Presence Of Rutin Research Articles

In vitro Evaluation of Anti-Cancer Potential of Different Solvent Extracts Derived from Clerodendrum Infortunatum Linn against Cervical Cancer.

Cervical cancer is a prevalent and deadly malignancy in females, with chemotherapy often proving ineffective due to significant side effects and the development of chemo-resistance. This study investigates the medicinal potential of Clerodendrum infortunatum linn. , a genus with approximately 500 species in the Lamiaceae family. Limited research exists on the species of Clerodendrum infortunatum and its various solvent extracts. The study aims to assess the anti-cancer properties of different solvent extracts from this plant on human cervical cancer cells. The study examines the plant's phytochemical components and their potential to inhibit cancer growth. Aerial parts of the plant were extracted using the Soxhlet method, and the presence of Rutin, Quercetin, and Gallic Acid in specific solvent extracts was validated through High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). In vitro assays, including MTT, Apoptosis, Cell Cycle analysis, Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species assessment, and Gene expression PCR, were conducted to investigate the plant's anti-cancer properties further. The outcomes of the phytochemical assessment indicated that Rutin was predominantly present in the water extract, with quercetin being more concentrated in the decoction, and the hydro-alcoholic extract showing elevated levels of gallic acid. Notably, the decoction extract demonstrated the highest cytotoxic activity, primarily through early apoptosis and arrests in the S-phase and G2M phases. Clerodendrum infortunatum exhibited a reduction in Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species. The gene expression analysis disclosed an impact on the BCL-2 gene. Notably, Clerodendrum infortunatum exhibited the ability to initiate early apoptosis, halt the cell cycle at the S and G2M phases, and diminish levels of reactive oxygen species significantly. The gene expression analysis revealed an influence on the BCL-2 gene. To sum up, this research underscores the encouraging cytotoxic and antioxidant attributes of Clerodendrum infortunatum, implying its potential for cervical cancer treatment.

Flavonoid-incorporated starch and poly(vinyl alcohol) film: Sensitive and selective colorimetric sensor for copper identification and quantification in beverages and environmental samples

Colorimetric sensors based on an eco-friendly sensor molecule immobilized into a polymer matrix have broad applications for detecting trace elements. However, their potential for quantitative analysis of these elements remains little explored. Here, we incorporated rutin or quercetin into films based on starch, poly(vinyl alcohol), and glycerol to detect and quantify Cu2+ in different matrices. The films were characterized by colorimetric assays, thickness, and solubility analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mechanical assays. Incorporating the flavonoids in the film decreased its solubility, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity, while increased its cross-sectional surface irregularity. XRD and DSC results indicated an increase in film crystallinity in the presence of rutin or quercetin. FTIR analyses showed a more effective incorporation of quercetin than rutin in the polymeric matrix, which was confirmed by flavonoid release studies from the film. The film containing quercetin exhibited selectivity in identifying copper in liquid matrices, changing its color from light yellow to dark yellow. An analytical method to quantify Cu2+ was developed, presenting a linear response range of 0.20–1.20 mg L−1, with detection and quantification limits of 0.060 and 0.20 mg L−1, respectively, very lower than other methods based on polymeric matrices containing natural dyes. The method was successfully applied for Cu2+ determination in cachaça and tap water samples, achieving high accuracy (96–104% of recovery) and precision (relative standard deviation < 6.7%). Our findings represent an advancement in the field of sensors based on natural dyes, demonstrating that such sensors can achieve high sensitivity without the need for complex sample preparation methods.

Ethnopharmacological basis and pharmacodynamics prospectives for folkloric claims of Rosa webbiana wall. Ex. Royle in diarrhea and asthma via In vitro, In vivo and In silico techniques

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRosa webbiana (Family: Rosaceae) is used by South Asian herbalists to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. Aim of the studyThis research aimed at multiple targets to verify R. webbiana for treating diarrhea and asthma. In vitro, in vivo, and in silico experiments were planned to demonstrate the antispasmodic and bronchodilator potential of R. webbiana. Materials and methodsThe bioactive compounds of R. webbiana were identified and quantified through LC ESI-MS/MS and HPLC. These compounds were predicted for muti-mechanisms of bronchodilator and antispasmodic potential in network pharmacology and molecular docking. In vitro methods (isolated rabbit trachea, bladder, and jejunum tissues) confirmed these multi-mechanisms for antispasmodic and bronchodilator effects. Antiperistalsis, antidiarrheal, and antisecretory experiments were conducted in in-vivo experiments. ResultsThe phytochemical analysis indicates the presence of rutin (742.91 μg/g), kaempferol (726.32 μg/g), and quercitrin (688.20 μg/g) in Rw. EtOH. These bioactive compounds in network pharmacology interfere with the pathogenic genes of diarrhea and asthma, which are the members of calcium-mediated signaling pathways and showed the stronger binding affinity towards voltage-gated L-type calcium channels, myosin light chain-kinase, Calcium calmodulin-dependent-kinase, Phosphodiesterase-4, and phosphoinositide phospholipase-C in molecular docking. Rw. EtOH elicited a spasmolytic response in isolated jejunum, trachea, and urine preparations by relaxing K+ (80 mM) and CCh (1 μM) spastic contractions. Additionally, it suppressed calcium concentration-response curves to the right, like verapamil. Like dicyclomine, it caused a rightward parallel shift of the CCh curves, followed by a non-parallel shift at higher concentrations with suppression of the maximal response. Like papaverine, it also caused isoprenaline-induced inhibitory CRCs to shift to the left. Verapamil did not potentiate isoprenaline-induced inhibitory CRCs, although it was more efficacious against K+ (80 mM) than CCh (1 μM)-induced contractions. R. webbiana EtOH extract exhibited complete antiperistalsis (21.55%), antidiarrheal (80.33%), and antisecretory (82.59±0.60) activities in vivo experiments at the dose of 300 mg/kg. ConclusionThus, Rw. EtOH modulated multiple pathways, produced calcium antagonistic, anticholinergic, and phosphodiesterase inhibitory actions, and had antidiarrheal and bronchodilator effects.

Cichorium intybus L. “hairy” roots as a rich source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds

The present study aimed to determine the bioactive profile of various extracts of Cichorium intybus L. “hairy” roots. In particular, the total content of flavonoids as well as the reducing power, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanolic (70%) extracts were evaluated. The total content of flavonoids the ethanolic extract of the dry “hairy” root reached up to 121.3 mg (RE)/g, which was twofold greater than in the aqueous one. A total of 33 diverse polyphenols were identified by the LC-HRMS method. The experimental results showed a high amount of gallic (6.103 ± 0.008 mg/g) and caffeic (7.001 ± 0.068 mg/g) acids. In the “hairy” roots, the presence of rutin, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, and its derivatives was found in concentrations of 0.201±0.003 – 6.710±0.052 mg/g. The broad spectrum of pharmacological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, etc.) of the key flavonoids identified in the chicory “hairy” root extract was predicted by the General Unrestricted Structure-Activity Relationships algorithm based on in the substances detected in the extract. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity showed that the EC50 values of the ethanol and the aqueous extracts were 0.174 and 0.346 mg, respectively. Thus, the higher ability of the ethanol extract to scavenge the DPPH radical was observed. The calculated Michaelis and inhibition constants indicated that the ethanolic extract of C. intybus “hairy” roots is an efficient inhibitor of soybean 15-Lipoxygenase activity (IC50 = 84.13 ± 7.22 μM) in a mixed mechanism. Therefore, the obtained extracts could be the basis of herbal pharmaceuticals for the therapy of human diseases accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation, including the pandemic coronavirus disease COVID-19.

A novel “signal-off” photoelectrochemical sensing platform for selective detection of rutin based on Cu2SnS3/TiO2 heterojunction

In this study, a novel and ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor was developed for highly selective detection of rutin with a “signal-off” pattern based on Cu2SnS3-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) under UV light irradiation. Herein, the highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were grown on the surface of Ti foil using an anodization process, and then Cu2SnS3 nanoparticles (NPs) were deposited on TiO2 NTAs by electrodeposition method. It was found that the Cu2SnS3/TiO2 NTAs/Ti electrode exhibited a much-increased photocurrent response compared to the bare TiO2 NTAs/Ti electrode owing to the synergistic effect between Cu2SnS3 nanoparticles and TiO2 NTAs, which could accelerate the separation of electron-hole pairs. In the presence of rutin,the PEC response was reduced due to the steric hindrance effect caused by the interaction between Cu2SnS3 nanoparticles and rutin. Under optimum conditions, the fabricated PEC sensor indicated a widespread linear range of 0.001 nM–100 µM toward rutin with an extremely low detection limit (LOD) of 0.0007 nM. Moreover, the experimental results revealed that the proposed PEC sensor possessed good stability, favorable selectivity, outstanding repeatability, and reproducibility. Meanwhile, the proposed PEC sensor was successfully used to determine rutin content in real samples, and satisfactoryresults were obtained.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА И АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ СУХОГО ЭКСТРАКТА ТРАВЫ ПОСКОННИКА КОНОПЛЯНОГО

The article presents the results of a study of a polyphenolic extract of the herb Eupatorium cannabinum L., which grows on the territory of the Krasnodar Territory. The aim of the study was to conduct a phytochemical analysis of the BAS of a dry extract of Eupatorium cannabinum L. and determination of its antioxidant activity. Thus, as a result of the conducted studies, it was found that a diverse composition of phenolic compounds is identified in the dry extract of Eupatorium cannabinum L., among which the presence of rutin, quercetin salicylic, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, π-coumaric and gallic acids was revealed. It was found that the content of phenolic carboxylic acids in the dry extract of Eupatorium cannabinum L. averaged 15.10%, flavonoids – 4.34%. The results of the studies conducted on the in vitro model system revealed the ability of the dry extract of Eupatorium cannabinum L. reduce the accumulation of Fe2+-induced POL products, which indicates the presence of direct antioxidant action. The mechanism of action of the resulting extraction product on the one hand may be related to the ability of phenolic compounds that make up the dry extract to act as free radical traps and restore reactive oxygen species, on the other hand, the resulting extract can act as chelators of Fe2+ ions, which significantly reduces the rate of free radical processes. The obtained data complement the previously discovered information about the antimicrobial effect of the dry extract of the cannabis herb and allow us to predict the potential effectiveness of the use of drugs based on it for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory skin diseases due to the presence of combined antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.

Effect of abiotic elicitor methyl jasmonate on production of rutin in callus cultures of Abutilon hirtum L.

A significant therapeutic plant from the Malvaceae family is Abutilon hirtum (L.). It is frequently used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of illnesses. Rutin is a flavonoid molecule with commercial value that has anticancer, nutritional, and anti-ageing properties. This research project was carried out to evaluate the effect of abiotic elicitor Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) at concentrations 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 mmol.L-1 on accumulation of rutin by callus cultures of Abutilon hirtum L. after 30 days of growth on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium to which 2000 µg.L-1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) + 500 µg.L-1 Kinetin (Kin) were added. The results showed that the best callus stems cultivated on MS growth medium fortified with 2000 µg.L-1 2,4-D + 500 µg.L-1 Kin, recorded the highest fresh weight of 2.887 g after four weeks. This induced callus was characterized by its friable texture. The data of rutin detection in cultures of callus obtained from stems explant of A. hirtum L., using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) indicated the presence of rutin in these cultures by comparison with the rutin standard samples containing a precisely known concentration of a substance for use in quantitative analysis.. Treatment with 0.03 mmol.L-1 of Methyl Jasmonate gave the best rutin amount of 5.606 mg.g-1 was much higher than the control treatment of 1.569 mg.g-1. These data clearly indicated that callus cultures are a potential continuous and constant source of rutin, as a secondary metabolite, and as an alternative to field plants.

A novel strategy to improve the recovery of phenolic compounds from Pistacia lentiscus L. fruits using design-based statistical modeling for ultrasound-deep eutectic solvents extraction and the evaluation of their antioxidant potential

Recently, there has been increasing interest in using alternative green technologies for the isolation of bioactive metabolites from medicinal plants. This study was designed to select the optimal solvent for phenolic compounds (TPC) extraction from Pistacia lentiscus L. black fruits (PBF) and the development of an experimental model by response surface methodology using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents (UAE-DES). The characterization and the antioxidant capacity of PBF phytochemicals using a multi-test system in-vitro were investigated. The highest amount of phenolic compounds (TPC: 183.95 ± 0.01 mg GAE/Gdw) was obtained using choline chloride-acetic acid solvent DES, under the optimum extraction conditions: 28.3% of water percentage, 40 °C of extraction temperature, and 18 min of extraction time. Moreover, DES extract had a more important antioxidant capacity with no significant difference compared to the control (Ascorbic acid). Furthermore, HPLC-DAD and TLC analysis indicated the presence of rutin and Cyanidin-3-glycoside in fraction number 4 after fractionation using the HP-20 diaion resin column. This extraction media has proved to be an alternative approach for the extraction of bioactive compounds as a sustainable and safe extraction media for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

HPTLC Quantification and Estimation of Rutin and Kaempferol using aerial parts of Ixora javanica (blume) dc. and Ixora barbata roxb. ex. sm.

Plants extracts continue to be natural sources of various drugs which play an important role in combating several diseases and infections. Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites with immense potential to be used as drugs, for treating several diseases. With an aim to discover more natural sources of flavonoids to be used as drugs, leaf and flower extracts of two species of Ixora were analyzed. Current study deals with phytochemical analysis and quantification of 2 flavonoids, Rutin and Kaempferol, present in Ixora javanica and Ixora barbata using HPTLC method. The present study involves detection, quantification and comparison of both the above flavonoids present in their leaf and flower extracts. The solvents used for extraction were also compared to suggest the best solvent to be used to obtain maximum amount of flavonoids. Leaf and flower extracts of both plants were made using petroleum ether, 85% methanol and 90% ethanol solvents. HPTLC analysis indicated the presence of Rutin and Kaempferol in the extracts. The highest amount of Rutin was recorded in 85% methanolic extract of flowers of Ixora javanica (1298.6µg/ml). This was followed by 85% methanolic extract of leaf of Ixora barbata (1183.5µg/ml). The lowest amount of Rutin was observed in 90% ethanolic extract of leaf of Ixora barbata (10.9µg/ml). The highest amount of Kaempferol was observed in 90% ethanolic extract of leaf of Ixora javanica (527.8µg/ml). The lowest amount of Kaempferol was observed in 90% ethanolic extract of leaf of Ixora barbata (58.2µg/ml).

STUDY OF THE FLAVONOID COMPOSITION OF JUGLANS NIGRA L. BARK

Juglans nigra L. is a species of trees of the Juglandaceae family. This representative of the genus Walnut (Juglans L.) has not been sufficiently studied in comparison with other species, including Juglans regia L., but J. nigra is promising type of medicinal plant material, which the preparations have an antimicrobial, restorative effect. In our opinion, the contribution to the main antimicrobial effect, along with naphthoquinones, is also made by the flavonoids, contained in the raw material of this plant. There are insufficient data in the literature to substantiate the chemical composition of the black walnut bark. There is a possibility of standardizing the leaves of black walnut when quantitative determination of the amount of naphthoquinones by photocolorimetry method in terms of juglone is carried out. This article discusses the results of a study of the flavonoid composition of the bark of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) as a promising source of biologically active compounds. As a result of the comparative chromatographic study, the presence of flavonoids was detected using detection at a wavelength of 365 nm, after treatment with 3% ethanolic solution of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and diazobenzenesulfonic acid. In all water-alcohol extracts from the bark of the black walnut, the presence of rutin was not confirmed. Using column chromatography on silica gel L 40/100, the dominant flavonoid compound, myricitrin (3-О-α-L-rhamnopyranoside of myricetin), which has chloroform-ethanol-water (26 : 16 : 3) and n-butanol-acetic acid (glacial) in the solvent systems: water of Rf value about 0.4 and 0.65, respectively. Myricitrin was identified as 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside of myricetin based on UV, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and acid hydrolysis results. It was determined that in all UV spectra of extracts from the bark of black walnut, a bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength band is observed in the presence of a 3% ethanolic solution of AlCl3, which confirms the presence of flavonoids. Under the conditions of differential spectrophotometry, an absorption maximum is observed in the 410-416 nm area, which indicates the advisability of using myricitrin in the analysis procedure, which has an absorption maximum at a wavelength of 416 nm. As a result of the study, a method was developed for the quantitative determination of the total flavonoids in the bark of black walnut. The optimal parameters have been determined: extractant is 80% water- ethanolic solutions; the ratio "raw material-extractant" – 1 : 30; time of extraction - extraction on a boiling water bath for 60 min, the degree of grinding of the raw material – 2 mm, analytical wavelength at 416 nm. It was determined that the content of the total flavonoids calculated on myricitrin in all studied samples is varied from 2.38% to 3.02%.

Multiprotein Inhibitory Effect of Dietary Polyphenol Rutin from Whole Green Jackfruit Flour Targeting Different Stages of Diabetes Mellitus: Defining a Bio-Computational Stratagem

The anti-diabetic potential of whole unripe jackfruit (peel with pulp, flake, and seed) was investigated using inhibitory assays for α-glucosidase, α-amylase, aldose reductase, and glycation at multiple stages. Using activity-guided repeated fractionation on a silica gel column chromatography, dietary flavonoid rutin with potent antihyperglycemic activity was extracted from the methanol extract of whole jackfruit flour (MJ). Rutin was found to inhibit both α-glucosidase (IC50: 7.86 µg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50: 22.00 µg/mL) in a competitive manner of inhibition with low Ki values. In addition, in vitro glycation experiments revealed that rutin prevented each stage of protein glycation as well as the production of intermediate molecules. Furthermore, rutin significantly inhibited aldose reductase (IC50: 2.75 µg/mL) in a non-competitive manner. During in silico studies, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies have suggested that rutin has a high binding affinity for the enzymes studied, which could explain its inhibitory effects. Rutin interacted with the key residues of the target enzymes’ inhibitor binding sites. Compared to the controls used, rutin had a higher binding efficiency as well as stability in the inhibitor binding pocket of the target enzymes. According to our findings, the presence of rutin is more likely to be associated with the potential of MJ in antihyperglycemic activity via inhibition of α-glucosidase and in anti-diabetic action via inhibition of the polyol pathway and protein glycation. The bio-computational study indicates rutin as a potential lead inhibitor of all the target enzymes used and could be used as an effective anti-diabetic drug in the near future.

In silico screening, molecular dynamic simulations, and in vitro activity of selected natural compounds as an inhibitor of Leishmania donovani 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase.

In Leishmania sp., the enzymes of de novo cysteine biosynthesis pathway require sulfide. Other organisms utilize sulfide through the sulfide reduction pathway, but Leishmania lacks the gene that encodes these enzymes. Hence, the major source of sulfide for Leishmania is believed to be from the action of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) on 3-mercapto-pyruvate (3MP). There has been no effort reported in the past to screen inhibitors against L. donovani 3MST (Ld3MST). As a result, this study examines natural compounds that are potent against Ld3MST and validates it by in vitro activity and cytotoxicity tests. Initially, a library of ~ 5000 natural compounds was subjected to molecular docking approach for screening, and the best hit was validated using a long-term molecular dynamic simulation (MD). Among the docking results, quercetine-3-rutinoside (Rutin) was deemed the best hit. The results of the MD indicated that Rutin was highly capable of interacting with the varied active site segments, possibly blocking substrate access. Additionally, promastigotes and amastigotes were tested for Rutin activity and the IC50 was found to be 40.95 and 90.09 μM, respectively. Similarly, the cytotoxicity assay revealed that Rutin was not toxic even at a concentration of 819.00 μM to THP-1 cell lines. Additionally, the Ld3MST was cloned, purified, and evaluated for enzyme activity in the presence of Rutin. Reduction in the enzyme activity (~ 85%) was observed in the presence of ~ 40 μM Rutin. Thus, this study suggests that Rutin may act as a potent inhibitor of Ld3MST. With further in vivo investigations, Rutin could be a small molecule of choice for combating leishmaniasis.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00436-022-07532-5.

Seasonal Qualitative Variations of Phenolic Content in the Stem Bark of Prunus persica var. nucipersica ‐ Implication for the Use of the Bark as a Source of Bioactive Compounds

AbstractThe seasonal variations of the phenolic content in the stem bark of Prunus persica var. nucipersica were analyzed by using high pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Great differences were observed for flavanone 5‐O‐glycosides, rutin and acetylated p‐coumaroylsucrose conjugates containing 0–4 acetyl groups. It is a matter of discussion in which period of the year, May‐August or September‐April, the bark of Prunus persica is the most valuable source of bioactive constituent. If the presence of rutin is desirable, May‐August is the appropriate harvest period, whereas September‐April is appropriate if the presence of flavanone 5‐O‐glycosides is of interest.

Novel biomass-derived porous-graphitic carbon coated iron oxide nanocomposite as an efficient electrocatalyst for the sensitive detection of rutin (vitamin P) in food and environmental samples

Design and development of inexpensive, portable, and eco-friendly electrochemical non-enzymatic sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity is pivotal in analytical chemistry. In this regard, we have developed a highly porous graphitic-activated carbon (GAC, derived from tamarind fruit shell biomass) coated iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanocomposite (Fe2O3/GAC) for the efficient detection of rutin (vitamin p). Fe2O3/GAC nanocomposite was prepared using a facile green synthesis method and thoroughly characterized using SEM, XRD, and XPS techniques. As-prepared Fe2O3/GAC nanocomposite was deposited over a screen printed electrode (SPE) to fabricate Fe2O3/GAC/SPE and utilized as a non-enzymatic sensor for the electrochemical determination of rutin in food and environmental samples. The modified electrode was characterized using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques, which witnessed the excellent conductivity of the developed sensor. The fabricated Fe2O3/GAC/SPE nanocomposite exhibited a set of redox peaks in the presence of rutin, corresponding to the electrochemical redox feature of rutin (rutin to 3′,4′-diquinone). Further, the modified electrode displayed excellent electrocatalytic characteristics towards the oxidation of rutin, based on which a differential pulse voltammetry-based sensor was developed for rutin determination. The developed non-enzymatic sensor has shown prominent performance towards rutin detection in a wide linear range from 0.1 to 130 μM with an excellent detection limit of 0.027 μM. The enhanced electrocatalytic response could be ascribed to the synergistic effect of Fe2O3 and GAC on the developed probe. Moreover, the developed sensor was successfully utilized for real-time detection of rutin in various samples.

The Molecular Dynamics Effects of Rutin on CDKS 2, 4 and 6: In Silico Modelling and Molecular Dynamics

Objectives: This simulated study has mechanistically evaluated the molecular dynamics effects of rutin on CDKs 2, 4, and 6 in cell cycling. Methods: Protein Data Bank (http://www.rcsb.org) was used to obtain the PDB file of CDK 2, 4, and 6. After simulation of CDKs in Gromacs software, AutoDock 4.2 was used to run 200 stages of molecular docking of CDKs in the presence of the rutin. CDK 2, 4, and 6 were simulated in the presence of rutin after docking. Results: Rutin had the highest tendency to bind the CDK-2 and CDK-6 via binding 16 and 18 residues in the binding site with hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds (respectively). Also, they had the highest amount of binding energy released. Rutin decreased total energy in CDKs and reduced the radius of gyration in CDK-2 and CDK-6 after docking. The secondary coil structure increased in CDK-2 and decreased in CDK-4 and 6. Conclusion: Conformational changes in CDK2 and 6 via rutin can inhibit the activity of these proteins and subsequently arrest the cell cycle in phases G1, S, and G2, which can lead the damaged cell to cell repair or Apoptosis. Keywords: Apoptosis, cell arresting, rutin, molecular dynamic, simulation

Carica papaya leaf water extract promotes innate immune response via MAPK signaling pathways

The emergence and rapid spread of the potentially fatal coronavirus disease 2019, caused due to infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, has led to worldwide interest in developing functional bioactive ingredients that act as immunomodulatory agents. In this study, we aimed to characterize Carica papaya extract and explore its potential as an immuno-modulator by performing in vitro cell screening. Papaya leaf water extract (PLW) was found to significantly increase the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by upregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 activity, respectively. Additionally, PLW increased the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1β in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, PLW activated the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not that of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results indicate that PLW increased the production of NO, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines by activating the JNK and ERK pathways in macrophages, thus demonstrating immunomodulatory properties. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint analysis indicated the presence of rutin, narirutin, and ρ-coumaric acid in PLW (6.30, 119.76, and 47.25 ppm, respectively). Treating cells with these compounds at non-toxic concentrations had no effect on NO production. Taken together, these results suggest that PLW may have potential as an immunity-enhancing supplement. © The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 2021.

Temperature abetted synthesis of novel magnesium stannate nanoparticles assisted for nanomolar level detection of hazardous flavonoid in biological samples

Fabrication of temperature-influenced nanoparticles over the superficial region of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) stimulates the electrocatalytic activity owing to their morphology, defective sites, and higher active surface area, etc. In this regard, we have fabricated annealed magnesium stannate nanoparticles (Mg2SnO4 NPs) on GCE for nanomolar level detection of hazardous flavoring and pharmaceutical compound Rutin (RT). To analyze the impact of temperature, we have compared annealed Mg2SnO4 NPs with unannealed magnesium stannate hydrate (MgSnO3·3H2O) particles. The physicochemical properties of synthesized materials were characterized with different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. From these studies, annealed Mg2SnO4 NPs formed purely without any flith and existence of water molecules as compared to unannealed MgSnO3·3H2O. Moreover as fabricated, Mg2SnO4 NPs/GCE outcomes with higher redox behavior compared to other electrodes in presence of RT at optimized working buffer (pH = 7.0). Interestingly, the electrode successfully established a dual wider linear response (0.062–34.8 & 34.8–346.8 µM) with a nanomolar detection limit (1 nM) and higher sensitivity. The practicability analysis of the proposed sensor also affords excellent selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, reversibility, and storage stability. Furthermore, the real sample analysis was carried out in blood and orange samples fallout with better recovery results.

Garuga pinnata attenuates oxidative stress and liver damage in chemically induced hepatotoxicity in rats

ABSTRACT Aim: The aim of the current research work was to isolate, characterize and evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Garuga pinnata leaves in both acute and chronic hepatic disorder. Materials and methods: The ethanolic extract of the leaves was evaluated for phytochemical screening, acute oral toxicity studies and In-vivo hepatoprotective activity. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of paracetamol, thioacetamide and ethanol in albino wistar rats. Serum and tissue biochemical parameters were estimated. Histopathological studies were performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The active principle from plant was isolated using column chromatography and identified by UV, FTIR, NMR, and GC-MS studies. Results: Animal groups treated with hepatotoxicant showed marked alteration in serum and tissue biochemical parameters. However, pretreatment with ethanolic extract significantly restored the biochemical parameters. Garuga pinnata leaves extract showed the dose-dependant hepatoprotective effect. Histopathology of the groups treated with leaves extract showed normal hepatic architecture confirming hepatoprotective activity. Analytical techniques including UV, FTIR, NMR and mass confirmed the presence of rutin flavonoids and hence the hepatoprotective activity was attributed to chemical compound rutin. Conclusion: Ethanolic leaves extracts can serve as promising herbal medicine for the treatment of both acute and chronic hepatotoxicity due to the presence of flavonoids rutin.

The Effect of Rutin on Starch Hydrogels/Aerogels Made from Electrolyzed Barley Flour

AbstractStarch can be modified by chemical and physical methods. In this study, electrolysis of barley flour (&gt;99% amylopectin) suspension (1:6 w/w in water) is investigated to understand the effect of electrical voltage (5–30 V) and platinum electrode length (4–8 cm) on the structural properties of barley starch isolates, its aerogels, and hydrogels made in the presence of rutin. After 30 min of electrolysis treatment, the isolated starches have higher magnesium (2.9%) and phosphorus(13.0%) contents compared to 0.8% and 3.5% of the alkali‐treated starch, respectively. The Fourier Transform Infrared analysis shows that electrolysis enhances starch crystallinity, which is reduced by rutin. Also, high water absorption capacity (1659 ± 24%) is observed for electrolyzed starch (15 V/8 cm) aerogels but is reduced by the addition of rutin to 566 ± 70%. All electrolyzed starch hydrogels are opaque and firm (25 g) after 40 days at 23 °C. Green electrolysis process offers chemical (metal complexation) and physical (crystallinity) modification for barley starch.

Study of alterations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Saxagliptin in the presence of Rutin: An interaction study in rats

Study of alterations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Saxagliptin in the presence of Rutin: An interaction study in rats