Presence Of Pests Research Articles

Development Dynamics of Punica Diseases in Absheron District of Azerbaijan

The article describes the dynamics of the development of diseases of Punica in Absheron district. According to the methodology, visual inspection (5-25) of leaves, branches and fruits was carried out on 4 sides of the tree sample. Recorded samples of flower leaves, branches, stem bark and infected fruits were delivered to the laboratory; signs of the presence of pests and diseases: darkening, puncturing, spotting, drying, rotting, wilting, etc. Microscopic analyzes were carried out to determine species composition by recording characteristics. Using the method, the species composition of pomegranate mushroom seedlings was determined. Disease samples collected and delivered to the laboratory were analyzed according to the relevant methodological rules. A photograph of the pathogenic fungus spores was taken under a microscope. Under laboratory conditions in a thermostat, the development of ascospores of perithecia of the Sphaceloma punicae Bitanc. et Jenkins, which is a widespread disease of pomegranate, was partially controlled. When studying the spread of diseases affecting pomegranate plants in the region, route observations were carried out 3 times at 4-5 stations in the region at different stages of the growing season. At this time, visual observations were made of pomegranate bushes planted in different places (private courtyards and other enterprises, parks and roadsides).

Complex Effects of a Land-Use Gradient on Pollinators and Natural Enemies: Natural Habitats Mitigate the Effects of Aphid Infestation on Pollination Services.

Pollinators and natural enemies are essential ecosystem service providers influenced by land-use and by interactions between them. However, the understanding of the combined impacts of these factors on pollinator and natural enemy activities and their ultimate effects on plant productivity remains limited. We investigated the effects of local and landscape vegetation characteristics and the presence of herbivorous pests on pollination and biological control services and their combined influence on phytometer seed set. The study was conducted in a Mediterranean agro-ecosystem, encompassing ten shrubland plots spanning a land-use gradient. Within each plot, we placed caged and uncaged potted phytometer plants that were either aphid-infested or aphid-free. We quantified insect flower visitation, aphid predation and parasitism rates, and fruit and seed set. We found scale-dependent responses of pollinators and natural enemies to land-use characteristics. Flower species richness had a positive impact on aphid parasitism rates but a negative effect on pollinator activity. Notably, we found a more pronounced positive effect of natural areas on pollinator activity in aphid-infested compared to aphid-free plants, indicating a potentially critical role of natural habitats in mitigating the adverse effects of aphid infestation on pollination services. These results highlight the complex and interactive effects of land-use on pollinators and natural enemies, with significant implications for plant productivity.

Health risk due to pesticide exposure in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) crop in Oaxaca, Mexico

Pesticides increase agricultural productivity worldwide. Unfortunately, these pesticides put public health and the environment at risk. This study aimed to document the presence of pests and diseases in tomato crops, the range of pesticides used, and acute pesticide poisoning symptoms (APP) among producers from various municipalities in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. Surveys were applied from 2019 to 2021. The information was examined through a descriptive analysis. The Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman’s Rho correlation established differences between groups and associations. The main pests were the white fly, various worms, blight, mildew, and weeds. Fifty-five active ingredients (AI) were identified, predominantly Toxicological Category (TC) IV, such as insecticides and fungicides, as well as TC III herbicides. Factors associated with a greater diversity of AI were <10 years in agricultural activity, high presence of pests and diseases, and surfaces >1 ha. Up to six APP symptoms occurred in 60.6% of the producers, and 58.2% of the AI identified are considered hazardous pesticides. Highlights: Fifty-five active ingredients were identified in tomato crops, predominantly insecticides and fungicides. More than fifty percent of the active ingredients identified are considered hazardous pesticides. Up to six acute pesticide poisoning symptoms occurred in 60.6% of the producers.

Macro-microscopic evidence of pest, diseases and coexistence of microplastics in Avicennia marina leaves from Mangunharjo Village, Tugu District, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

There are enormous organisms that live depending on the mangrove ecosystem due to its important ecological services. However, their sustainability is threatened by the presence of diseases and pests. This study aimed to provide macro-microscopic evidence of diseases and pest infestation in Avicennia marina in Mangunharjo village, Tugu District, Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. During the survey, several trees had galls and symptoms of diseases on the leaves. Interestingly, we also found unidentified objects that were suggested as microplastic on the surface and inside of the leaves.

Keragaman Serangga Hama dan Musuh Alami Lahan Pertanian Padi Organik (Oryza Sativa L) Desa Rowosari Kecamatan Sumberjambe Kabupaten Jember

The application of organic rice farming systems is a solution to the negative impacts of using chemicals in the application of conventional farming systems. Organic rice cultivation cannot be separated from the presence of insect pests that attack cultivated plants. Naturally, in an ecosystem that is still good, natural enemies are already present in nature without human intervention. The existence of natural enemies in a field can suppress the existing population of insect pests, so that their presence is very helpful in maintaining the balance of the existing insect pest populations. The stability of insect populations in an agricultural ecosystem is largely determined by the high diversity of insect pests and natural enemies found in a field. Thus there is a need for research on the diversity of insect pests and natural enemies as information about which insect families are found on organic rice farming land in Rowosari Village, as well as a consideration for farmers in applying appropriate control methods. This study used yellow pan trap, sweep net and vacuum cleaner insect monitoring tools. The research was conducted on 3 observation plots in the organic rice fields of Tani Jaya II Group, Rowosari Village, Sumberjambe District, Jember Regency. Observations were made 10 times from the vegetative phase to the generative phase of rice aged 7 to 77 days after planting. Observational data were then identified and then analyzed using the Shanon-Wiener Diversity Index (H), Evenness Evenness Index (E), Simpson Dominance Index (D), and Margalef Species Richness Index (R). The results showed that there were 7 families of Pest Insects found on organic rice farming in Rowosari Village, including Pyralidae, Alydidae, Grylidae, Cicadellidae, Chrysomelidae, Acrididae, and Nymphalidae. Natural Enemy Insects found were 9 families including Coccinellidea, Coenagrionidae, Gomphidae, Penttomidae, Meoidae, Miridae, Ichneumonidae, Staphylinidae, and Sciomyzidae. Neutral insects found were as many as 4 families, including Muscidae, Vespidae, Tephritidae, and Drosophilidae. The population of insect pests and natural enemies of organic rice farming land in Rowosari Village is quite balanced with a Diversity Index (H') of 2.32 and Species Richness Index (R) of 2.98, Evenness index (E') of 0.77 which is in the almost even and Dominance (D) 0.13 which means not dominating.

Monitoring of Pest and Natural Enemies Diversity at The Edge and Central of Corn Crops with Pitfall Traps

Efforts to determine the presence and population of pests and natural enemies can be carried out through effective monitoring activities using certain traps. At the beginning of corn growth, plants are still susceptible to plant pests and disease organisms (OPT) on the soil surface. Therefore, pitfall can be used to monitor the insects. Research consisted of two treatments, the location of pitfall traps on the edge and middle of the cornfield. The research area measures 11 x 14 m with 24 pitfalls for each treatment. The pitfall trap was installed using a 220 mL plastic glass buried deep and filled with a detergent solution at a dose of 23 grams in 25 liters of water and left for 24 hours. All insects obtained and identified at the family level and their numbers populations. Data were analyzed using the T-Test. There are seven families whose role as pests are Acrididae, Gryllidae, Carabidae, Agromyzidae, Termitidae, Cicadellidae, and Blattidae. There are four families as natural enemies, namely Libellulidae, Lycosidae, Araneidae, and Formicidae. The percentage of pests and natural enemies on the edge of the field is 33.57% and 66.43%. In addition, the pest percentage in the middle of the cornfield is 28.69%, while natural enemies are 71.31%.

Widespread Occurrence of European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and Damage of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Crop in Northern Europe

AbstractIndustrial hemp cultivation restarted in Estonia in mid 2000s and the hemp cultivation area has increased very fast in recent years, but it is unknown to what extent hemp productivity can be curbed by widespread crop pests. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and damage of hemp pests in northern field conditions. A field trial with the hemp cultivars ‘Finola’ (2021) and ‘Estica’ (2022) was established in Central Estonia (58° N, 26° E), and the plants were grown with different fertilizer types (complex fertilizer, ammonium nitrate), fertilization methods (at sowing/top dressing) and nitrogen rates (0–200 kg ha−1) and their effect on the European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis) damage was assessed. The O. nubilalis infestation increased with every observation date throughout the seasons until the harvest. The O. nubilalis damage was overall greater in 2022 than in 2021, and the seed yield reduction reached to 120 kg ha−1 in 2022, indicating progressive increase in O. nubilalis damage. Fertilization rate strongly increased biomass and seed yields, but weakly reduced O. nubilalis infection. Estonia is one of the most important hemp-cultivation areas in Europe, and in northern conditions, the crop was previously considered to be relatively pest-free. The northward movement of crop infection by O. nubilalis implies that future hemp cultivation might need integrated O. nubilalis control practices adapted to site-specific agro-climatic conditions.

Systematic review: Climate and non-climate factors influencing wood density in the boreal zone

Wood density is a crucial factor in determining the quality of wood in boreal ecosystems within the Northern Hemisphere. Climate variables play a significant role in shaping wood density, posing challenges for forest managers and stakeholders in the wood industry to adapt amidst climate change. However, our current understanding of these effects remains incomplete. This systematic literature review explores the multifaceted influences on wood density in the boreal zone, encompassing both climate-related and non-climatic factors. The findings demonstrate that warmer temperatures can cause both increases and decreases in wood density, primarily due to their impact on tracheid lignification and cell wall thickening. Nonetheless, the outcome depends on various factors, including species type, age, soil conditions, presence of pests and diseases, fire, windstorms, and silviculture practices. The quantification of complex relationships between these factors and wood density has been insufficient in existing literature. Understanding the impacts of both climate and non-climate factors on wood density is essential for fostering a sustainable wood industry, while effectively mitigating adverse effects and maximizing benefits. Forest managers can leverage this knowledge to optimize wood production strategies, ensuring long-term ecological resilience amidst the increasingly variable climate challenges.

Problem Analysis of Garlic Cultivation in Major Production Areas in Luzon, Philippines

Using the problem analysis framework, this research analyzed the current situations in the garlic-producing areas in Luzon, Philippines, and identified the possible reasons for the decrease in the volume and total area of production. A total of 111 garlic farmers from 25 municipalities and cities in the Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, CALABARZON, and MIMAROPA were included in the study. Results showed that extreme weather conditions such as heat, drought, excessive rains, insect pest and disease occurrences, and inaccessibility to market with high pricing for locally produced garlic are the most encountered problems by garlic farmers across the regions. Continuous heavy rainfall during the planting season caused extreme damage to the crop, in which 41% of the respondents mentioned this as a major concern. The presence of different field and storage insect pests and diseases of garlic resulting in lower yield was also cited by 32% of the respondents. Furthermore, the market for native garlic is less competitive due to the cheaper cost of imported garlic varieties, which leads to a significantly reduced market for the produce. The conditions led to the production of other crops such as squash and sweet potato, or in some cases, the selling of chives as they require fewer inputs, thus making it more profitable in a shorter period than producing bulbs.

Multilevel Risk Factors for Sleep-Disordered Breathing-Related Symptom Burden in an Urban Pediatric Community-Based Sample

Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) disproportionately affects children with low socioeconomic status (SES). The multilevel risk factors that drive these associations are not well understood. What are the associations between SDB risk factors, including individual health conditions (obesity, asthma, and allergies), household SES (maternal education), indoor exposures (environmental tobacco smoke [ETS] and pests), and neighborhood characteristics (neighborhood disadvantage), and pediatric SDB symptoms? Cross-sectional analyses were performed on 303 children (aged 6-12 years) enrolled in the Environmental Assessment of Sleep Youth study from 2018 to 2022. Exposures were determined by caregiver reports, assays of measured settled dust from the child's bedroom, and neighborhood-level Census data (deriving the Childhood Opportunity Index to characterize neighborhood disadvantage). The primary outcome was the SDB-related symptom burden assessed by the OSA-18 questionnaire total score. Using linear regression models, we calculated associations between exposures and SDB-related symptom burden, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, then health conditions, indoor environment, and neighborhood factors. The sample included 303 children (39% Hispanic, Latino, Latina, or Spanish origin; 30% Black or African American; 22% White; and 11% other). Increasing OSA-18 total scores were associated with low household SES after adjustment for demographic factors, and with asthma, allergies, ETS, pests (mouse, cockroach, and rodents), and an indoor environmental index (sum of the presence of pests and ETS; 0-2) after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Even after further adjusting for asthma, allergies, and neighborhood disadvantage, ETS and pest exposure were associated with OSA-18 (ETS: β = 12.80; 95% CI, 7.07-18.53, also adjusted for pest; pest exposure: β = 3.69; 95% CI, 0.44-6.94, also adjusted for ETS). In addition to associations with ETS, a novel association was observed for indoor pest exposure and SDB symptom burden. Strategies to reduce household exposure to ETS and indoor allergens should be tested as approaches for reducing sleep health disparities.

Effect of drying and storage of corn seeds (Zea mays L.) on postharvest insect pest control in laboratory scales

Corn is one of the word’s most essential carbohydrate-producing food crops. In addition to being used as a staple food for most of the world’s population, corn seeds are also an essential component of animal feed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of drying and storage time on the presence of warehouse pest populations. The research method was carried out by drying corn seeds under sun exposure for 6 hours/day. The experiment consisted of four treatments, namely drying time repeated three times. Observations consisted of weight loss of corn seeds, the population of warehouse pests, and damage intensity. The results of the observations were then analyzed by statistical tests followed by a real difference test. The results showed that the weight of corn seeds decreased with the length of the drying process. Drying for 18 hours was effective in suppressing the presence of warehouse pests such as S. zeamais (197.67 adults) and T. castaneum (1.67 adults). Drying time in addition to affecting the presence of warehouse pests, also significantly affects the intensity of the attack. Drying for 24 hours has a lower damage rate (13.05%) when compared to other drying times.

Pendampingan Kelompok Tani Desa Caraka Jaya dalam Memenuhi Kebutuhan terhadap Pupuk Organik

The main objective of community service (PKM) is to empower the community and assist them in solving their problems. A situation analysis of the Caraka Jaya Village farmer groups conducted by the PKM Team of the Civil Engineering Study Program at Lambung Mangkurat University concluded that they need to be assisted in doing something new. The farming community complained about the reduced fertility of their soil compared to before and the presence of new crop pests that were not there previously. They suspect continuously use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides causes this. In order to overcome the situation, other efforts are needed, such as using organic fertilizers and pesticides to reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers. To introduce and encourage them to use organic materials and fertilizers, the PKM Team collaborates with an expert partner of an organic fertilizer consultant to socialize and encourage them to start using organic fertilizers. The socialization was carried out in mid-June 2023 and was attended by more than 20 farmer group members. The socialization went well, and the participants looked enthusiastic, marked by questions about how to apply it and the benefits and weaknesses. At the end of the socialization, it was discovered that some farmers were willing to use the fertilizers and pesticides brought by the PKM Team to their vegetable gardens. At the end of the application, it is hoped that there will be an improvement in vegetable yields and a change in the direction of soil and plant fertility on an ongoing basis, even though it is slow.Keywords: organic fertilizer, empowering, vegetable land, farming groups

YOLOv7-Plum: Advancing Plum Fruit Detection in Natural Environments with Deep Learning.

The plum is a kind of delicious and common fruit with high edible value and nutritional value. The accurate and effective detection of plum fruit is the key to fruit number counting and pest and disease early warning. However, the actual plum orchard environment is complex, and the detection of plum fruits has many problems, such as leaf shading and fruit overlapping. The traditional method of manually estimating the number of fruits and the presence of pests and diseases used in the plum growing industry has disadvantages, such as low efficiency, a high cost, and low accuracy. To detect plum fruits quickly and accurately in a complex orchard environment, this paper proposes an efficient plum fruit detection model based on an improved You Only Look Once version 7(YOLOv7). First, different devices were used to capture high-resolution images of plum fruits growing under natural conditions in a plum orchard in Gulin County, Sichuan Province, and a dataset for plum fruit detection was formed after the manual screening, data enhancement, and annotation. Based on the dataset, this paper chose YOLOv7 as the base model, introduced the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) attention mechanism in YOLOv7, used Cross Stage Partial Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast (CSPSPPF) instead of Cross Stage Partial Spatial Pyramid Pooling(CSPSPP) in the network, and used bilinear interpolation to replace the nearest neighbor interpolation in the original network upsampling module to form the improved target detection algorithm YOLOv7-plum. The tested YOLOv7-plum model achieved an average precision (AP) value of 94.91%, which was a 2.03% improvement compared to the YOLOv7 model. In order to verify the effectiveness of the YOLOv7-plum algorithm, this paper evaluated the performance of the algorithm through ablation experiments, statistical analysis, etc. The experimental results showed that the method proposed in this study could better achieve plum fruit detection in complex backgrounds, which helped to promote the development of intelligent cultivation in the plum industry.

Research and development of planting techniques with low water resources in desert and semi-desert areas

This research addresses the problem of the worldwide decrease in water resources due to climate change and desertification. The main objective is to develop a cultivation method that uses a biogel to optimize water absorption by plants and reduce evaporation in desert areas. A mixed methodology was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative elements. Black bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris) were sown in bags with substrate prepared with the biogel, administering 20 ml of water every 3 days. Over 37 days, observations were made of plant development, substrate moisture, and the presence of pests or diseases. The results showed efficient water absorption by the plants and a substrate that remained moist, without the presence of pests or diseases. However, additional laboratory analyses are required to determine the exact cause of plant death before 45 days. It is concluded that the biogel cultivation method has potential for efficient water use in desert areas, but greater investment in equipment and a multidisciplinary team is needed to obtain conclusive results.

Assessment of projected climate change impact on agro‐climatic indicators in Poland

AbstractThis study presents a long‐term assessment of the impact of projected climate change on selected agro‐climatic indicators in Poland. The analysis was based on an ensemble of six bias‐corrected EURO‐CORDEX projections covering the period from 2006 to 2100 under Representative Concentration Pathways: RCP4.5 and 8.5, and partly on simulations of an agro‐hydrological Soil and Water Assessment Tool model. The indicators included growing season (length, beginning, and ending date), growing degree days, frost days, accumulated frost, and planting and harvest timing. The study focused on four major crops cultivated in Poland, namely spring barley, rapeseed, maize silage, and potato. The analysis revealed a significant future increase in precipitation and mean temperature in Poland reaching +10.3% and 3.4°C by the end of century, respectively. Warmer conditions will significantly accelerate the beginning of the growing season (by up to 24 days) and delay its ending (by up to 18 days), consequently significantly extending its length throughout the country (by up to 42 days). A decrease is projected in potential soil moisture deficit by up to 26 mm by the end of century in the high‐end emission scenario. A significant advancement (by up to 30 days) in planting timing is projected for the future for all crops under consideration. A significant increase in growing degree days (by up to 760°C‐days) will also advance the harvest timing (by up to 54 days). The projected temperature increase over the winter season will result in a significant decrease in frost days (by 56 days) and accumulated frost (by 375°C‐days), which may lead to an increased presence of pests. This study can provide a scientific basis for assessing the future risks to the local agriculture from climate change and will be beneficial in planning adaption and mitigation actions for food security at the national and local scale.

Neighborhood Conditions and Resources in Mid-Childhood and Dampness and Pests at Home in Adolescence

To examine prospectively associations of neighborhood opportunity with the presence of dampness or pests in the home environment during early adolescence. We geocoded residential addresses from 831 children (mean age 7.9years, 2007-2011) in the Project Viva cohort. We linked each address with census tract-level Child Opportunity Index scores, which capture neighborhood conditions and resources influencing child heath including educational, health, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. Our primary outcome was presence of dampness or pests in the home in early adolescence (mean age 13.2years, 2013-2016). Secondary outcomes included current asthma and lung function testing results. Mixed-effects regression models estimated longitudinal associations of Child Opportunity Index scores with outcomes, adjusting for individual and family sociodemographics. Children residing in neighborhoods with greater overall opportunity were less likely to live in homes with dampness or pests approximately 5years later (aOR0.85 per 20-unit increase in Child Opportunity Index percentile rank, 95% CI 0.73-0.998). We observed no significant associations in adjusted models of overall neighborhood opportunity with current asthma or lung function. Lower school poverty or single-parent households and greater access to healthy food or economic resource index were associated with lower odds of a home environment with dampness or pests. More favorable neighborhood conditions in mid-childhood were associated with lower likelihood of living in a home with dampness or pests in the early adolescence.

TREE HEALTH ASSESSMENT FOR ROADSIDE TREE IN KOTA KINABALU CITY CENTRE, SABAH

This study aimed to assess the health of main tree in the Kota Kinabalu City Centre, Sabah. In this study, principal evaluation standards were made by using visual observation of trees or Visual Tree Assessment (VTA). This study was conducted to identify any effect of damage or defect on trees via the observation of trees at their roots, stems, branches and leaves. There were five zones in the study area, namely from KK Lama and Jesselton Point (Zone 1) to Pasar Besar. The tree health parameters were evaluated from the presence of pests and diseases, trees health, foliage colour, the growth rate of trees, infections of the trees and potential failure of tree roots. In this study, nine of pathogens, pests and diseases of trees were observed, which were termites, fungi, aphid, mushrooms, epiphytes, parasites, ants, weeds and Whiteflies. This study showed that there were 23 species from the 688 stand of trees in the study area. The study found that the state average foliage colour was normal, a moderate growth rate and infection of the tree was still under controlled. The potential failure of tree root was found in low level as well. In a nutshell, the overall health of trees was found to be in good and moderate levels. This study was conducted as a reference in health detection of tree for The City Hall management (DBKK) and also as a reference for University students in conducting tree health assessment.

Training on Making Rat Empos Explosions, Application, and Introduction of Active Rat Holes in Binturu Village, Kelua District, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan

Rats are the main pests on rice plantations. The presence of rat pests in rice plantations begins at the time of vegetative age rice plants and peaks during the generative phase. The availability of feed sources in the form of rice grains that contain high carbohydrates causes rice planting to be inseparable from the presence of rat pests. Efforts to suppress rat pest populations around rice plantations are the first step in increasing production yields. Improper rat pest control will cause rats to bait strap. The nature of bait jerks by rats makes repeated use of rodenticides no longer effective. The utilization of rat empos explosions in active holes is expected to have a significant influence in suppressing rat pest populations in rice plantations. The results of community service show the enthusiastic attitude of farmer groups in Binturu Village, Kelua District, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan.

Phytonematode on Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merrill) GP3 Clone With Symptoms of Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus (PMWaV)

Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) is one of Indonesia’s important fruit commodities. Indonesia became the world’s fourth-largest pineapple producer in 2020. The monoculture cultivation system can lead to the continuous presence of pests and diseases in plantation areas. Mealybug wilt disease is caused by Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus (PMWaV) and its thought to be associated with phytomatodes. This study aims to determine the type of phytomatodes in pineapple plants with three health degrees: healthy plants, moderate symptoms, and severe symptoms. The soil and roots were sampled at 3, 5, 13, and 14 MAP (Month after Planting). Nematodes were extracted from the soil using the flotation-centrifugation method, while the root samples were extracted using the mist chamber method. Identification of nematode morphology was based on anterior (mouth and stylet shape), posterior (tail shape and reproductive organs), and the type of annulation or nematode cuticle surface. Seven genera of phytomatodes were identified from soil and root samples: Pratylenchus spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Crinonemoides spp., Tylenchus spp., and Rotylenchus spp.. The dominant phytonematodes in the soil samples were Rotylenchulus spp. (66.67/100 ml of soil), while Pratylenchus spp. predominated in the roots (58.33/10 g of roots). Based on the three degrees of plant health, the phytonematodes that dominated the soil samples were Rotylenchulus spp. on the health degree of healthy and moderate symptoms, and Meloidogyne spp. dominate the sample at severe symptoms. Pratylenchus spp. dominated the root samples at healthy and severe symptoms, while Rotylenchulus spp. predominate in moderate symptomatic samples.

Effect of natural coating and cryopreservation on the quality of creole corn seeds

Creole maize races have economic and socio-cultural importance in the Mexican population. However, due to climate change, the presence of pests and the urbanization of the land, make it difficult to conserve this plant germplasm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of landrace seeds treated and not treated with a biofilm and frozen for 30 days under in vitro conditions. The variables evaluated were: imbibition rate, standard germination, germination speed index and the percentage of humidity and the statistical significance was analyzed by means of a Tukey test. The results of the imbibition rate, in the seeds treated and frozen at -85°C presented higher absorption percentages with respect to the other treatments, with no statistical difference. A tendency was found in the reduction in the germination of the native corn grains treated and frozen at temperatures of -20°C and -84°C. No increase in quality was found in the seeds treated with the cactus-based biofilm.