Presence Of Phosphonate Research Articles

Eco-Friendly Bleaching of Cotton Fabrics Without Heating Using Direct Process Water in the Presence of Sodium Chlorite and Phosphonate

ABSTRACT A large amount of chemicals, water and energy are used during the bleaching of raw cotton fabrics. For this reason, it is extremely important for economic and ecological aspect to develop eco-friendlier bleaching technology that eliminates the need for heat energy, process water, and wetting agent in the bleaching of these fabrics. Here, we report on green approach for industrial-scale bleaching with sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in presence of phosphonates (HEDP), which is used as both wetting agent and pH regulator and contributes to the high whiteness of fabrics. In bleaching, the process water was used in ambiant temperature as flote without any heating process, thus reducing the energy requirement significantly. In the measurements, it was observed that the whiteness value (W.I. = 72.6) obtained after 8.0 h bleaching at 20°C which was very close to the whiteness value (W.I. = 74.2) of reference W-1 fabric. Also, it has been confirmed that cotton fabrics bleached with NaClO2 have higher strength values, less damage, and residue on the fabric compared to reference fabrics, as well. This study showed that cotton fabrics can generate a small amount of wastewater and can be successfully bleached in the presence of NaClO2 without the need for any heating energy.

General and hybrid correlation nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of phosphorus in Phytophthora palmivora

Generalized two-dimensional (Gen2D) correlation analysis and hybrid correlation analysis have been applied to a series of dynamic 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra to monitor the in vivo metabolic changes of the plant pathogen Phytophthora palmivora in the presence and absence of phosphonate over an 18-h period. Results indicate that phosphonate exposure causes cleavage in organism polyphosphate chains as well as an increase in total sugar phosphates. In the presence of phosphonate, the NMR resonances attributed to terminal polyphosphate phosphorus reduced at a lower rate than those of middle polyphosphate phosphorus, indicating a change in average chain length and suggesting cleavage in the middle of the chain as well as at the ends. The correlation analysis techniques serve to identify and confirm spectral regions undergoing major change in the time-series data and facilitate the analysis of these dynamic changes.

The crystal structure of bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase, grown in the presence of phosphonate reveals a new intermediate in the catalytic cycle

The crystal structure of bovine mitochondrial F1-ATPase, grown in the presence of phosphonate reveals a new intermediate in the catalytic cycle

Electrochemical behavior of dopamine in the presence of phosphonate and the determination of dopamine at phosphonate modified zirconia films electrode with highly antifouling capability

Electrochemical oxidation of dopamine (DA) generally leads to electrode passivation due to accumulation of reaction products. Addition of ethylenediamine-tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP) to the supporting electrolyte can decrease the formal potential ( E 0 ′ ) of DA oxidation and enhance the antifouling capability of bare Au electrode due to the strong interaction between EDTMP and DA. Subsequently, an EDTMP modified zirconia films electrode is synthesized by using self-assembly method. The electrochemical measurements reveal the modified electrode possesses the excellent antifouling capability for DA oxidation and long-termed stability. In addition, the EDTMP modified zirconia films electrode can be used as a functional interface to sensitively and selectively detect DA in the presence of highly concentrated ascorbic acid (AA) due to the electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged phosphonic acid groups with DA.

The role of phosphonate speciation on the inhibition of barium sulfate precipitation

The inhibition of barium sulfate precipitation in the presence of phosphonate containing molecules was investigated experimentally and speciation curves were used to elucidate the interactions involved. Inhibition of precipitation was found to be pH dependent and loss of inhibition was observed at both very high and low pHs. Maximum inhibition for all the inhibitor molecules occurred at pH 8. While speciation curves showed that inhibition could be improved by the presence of 2 or more fully de-protonated phosphonate groups (for pure aminophosphonates) on the molecule at pH⩽8, at pH 12 inhibition was insensitive to the number of de-protonated phosphonate groups. It is, therefore, suggested that surface charge repulsion affects inhibition at very high pH. For molecules which are not pure aminophosphonates, stereochemistry, functional groups and the ionisation state appear to play a significant role in inhibition at 3<pH⩽8.

Phosphonate transport in Phytophthora capsici

Phosphate was shown to reverse the in vitro activity of phosphonate ions against P. capsici (strain 375) more efficiently in liquid than in solid media. Phosphonate transport by mycelia incubated in aqueous solutions was enhanced by a previous phosphate starvation and the presence of K+ cations. The intracellular phosphonate concentration reached a constant level and this concentration, which is a function of the external concentration, fits a hyperbolic relationship. Phosphonate transport was greatly stimulated when mycelia were incubated in modified Ribeiro's medium. In the absence of any phosphorus source in the growth medium, the phosphate content of mycelia at stationary phase of growth decreased. This sign of phosphate deficiency was intensified in the presence of phosphonate.

The effect of phosphonate on the acid-soluble phosphorus components in the genus Phytophthora

The high concentrations of short-chain soluble polyphosphates, previously reported in Phytophthora palmivora, have been found in six other species of Phytophthora, and appear to be characteristic of this genus. The distribution of phosphorus among the various acid-soluble pools was similar in all species except P. infestans, which accumulated less polyphosphate than other species when grown in high phosphate medium, and contained several unique and as yet unidentified organic phosphorus compounds. When grown in the presence of potassium phosphonate sufficient to reduce growth by 50%, all species showed an increased accumulation of phosphorus in both pyrophosphate and polyphosphate, without parallel increases in sugar phosphate or nucleotide phosphorus pools. The internal concentration of phosphonate required to produce 50% inhibition varied with species, ranging from 4·6 to 52 μmol (g dry wt)-1. Assimilation of orthophosphate was only slightly reduced in the presence of phosphonate, resulting in an increased concentration of phosphorus per unit mass. Metalaxyl, which also inhibits growth of Phytophthora spp. did not cause accumulation of either pyro- or polyphosphate. Phosphonate treatment also resulted in the formation of a compound identified as isohypophosphate, a metabolite of phosphonate not previously reported in Phytophthora. Taken together, these observations suggest that the primary site of phosphonate inhibition in Phytophthora spp. lies in the metabolism of pyrophosphate.

Physiological responses of Phytophthora citrophthora to a subinhibitory concentration of phosphonate

Various physiological processes were measured in the mycelium of Phytophthora citrophthora treated with 0.5 m M phosphonate, a concentration which caused approximately 20% inhibition of growth. DNA syntheses decreased by 30% 24 hr after treatment, while RNA and protein syntheses were not affected 48 hr after application of phosphonate. Incorporation of [U- 14C]acetate into neutral and polar lipid as well as into other metabolites was inhibited 33 and 25% 5 hr after phosphonate application, respectively. Phosphonate affects the respiration rate and the total adenylate pool of P. citrophthora. The residual respiratory activity of phosphonate-treated mycelium was more resistant to potassium cyanide than untreated mycelium. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of P. citrophthora is able to use phosphonate as a physiological substrate with the same affinity as phosphate, but with a maximal velocity that is six times lower than that of phosphate. The intracellular acid phosphatase activity was not modified by phosphonate application, but this anion enhances the intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity by a factor of 4.8. Phosphonate increases the intracellular phosphate pool of P. citrophthora. The activities of both key enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, were enhanced by a factor of 1000 after 24 hr of incubation in the presence of phosphonate. After the same period of incubation, phosphonate enhanced the activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, which is implicated in β-glucan biosynthesis, by a factor of 10. These results support the hypothesis that phosphonate may interact with phosphate for the catalytic site of phosphorylating enzymes, but also at the transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional level for the regulation of several enzymes. Thus, the activity of phosphonate produced a physiological state similar to that produced by a limitation of phosphate.

The effects of sub-toxic levels of phosphonate on the metabolism and potential virulence factors of Phytophthora palmivora

Potassium phosphonate (phosphite) altered the metabolism of P. palmivora in liquid cultures even under conditions where growth of the fungus was not restricted. However, under these conditions, the composition of the lipid and cell wall material was altered, as were the standing concentrations of intermediary metabolites (e.g. amino acids). The compound dehydroabietic acid, a diterpenoid, was detected as part of a neutral/cationic macromolecule in young Phytophthora mycelium. In the presence of phosphonate, this compound was absent. These changes in fungal metabolism and in the composition of the cell wall complex suggest a mechanism by which phosphonate may reduce the virulence of the pathogen in the host plant and consequently expose it to the natural host defences at an earlier stage of the invasion processes. Under the experimental conditions used, the fungus was able to reduce intracellular levels of phosphonate to levels below detection during the exponential growth stage. As phosphonate concentrations within the fungus fell, the number of metabolic changes observed in the fungus were also reduced.

Organic phosphorus compounds. 2. Synthesis and coronary vasodilator activity of (benzothiazolylbenzyl) phosphonate derivatives.

Structural modification and the coronary vasodilator activity of the calcium antagonist fostedil (KB-944) are described. Elimination of the bezothiazole ring or replacement of the benzothiazole ring of fostedil with other hetero rings leads to a decrease in vasodilator activity. Change of the distance from the aromatic ring to the phosphorus of fostedil causes a decrease in the activity. The present study indicates that the presence of an aromatic ring substituted thiazole ring and the presence of phosphonate at an appropriate distance from the thiazole ring are important for the coronary vasodilator action of fostedil.