Presence Of Sodium Salicylate Research Articles

Dynamical analysis of a chemostat model for 4-chlorophenol and sodium salicylate mixture biodegradation

We consider a mathematical continuous-time model for biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol and sodium salicylate mixture by the microbial strain Pseudomonas putida in a chemostat. The model is described by a system of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations and is proposed for the first time in the paper [Y.-H. Lin, B.-H. Ho, Biodegradation kinetics of phenol and 4-chlorophenol in the presence of sodium salicylate in batch and chemostat systems, Processes, 10:694, 2022], where the model is only quantitatively verified. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the system dynamics. Some important basic properties of the model solutions like existence, uniqueness and uniform boundedness of positive solutions are established. Computation of equilibrium points and study of their local asymptotic stability and bifurcations in dependence of the dilution rate as a key model parameter are also presented. Thereby, particular intervals for the dilution rate are found, where one or three interior (with positive components) equilibrium points do exist and possess different types of local asymptotic stability/instability. Hopf bifurcations are detected leading to the occurrence of stable limit cycles around some interior equilibrium points. A transcritical bifurcation also exists and implies stability exchange between an interior and the boundary (washout) equilibrium. The results are illustrated by lots of numerical examples.

Biodegradation Kinetics of Phenol and 4-Chlorophenol in the Presence of Sodium Salicylate in Batch and Chemostat Systems

The biodegradation of phenol, sodium salicylate (SA), and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) by Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) was evaluated by batch and chemostat experiments in single and binary substrate systems. The Haldane kinetics model for cell growth was chosen to describe the batch kinetic behavior to determine kinetic parameters in the single or binary substrates system. In the single phenol and SA system, the kinetic constants of μm,P = 0.423 h−1, μm,A = 0.247 h−1, KS,P = 48.1 mg/L, KS,A = 71.7 mg/L, KI,P = 272.5 mg/L, and KI,A = 3178.2 mg/L were evaluated. Experimental results indicate that SA was degraded more rapidly by P. putida cells compared to phenol because SA has a much larger KI value than phenol, which makes the cells less sensitive to substrate inhibition even though the μm,P value is larger compared to μm,A. The ratio of inhibition of phenol degradation due to the presence of SA (IA1) to the inhibition of SA degradation due to the presence of phenol (IA2) is 2.3, indicating that SA has a higher uncompetitive inhibition on phenol biodegradation compared to that of phenol on SA biodegradation in the binary substrate system. In the ternary substrate system, the time required for the complete degradation of SA and phenol was 14 and 11.5 d and an approximately 90% removal efficiency for 4-CP was achieved within 14 d. In the chemostat system, the removal rates of phenol and SA were 96.6 and 97.0%, while those of SA and 4-CP were 91.4% and 95.2%, respectively. The model prediction agreed satisfactorily with the experimental results of the chemostat system.

Cherenkov Radiation Detection on a LS Counter for 226Ra Determination in Water and Its Comparison with Other Common Methods.

Reliable determination of 226Ra content in drinking water, surface water and groundwater is required for radiological health-risk assessment of populations and radiation-dose calculations after ingestion and inhalation. This study aimed to determine 226Ra presence in the untreated water samples on a liquid scintillation counter via Cherenkov radiation detection. Cherenkov counting is a faster, simpler, less expensive technique than other commonly used methods for 226Ra determination. Step-by-step optimization of this technique on the Quantulus detector is presented in this paper. Improvement of detection limit/efficiency in the presence of sodium salicylate was investigated in this study. The main parameters of the method obtained were detection efficiency 15.87 (24)% and detection limit 0.415 Bq/L achieved for 1000 min of counting in 20 mL of sample volume. When 1 g of sodium salicylate was added, efficiency increased to 38.1 (5)%, with a reduction in the detection limit to 0.248 Bq/L for 500 min of counting. A satisfactory precision level of Cherenkov counting was obtained, the results deviating between 5% and 20% from reference values. The precision and accuracy of the Cherenkov counting technique were compared to liquid scintillation counting (EPA Method 913.0 for radon determination) and gamma spectrometry (the direct method for the untreated water samples on HPGe spectrometer). An overview of the advantages/disadvantages of each technique is elaborated in this paper.

Triple role of sodium salicylate in solubilization, extraction, and stabilization of curcumin from Curcuma longa

Solubility, extraction and stabilization of curcumin extracted from Curcuma longa are still a challenge. Either the solubility power of the extracting solvent mixture is not at its optimum or non-sustainable solvents are used or the curcumin instability against oxidation is a problem. In order to tackle these problems, we consider here a promising alternative solvent medium, which is a ternary system composed of water/sodium salicylate (an anionic, preservative hydrotrope)/ethyl acetate. The effects of the structuring of the system are also studied. The position of the new critical point and the orientation of tie-lines in the liquid/liquid area were determined and further examined via interfacial tension and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY NMR) measurements. The critical point between the mono-phasic region and the liquid/liquid area is a classical one, around which no special nano-structuring is found, in contrast to some other ternary mixtures with hydrotropes. The system was investigated in terms of its curcumin solubility and its extraction power thereof. Good extraction yields (~90% of the Soxhlet reference) could be achieved in the area of best solubility. Surprisingly, the hydrophobic curcumin shows a significant solubility in systems that contain a significant amount of water in presence of sodium salicylate. These mixtures are far from the critical point but show significant structuring. The solubility is even higher than in pure ethyl acetate. At the point of highest solubility (water/sodium salicylate/ethyl acetate 7/13/80 w/w/w) 15.48 mg of curcuminoids per g Curcuma longa are successfully extracted.The partition coefficient in the lower liquid/liquid two-phasic region was determined for a subsequent purification of curcumin by precipitation. Surprisingly, curcumin accumulates at the “oil-water” interface in the more polar phase. Sodium salicylate could be removed from the precipitated curcumin by washing it with water (no trace of sodium salicylate has been detected with NMR after the washing process).The preservative effect of salicylate against the oxidative effect of light on curcumin was found to be significant. A better stabilization of curcumin was observed far away from the critical point and was most efficient in the region, where aggregates could be detected. So, extraction, solubilization, and chemical stabilization of a light sensitive substance could be performed using an anti-oxidative hydrotrope.

Catabolism of aromaticβ-glucosides by bacteria can lead to antibiotics resistance.

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious public health threat worldwide today. Escherichia coli is known to resist low doses of antibiotics in the presence of sodium salicylate and related compounds by mounting non-heritable transient phenotypic antibiotic resistance (PAR). In the present study, we demonstrate that Bgl+ bacterial strains harboring a functional copy of the β-glucoside (bgl) operon and are actively hydrolyzing plant-derived aromatic β-glucosides such as salicin show PAR to low doses of antibiotics. The aglycone released during metabolism of aromatic β-glucosides is responsible for conferring this phenotype by de-repressing the multiple antibiotics resistance (mar) operon. We also show that prolonged exposure of Bgl+ bacteria to aromatic β-glucosides in the presence of sub-lethal doses of antibiotics can lead to a significant increase in the frequency of mutants that show heritable resistance to higher doses of antibiotics. Although heritable drug resistance in many cases is known to reduce the fitness of the carrier strain, we did not see a cost associated with resistance in the mutants, most of which carry clinically relevant mutations. These findings indicate that the presence of the activated form of the bgl operon in the genome facilitates the survival of bacteria in environments in which both aromatic β-glucosides and antibiotics are present.

In-situ odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study on the electropolymerization of pyrrole on iron in the presence of sodium salicylate – The influence of the monomer concentration

In this work, the potentiostatic electropolymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) on iron in aqueous solution of sodium salicylate and pyrrole is studied in situ by odd random phase electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ORP-EIS). The influence of the pyrrole concentration on the electrosynthesis process is investigated. The ORP-EIS technique ensures a reliable analysis of the PPy electrosynthesis on iron by means of an advanced data analysis of the non-linear and non-stationary behaviour and the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. Additionally, the structure and the chemical nature of the PPy film on iron are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). The results of the characterization confirm the presence of the passivation layer at the PPy/iron interface formed prior to the polymer deposition. The modelling of the impedance evolution over time provides the quantitative analysis of the electropolymerization of PPy on iron. The results show that the electrosynthesis of pyrrole on oxidizable iron in the presence of sodium salicylate is a complex process, which includes not only the pyrrole oxidation reactions but also reactions such as the oxidation/reduction of the iron surface and/or reactions between the iron, formed interlayer and polypyrrole.

Influence of electropolymerization temperature on corrosion, morphological and electrical properties of PPy doped with salicylate on iron

In this work, the influence of the electropolymerization temperature on corrosion, morphological and electrical properties of polypyrrole (PPy) film is studied. Polypyrrole is electrochemically synthesized on iron in the presence of sodium salicylate. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy are performed in order to study the structure and morphology of electrodeposited PPy. The electroactive surface area, corrosion performance and resistance of the PPy film on iron are also investigated as a function of electropolymerization temperature. The results show that the synthesis temperature significantly affects the properties of the PPy film on iron. It is observed that at 25°C amorphous PPy is formed, whereas lowering the temperature leads to the formation of a film containing crystallites of salicylic acid. The latter reveals lower corrosion protection and a much higher level of resistance compared to the amorphous one. These characteristics were associated with the presence of insulating salicylic acid crystals in the layer structure.

Comparative study of the viscoelastic micellar solutions of R16HTAC and CTAC in the presence of sodium salicylate

A comparative study of the rheological properties of cationic surfactants 3-hexadecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, referred to as R16HTAC, and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) in the presence of sodium salicylate (NaSal) have been carried out by using steady state and frequency sweep rheological measurements. The zero-shear viscosities η0 all appears maximum value in the especial point where the molar ratio of surfactant and NaSal is 1 for both surfactants (R16HTAC and CTAC). The characteristic parameters for two systems are discussed on the basis of their different molecular structures, which leaded to higher viscoelasticity for R16HTAC mixed solution than CTAC. The microstructure of the formed micelles and strong network for R16HTAC/NaSal mixed aqueous solution has been confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy and 1H NMR technology. The antimicrobial properties and toxicity of two surfactants were also investigated.

Non toxic biodegradable cationic gemini surfactants as novel corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium and synergistic effect of sodium salicylate: Experimental and theoretical approach

Two biodegradable, non toxic cationic gemini surfactants having ester linkage in the spacer namely, CmH2m+1(CH3)2N+(CH2COOCH2)2N+(CH3)2CmH2m+1.2Cl- (m-E2-m, m = 12, 14), were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The corrosion inhibition performance of synthesized compounds separately and in combination with sodium salicylate (SS), along with the nature and stability of inhibitive film, for mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl solution at 30–60 °C was evaluated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, EIS, UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM/EDAX, TGA and quantum chemical calculations. Results of the studies confirm m-E2-m as effective corrosion inhibitor for MS in HCl; the inhibition effect being synergistically strengthened in presence of SS. The synthesized compounds act as mixed type inhibitor and adsorb on MS surface in accordance with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Experimentally measured inhibition efficiencies are correlated with the molecular parameters obtained using PM6 semi-empirical method. Empirical results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.

The importance of the film structure during self-powered ibuprofen salicylate drug release from polypyrrole electrodeposited on AZ31 Mg

Therapeutic drugs uploaded into conjugated conductive polymer matrices deposited on active magnesium alloys serve as controlled-dose, self-powered drug-delivery systems. Preferentially, drugs are added into polymer films in the largest amount possible, mostly to prevent long-term treatments. However, added drugs can interact with the polymer matrix affecting either the structure or the final mechanical properties of the polymer film. In this work, polypyrrole films (PPy) electrodeposited on an AZ31 Mg alloy in ibuprofen and salicylate-containing solutions are investigated in terms of their uploading capacity, surface morphology and mechanical properties. The techniques used to investigate the uploaded PPy films include cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS, and depth-sensing indentation (DSI). A maximum ibuprofen concentration of 440 ± 40 μg cm−2 was obtained in PPy films in the presence of sodium salicylate. The release fraction of ibuprofen as a function of time is fitted to Avrami’s equation. The hardness and reduced modulus decreased by 54 and 40 %, respectively, when the PPy films are prepared in the presence of sodium ibuprofen compared with those prepared in sodium salicylate only, indicating a more plastic film with ibuprofen.

Structural study on aggregation behavior of star-type trimeric surfactant in the presence of sodium salicylate

We investigated the aggregation behavior of star-type trimeric surfactants (3C12trisQ) with a hydrocarbon chain length (n) of 12 in sodium salicylate (NaSal) aqueous solution at various surfactant (CD) and salt concentrations (CS) using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and rheological measurements. At a low surfactant concentration (CD = 7 mM), 3C12trisQ aggregates in solution evolved from ellipsoidal micelles, to rodlike or wormlike micelles and finally to multi-lamellar vesicles (MLVs) with increasing CS. In contrast, at higher surfactant concentrations (CD = 14 and 28 mM), we did not observe vesicle formations of 3C12trisQ because 3C12trisQ were insoluble in solution at higher NaSal concentrations. The structural transitions of the 3C12trisQ aggregates strongly depended on both CS and CD. We also compared the MLV structure formed by 3C12trisQ with that formed by gemini-type surfactants (12-2-12). The repeat distance of the 3C12trisQ MLV (33.95 Å) was remarkably larger than that of the 12-2-12 (22.36 Å). We found that introducing spacer chains, i.e., from dimeric to trimeric surfactants, caused a decrease in NaSal concentrations at which micelle-to-vesicle transitions were observed.

Effect of Sodium Salicylate on the Viscoelastic Properties and Stability of Polyacrylate-Based Hydrogels for Medical Applications

Investigation was made into the effect exerted by the presence of sodium salicylate (0–2 wt.%), in Carbomer-based hydrogel systems, on processing conditions, rheological and antimicrobial properties in tests against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains, and examples of yeast (Candida albicans) and mould (Aspergillus niger). In addition, the work presents an examination of long-term stability by means of aging over one year the given hydrogels at 8°C and 25°C. The results show that 0.5 wt.% NaSal demonstrated a noticeable effect on the hydrogel neutralization process, viscosity, and antimicrobial properties against all of the tested microorganisms. The long-term stability studies revealed that hydrogels can maintain antimicrobial activity as well as viscosity to a degree that would be sufficient for practical use.

Uniaxial Extension of Surfactant Micelles: Counterion Mediated Chain Stiffening and a Mechanism of Rupture by Flow-Induced Energy Redistribution

We study the configurational dynamics in uniaxial elongational flow of rodlike and U-shaped cationic surfactant micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) in the presence of sodium salicylate (NaSal) counterions in water using molecular dynamics simulations. Above the critical strain rate, approximately equal to the inverse of the micelle relaxation time, hydrodynamic forces overcome the conformational entropy of the micelle and a configurational transition from a folded to a stretched state occurs. As the accumulated strain exceeds a critical value of O(100), the micelle ruptures through a midplane thinning mechanism facilitated by the advection of the counterions toward the micelle end-caps. The change in the total pair-potential energy as a function of micelle elongation is well described by a Hookean spring model that allowed to estimate the stretching modulus of the micelle. Micelle stiffness depends greatly on the degree of screening of electrostatic repulsion among the CTA+ head groups by t...

Rheological Behavior of Aqueous Solutions of An Ionic Liquid As A Surfactant

The rheological properties of aqueous solutions of an ionic liquid as a surfactant, 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C14mimBr), in the presence of sodium salicylate (NaSal), have been studied by rheological measurements. For these C14mimBr/NaSal systems, zero-shear viscosity as a function of NaSal concentration shows the maxima behavior. The effect of the concentration ratio, CNaSal/CC14mimBr, on the maximum was determined, and the scaling relations were obtained. Network structures could be formed in the aqueous C14mimBr solutions containing NaSal. 1H NMR spectra analysis indicates that the main interaction between C14mimBr and NaSal molecules is electrostatic attraction, which leads to the formation of an ion pair.

Aspirin enhances opsonophagocytosis and is associated to a lower risk for Klebsiella pneumoniaeinvasive syndrome

BackgroundKlebsiella pneumoniae (KP) expressing hypermucoviscosity phenotype (HV-KP) has abundant capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and is capable of causing invasive syndrome. Sodium salicylate (SAL) reduces the production of CPS. The study was aimed to investigate the relationship between aspirin usage and KP-mediated invasive syndrome and the effect of SAL on HV-KP.MethodsPatients with community-acquired KP bacteraemia were prospectively enrolled. KP-M1, a serotype-K1 HV-KP clinical isolate, was used in the following experiments: CPS production, HV-KP phenotype, and the effect of SAL on neutrophils phagocytosis. The effect of oral aspirin intake on the leukocyte bactericidal activity was evaluated.ResultsPatients infected by HV-KP and diabetic patients with poor glycemic control were at an increased risk for invasive syndrome (p < 0.01); those who had recent use of aspirin (p = 0.02) were at a lower risk. CPS production was significantly reduced in the presence of SAL. The HV-KP phenotype and resistance to neutrophil phagocytosis were both significantly reduced in the KP-M1 after incubation with SAL (p < 0.01). Aspirin treatment significantly enhanced the killing of KP-M1 by leukocytes (p < 0.01).ConclusionTreatment with SAL significantly reduces CPS production in HV-KP, thereby contributing to leukocyte phagocytosis and bactericidal activity against this pathogen.

Effects of sodium salicylate on the microstructure of a novel zwitterionic gemini surfactant and its rheological responses

Solutions of a novel zwitterionic gemini surfactant, 1,2-bis[N-ethyl-N-(sodium 2-hydroxyl-3-sulfopropyl)-dodecyl-ammonium] ethane betaine (DBA2-12), in presence of sodium salicylate (NaSal) can form wormlike micelles and thereby show a viscoelasticity. At low molar ratio of NaSal/DBA2-12, R ≤ 0.3, the systems behaved like a Newton fluid. However, as the R increased, the systems exhibited shear-thinning behavior. The zero-shear viscosity η 0 increased dramatically with increasing R and peaked with R = 0.8 at a value of 18.8 Pa s. This was attributed to the formation of long wormlike micelles (1.6 ∼ 2.9 μm) and network structure confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Further increase in R beyond 0.8 resulted in a slight decrease in η 0, which may be caused by the branched micelles formed at high salt concentration. In addition, the tested systems showed a Maxwellian behavior at lower frequencies, but deviated from the Maxwellian mode at higher frequencies.

Salicylate-induced inhibition of collagen and mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis by a chick embryo cell-free system.

Abstract The ability of a chick embryo cell-free system to synthesize collagen, mucopolysaccharide and non-collagen protein in the presence of sodium salicylate was studied. Added creatine phosphate together with endogenous creatine kinase was the ATP generating system. The incorporation of labelled proline or labelled glucose into collagen or mucopolysaccharide respectively depended on ATP level in the cell-free system used. Salicylate inhibited collagen and mucopolysaccharide synthesis to a greater extent than non-collagen protein synthesis. The ability of the cell-free system to hydroxylate labelled protocollagen was inhibited 50% by storage at −18°. Ferrous iron reversed this inhibition. Salicylate prevented the restoration of the enzyme activity by ferrous iron. Incorporation of radioactivity into hyaluronic acid, when labelled UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine were supplied, was inhibited 17% by salicylate. Under the same conditions 47% inhibition of incorporation into chondroitin sulphate was seen. This suggests that UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine-UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine epimerase is inhibited by salicylate.

Comparative study of the viscoelastic wormlike micellar solutions of hexanediyl-α,ω-bis(dimethylcetylammonium bromide) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in the presence of sodium salicylate

A comparative study of the viscoelastic properties of the wormlike micellar solutions of hexanediyl-α,ω-bis(dimethylcetylammonium bromide), referred to as 16-6-16, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the presence of sodium salicylate (NaSal) has been carried out. In terms of Cates model on Maxwell fluid, the characteristic parameters of both wormlike micelles were revealed and compared. The results were discussed on the basis of their different molecular structures, which leaded to different response of 16-6-16 and CTAB to salt.

Sodium salicylate acts through direct inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like kinases to modulate topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage responses

Chemopreventive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exhibit diverse pharmacological and biological activities mainly through their inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase (COX). However, COX-independent mechanisms involving kinase inhibition have been proposed to explain certain therapeutic effects of NSAIDs. Here, we explored the potential relationship between chemopreventive NSAIDs and DNA damage responses induced by treatment with topoisomerase-targeting drugs. (1) Sodium salicylate, a non-COX-selective NSAID, was shown to reduce DNA damage-induced RPA and p53 phosphorylation. (2) The formation of enzyme cleavable complexes by topoisomerase-targeting drugs was not affected in the presence of sodium salicylate. (3) The attenuating effect of NSAIDs on the DNA damage responses is COX-2-independent, since COX-2-selective inhibitors failed to inhibit DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of replication protein A (RPA) and p53. (4) This COX-2-independent attenuating effect was mediated through interference of neither nuclear factor kappa B nor extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways. (5) The activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), two key signal transducers upstream of RPA and p53, was found to be significantly reduced with sodium salicylate treatment. (6) Most importantly, sodium salicylate and other NSAIDs directly inhibited kinase activity of ATM and DNA-PK. The extent of inhibition on the kinase activity also correlated with the degree of attenuation on the DNA damage responses. (7) Unexpectedly, sodium salicylate showed a p53-independent protection effect on topoisomerase-mediated cell killing. Together, our study provides evidence that NSAIDs exhibit a novel COX-independent modulating activity of NSAIDs on the DNA damage responses and it is through inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like kinases.

Escherichia coli mar and acrAB Mutants Display No Tolerance to Simple Alcohols

The inducible Mar phenotype of Escherichia coli is associated with increased tolerance to multiple hydrophobic antibiotics as well as some highly hydrophobic organic solvents such as cyclohexane, mediated mainly through the AcrAB/TolC efflux system. The influence of water miscible alcohols ethanol and 1-propanol on a Mar constitutive mutant and a mar deletion mutant of E. coli K-12, as well as the corresponding strains carrying the additional acrAB deletion, was investigated. In contrast to hydrophobic solvents, all strains were killed in exponential phase by 1-propanol and ethanol at rates comparable to the parent strain. Thus, the Mar phenotype does not protect E. coli from killing by these more polar solvents. Surprisingly, AcrAB does not contribute to an increased alcohol tolerance. In addition, sodium salicylate, at concentrations known to induce the mar operon, was unable to increase 1-propanol or ethanol tolerance. Rather, the toxicity of both solvents was increased in the presence of sodium salicylate. Collectively, the results imply that the resilience of E. coli to water miscible alcohols, in contrast to more hydrophobic solvents, does not depend upon the AcrAB/TolC efflux system, and suggests a lower limit for substrate molecular size and functionality. Implications for the application of microbiological systems in environments containing high contents of water miscible organic solvents, e.g., phage display screening, are discussed.