motivation for assuming that the emission is due to nuclear de-excitations in C, N, and O. We found that the strong emission peak observed at ~4 MeV, with a red wing extending down to almost 3 MeV, can be understood as broad line emission produced by accelerated C, N, and O with a relatively hard spectrum but with the blue wing of the 12C line suppressed by the anisotropy of the interactions. The fact that the observed spectrum does not show narrow emission peaks at 4.44 and 6.13 MeV indicates that the bulk of the observed emission is produced by accelerated C, N, and O, rather than by accelerated protons and α-particles. The anisotropic interaction scenario removes the constraint placed by the line widths on the hardness of the accelerated ion spectrum, a useful feature because harder ion energy spectra are energetically more efficient than softer spectra. We have incorporated in our calculations the anisotropic angular distribution of the gamma-ray line emission in the rest frame of the heavy ions leading to line-splitting effects. The only feature in the COMPTEL data that would indicate the presence of splitting is a structure in the 5-7.5 MeV region. However, for calculations that account for the ~4 MeV peak, the characteristic maxima due to line splitting in this region are apparent only in models employing multiple sources.

Paternity evaluation in the presence of splits and crossreactive antigens

Abstract Evaluation of paternity (alleged father, mother, and child) can range from a straightforward resolution to a complex problem that can-not be resolved without family studies. We present a case of disputed paternity in which tests for crossreactive groups (CREGs) and antigen subtypes (splits) within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system could not be used confidendy to prove or disprove paternity. Further analysis, red cell enzyme tests, enabled a final verdict and confirmed the current reliability of HLA antisera defining splits. Immunobematology 1991;2:43–45.

A New Conceptual Scheme for Prehistoric Cultures in the Southwestern United States

American AnthropologistVolume 54, Issue 2 p. 191-200 Free Access A New Conceptual Scheme for Prehistoric Cultures in the Southwestern United States1 HIROSHI DAIFUKU, HIROSHI DAIFUKU University of Wisconsin Madison, WisconsinSearch for more papers by this author HIROSHI DAIFUKU, HIROSHI DAIFUKU University of Wisconsin Madison, WisconsinSearch for more papers by this author First published: April‐June 1952 https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1952.54.2.02a00040Citations: 5 1 I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. J. O. Brew and Mr. Watson Smith of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University for their kindness in reading this article and for their suggestions and criticisms which helped to clarify certain issues. AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL BIBLIOGRAPHY Brew, J. O., 1946, Archeology of Alkali Ridge, Southeastern Utah. Papers of the Peabody Museum. Harvard University, Vol. 21. Gladwin, H. S., 1948, Excavations at Snaketown IV. Reviews and Conclusions. Medallion Papers No. 38, Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizoná. Haury, E. W., 1936, The Mogollon Culture of Southwestern New Mexico. Medallion Papers No. 20, Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona. Haury, E. W., 1945, The Problem of Contacts Between the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 55– 74. Haury, E. W., 1950, The Stratigraphy and Archeology of Verdana Cave, Arizona. Kelly, I., 1943, West Mexico and the Hohokam. Sociedad Mexicana de Anthropologia. Tercera Reunion de Mesa Redondo. Mexico, D. F. Kldder, A. V., 1927, Southwestern Archeological Conference. El Palacio Vol. 23, no. 22, Nov. 26, 1927, pp. 554– 561. Kluckhohn, C. K. M., and W. H. Kelly, 1945, The Concept of Culture. The Science of Man in the World Crisis, ed. by R. Linton, pp. 78– 106. McGregor, J. C., 1941, Southwestern Archeology. Mangelsdorf, P. H., and E. Smith, 1949, New Archeological Evidence of Evolution in Maize. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. Martin, P. S., 1943, The SU Site Excavations at a Mogollon Village, Western New Mexico. Second Season 1941. Anthropological Series. Field Museum of Natural History Vol. 32, No. 2. Reed, E. K., 1950, Eastern-Central Arizona Archeology in Relation to the Western Pueblos. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology Vol. 6, No. 2, Summer 1950, pp. 120– 138. Roberts, F. H. H., 1937, Archeology in the Southwest. American Antiquity Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 3– 33. Sayles, E. B., and E. Antevs, 1941, The Cochise Culture. The Medallion Papers, No. 29, Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona. Tylor, E. B., 1898, Anthropology. Wormington, H. M., 1949, Ancient Man in North America. The Denver Museum of Natural History Popular Series, No. 4, Third Edition. Citing Literature Volume54, Issue2April‐June 1952Pages 191-200 ReferencesRelatedInformation