Presence Of Phosphorous Research Articles

Advanced Fabrication of 3D Micro/Nanostructures of Gallium Oxide with a Tuned Band Gap and Optical Properties.

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) is a promising material for high-power semiconductor applications due to its wide band gap and high breakdown voltage. However, the current methods for fabricating Ga2O3 nanostructures have several disadvantages, including their complex manufacturing processes and high costs. In this study, we report a novel approach for synthesizing β-Ga2O3 nanostructures on gallium phosphide (GaP) using ultra-short laser pulses for in situ nanostructure generation (ULPING). We varied the process parameters to optimize the nanostructure formation, finding that the ULPING method produces high-quality β-Ga2O3 nanostructures with a simpler and more cost-effective process when compared with existing methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to characterize the samples, which indicated the presence of phosphorous. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the formation of gallium oxide, along with a minor amount of phosphorus-containing compounds. Structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the formation of a monoclinic β-polymorph of Ga2O3. We also measured the band gap of the materials using reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS), and found that the band gap increased with higher nanostructure formation, reaching 6.2 eV for the optimized sample. Furthermore, we observed a change in the heterojunction alignment, which we attribute to the change in the oxidation of the samples. Our results demonstrate the potential of ULPING as a novel, simple, and cost-effective method for fabricating Ga2O3 nanostructures with tunable optical properties. The ULPING method offers a green alternative to existing fabrication methods, making it a promising technology for future research in the field of Ga2O3 nanostructure fabrication.

Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Modulated Salinity Stress in the Presence of Phosphorous through Improving Growth, Biochemical Properties, and Gene Expression of Chickpea (Cicer arientnum L.)

Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Modulated Salinity Stress in the Presence of Phosphorous through Improving Growth, Biochemical Properties, and Gene Expression of Chickpea (Cicer arientnum L.)

Degumming Role of Sunflower Oil (Helianthus annuus) on Biodiesel Quality

Biodiesel, known as fatty acid methyl ester, has become more attractive as an alternative fuel for diesel engine because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources such as vegetable oil and animal fats by reacting them with short chain alcohols. Biodiesel has become increasingly important due to the following advantages: it is renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. Crude sunflower oil may be a cheap source for biodiesel production. However, it contains high amount of phosphorus, which can inhibit the action of the catalyst during transesterification. Phosphorus removal from vegetable oils applied for diesel fuel is an essential process, since the presence of phosphors in direct use to the diesel engine might cause plugging in the engine filters, lines and injectors. In the biodiesel production, the use of crude vegetable oils without degumming might decrease conversion rate and hard to separate glycerol from biodiesel, during and after trans-esterification reaction respectively.Degumming role of crude sunflower oil on physicochemical properties of biodiesel was studied with determination of following parameters: phosphorus content, acidity value, peroxide value, viscosity, density, iodine value and saponification value. Degumming of sunflower oil is realysed by water degumming and by electrolyte degumming followed by a fast decrease of residual phosphorus content. The compared results showed that degumming process of sunflower oil has a role on biodiesel quality.

Enhanced performances of grafted VOx on titania/silica for the selective photocatalytic oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde

In this work gas phase photocatalytic selective oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde was studied with directly fluidizable photocatalysts made of grafted VOx on titania/silica in presence of phosphors as light carriers to test their performances in the photocatalytic system. The presence of VOx species anchored on TiO2/SiO2 enhanced ethanol conversion up to 66%, with acetaldehyde selectivity higher than 99%. The performances of V-based sample at 11wt% of TiO2 supported on fluidizable support were higher than those evaluated when nano-TiO2 powder is used as support. Moreover, the photocatalytic conversion of ethanol was further increased in presence of phosphors as light carriers. From the obtained results, it is concluded that by preparing VOx based catalyst through grafting method allows a dramatic enhance in the productivity of acetaldehyde, even when the concentration level of alcohol at photoreactor inlet is increased.

Crystal growth, FTIR and thermal characterization of bis(ethyltriphenylphosphonium) tetrabromomanganate(II) dihydrate crystals

Single crystals of a novel compound, bis(ethyltriphenylphosphonium) tetrabromomanganate(II) dihydrate (BTP-Mn) were grown by solution growth-slow evaporation technique from aqueous solution of the compound at ambient temperature. The grown crystals were characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The chemical composition of the compound was revealed by elemental analysis and its crystallinity was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. Thermal analysis confirmed that the compound was stable up to 125°C. The various kinds of protons and carbons present in the compound were confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR technique respectively and the presence of phosphorous was confirmed by 31P NMR spectrum in the compound. The modes of vibration of different molecular groups present in the compound were identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The second harmonic generation behaviour was tested by Nd:YAG laser source.

Intensification of gas-phase photoxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde by using phosphors as light carriers

In this work a significant improvement of VO(x)/TiO(2) photocatalytic activity in the selective partial oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde was achieved by the simultaneous irradiation with light emitting phosphorescent particles and UVA-LEDs as external light source. Photocatalytic tests were carried out in a gas-solid photocatalytic fluidized bed reactor at high illumination efficiency, in which the bed is constituted by VO(x)/TiO(2) photocatalyst at nominal V(2)O(5) content of 5 wt% and suitable selected phosphors, diluted with glass spheres. In this way, phosphors were fluidized together with the catalyst, excited by external UVA-LEDs, emitting their stored energy in close proximity to the catalyst. In the absence of phosphors the ethanol consumption rate initially grows linearly with initial alcohol concentration, then bends towards an asymptotic value for initial ethanol concentration higher than 0.5 vol%. By contrast, when phosphors are present, the ethanol consumption rate increased linearly in the overall range. In all cases acetaldehyde was the main product detected in gas phase with a selectivity of about 97%, ethylene and carbon dioxide the by-products. The results evidenced that the presence of phosphors allowed improved photon transfer, increasing the apparent quantum yield from 2 to 30% together with a high photoreactivity.

Niobium phosphates as new highly selective catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane

Several niobium phosphate phases have been prepared, fully characterized and tested as catalysts for the selective oxidation of ethane to ethylene. Three distinct niobium phosphate catalysts were prepared, and each was comprised predominantly of a different bulk phase, namely Nb(2)P(4)O(15), NbOPO(4) and Nb(1.91)P(2.82)O(12). All of the niobium phosphate catalysts showed high selectivity towards ethylene, but the best catalyst was Nb(1.91)P(2.82)O(12), which was produced from the reduction of niobium oxide phosphate (NbOPO(4)) by hydrogen. It was particularly selective for ethylene, giving ca. 95% selectivity at 5% conversion, decreasing to ca. 90% at 15% conversion, and only produced low levels of carbon oxides. It was also determined that the only primary product from ethane oxidation over this catalyst was ethylene. Catalyst activity also increased with time-on-line, and this behaviour was ascribed to an increase of the concentration of the Nb(1.91)P(2.82)O(12) phase, as partially transformed NbOPO(4), formed during preparation, was converted to Nb(1.91)P(2.82)O(12) during use. Catalysts with predominant phases of Nb(2)P(4)O(15) and NbOPO(4) also showed appreciable activity and selectivities to ethylene with values around 75% and 85% respectively at 5% ethane conversion. The presence of phosphorous is required to achieve high ethylene selectivity, as orthorhombic and monoclinic Nb(2)O(5) catalysts showed similar activity, but displayed selectivities to ethylene that were <20% under the same reaction conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that niobium phosphates have been shown to be highly selective catalysts for the oxidation of ethane to ethylene, and demonstrates that they are worthy candidates for further study.

Application of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry as multielemental analysis to determine the elemental composition of crumb rubber samples

The elemental content of different rubber samples was analyzed using different analytical methods (inductively coupled atomic emission spectroscopy and non-polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy). A new application of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry as an analytical method for the determination of elemental content of rubber samples was investigated. Control analyses were also carried out to compare the results by ICP-AES. In one hand four samples contained same quality of elements (Mg, Si, P, S, Ca, Fe, Zn), while another four samples were without phosphorous. On the other hand there were significant differences in the ratio of C/H in the case of each sample. Based on the results, it was concluded that the X-ray spectrometry as an analytical method is well-applicable to determine the elemental composition of rubber samples, but the calibration is a key part of the analysis. A good correlation was observed between the different methods, but the correlation was the function of characteristic of matrices. Significant matrix effect from the presence of phosphor was observed in the case of some samples, while the change of C/H ratio could not result notable matrix effect.

Increased Incidence of Erwinia Soft-rot on Calla Lilies in the Presence of Phosphorous

Erwinia soft-rot is an important disease of many ornamental potted crops and is one of the most limiting factors in greenhouse calla lily (Zantedeschia spp.) production. Experiments were conducted to test the effect of phosphorous added to soil-less mixes or to nutrient solutions used for irrigation on soft-rot caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc). Soft-rot incidence increased to 51% when soil-less mix was amended with superphosphate in comparison to regular soil-less mix (no superphosphate added) (31%). In contrast, addition of phosphorous in the nutrient solution met the phosphorous needs of the plant without enhancing soft-rot. Plant height, fresh mass, and number of flowers per plant were greater in calla lilies irrigated with nutrient solution containing phosphorous than no phosphorous treatments. Similar results were obtained in tests conducted in a commercial greenhouse with larger sample size. No statistical differences were found between tubers sprayed with water (control) or with a 0.5 mM solution of KH2PO4 in laboratory experiments to determine the effect of phosphorous on tuber root development. In other experiments, tubers were sprayed with either water, a bacterial cell suspension 1 × 102 cfu ml−1, a solution of 0.5 mM KH2PO4, or a suspension of bacteria in KH2PO4. The results from these tests showed a significant increase of soft-rot development in tubers treated with the suspension of Ecc prepared in a solution of KH2PO4 relative to other treatments. Further laboratory tests indicated that enzymatic activity (polygalacturonase and pectate lyase) of Ecc increased when grown in the presence of phosphorous. These experiments suggest that increased soft-rot in the presence of phosphorous is due to increased virulence of Ecc.

Phosphor-doped BaTiO3: Microstructure development and dielectric properties

The phosphor cation retards BaTiO3 formation during the first reaction stage, and favours Ba2TiO4 formation. As a consequence, the end of the reaction is only accomplished at 1150 °C. The average particle size of the synthesized powder, after attrition milling was <1.0 μm. Isopressed bars were sintered from 1200–1400 °C. Dilatometric measurements showed the existence of two sintering mechanisms; these were confirmed by means of isothermal sintering experiments. Microstructural development at low sintering temperature differs from that corresponding to higher ones. Very high permittivity values were measured in the 1325–1350 °C sintered samples. This anomalous dielectric behaviour is associated with the presence of phosphor.

Microstructure development of tape casting BaTiO3ceramics

Abstract BaTiO3 based ceramics were prepared from a non-aqueous tape casting composition and sintered. The sintering temperature for the tape layers decreased when comparing with those of conventional ceramic material. The microstructure showed rest of second phases at the grain boundaries. The grain growth was small. This behaviour was related to the presence of phosphor, which was not eliminated in the sintering. Dielectric properties were in accordance with the microstructure. High dielectric constant values were due to the low grain size and the microstructural homogeneity.

The State of Presence of Phosphor in Hamersley Pellet

The State of Presence of Phosphor in Hamersley Pellet

ハマスレーペレット中のりんの存在形態について

ハマスレーペレット中のりんの存在形態について