Presence Of Ocelli Research Articles

A new family of grylloblattids (Insecta: Grylloblattida) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber

The new grylloblattid family Aristoviidae Storozhenko & Gröhn fam. nov., with the type genus and species Aristovia daniili Storozhenko & Gröhn gen. et sp. nov., is described from the lowermost Cenomanian amber (Hukawng Valley, Kachin State, northern Myanmar). The new family is similar to the Permian-Triassic family Megakhosaridae and the Permian-Jurassic Blattogryllidae but differs from both by the shape of pronotum and wing venation. Aristoviidae fam. nov. is also similar to the extant family Grylloblattidae in body structure, but can easily be distinguished from it by the presence of ocelli, large compound eyes and wings, as well as the lack of the transverse furrow which separates the anterior part of pronotum from its posterior part. The phylogenetic relationships between families Megakhosaridae, Blattogryllidae, Grylloblattidae, and a new family are briefly discussed.

Discovery of the first apterous pincer wasp from amber, with description of a new tribe, genus and species of Apodryininae (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae).

Rovnodryinus khomychi new genus and new species is described from Upper Eocene Rovno amber (Ukraine). It is the first apterous pincer wasp found in amber. This new taxon is attributed to the subfamily Apodryininae and the new tribe Rovnodryinini. The key to the subfamilies and tribes of Dryinidae is modified to include the new tribe. The new genus, known by a female, is characterized by the mesosoma almost completely composed of fused sclerites, the absence of wings and the presence of ocelli in the anterior half of the face. A close relationship of the new genus with the extant Apodryininae is underlined. R. khomychi is the first apodryinine found in the Northern Hemisphere. The tribe Rovnodryinini is the first higher taxon known only from Rovno amber. Tritophania patruelis Jacobi and the tribe Elicini (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Tropiduchidae) are reported from Rovno amber for the first time.

New data on embiids (Insecta: Embiodea) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, with description of new genus and two new species

One new genus and two new species (Gnethoda putshkovi sp. nov. and Parasorellembia groehni gen. et sp. nov.) of webspinners (Embiodea) are described from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (ca. 99 Ma). Detailed morphological descriptions of the new taxa are given. The diagnoses of the subfamily Gnethodinae, the genus Gnethoda and subfamily Sorellembiinae are specified. Gnethodaputshkovi sp. nov. is characterized by plesiomorphic characters such as the postocular carinae, absence of gula and probably developed ocelli. Parasorellembia groehni gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by a specialized abdominal apex, in addition to such a plesiomorphic character as the presence of ocelli. Some aspects of morphology and origin of gula in webspinners are briefly discussed. Seven of the nine Burmese amber webspinner species are very small; we hypothesize that this was likely related to the abundance and dominance of enantiornithine birds in the Burmese amber forest.

A new species of free-living marine nematode, Diplolaimella ariakensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Monhysteridae) from the Ariake Sea, Japan

Summary A new species of free-living marine nematode, Diplolaimella ariakensis n. sp., is described from a muddy tidal flat of the Ariake Sea, southern Japan. Diplolaimella ariakensis n. sp. differs from its congeners by the following: presence of ocelli, absence of denticles in the buccal cavity, a long tail (11-14 cloacal body diam., c = 3.2-4.0 in male, 17-21 anal body diam., c = 2.9-3.4 in female), spicules as long as 1.4-1.8 cloacal body diam., gubernaculum 0.4-0.5 cloacal body diam. long with a dorsocaudal apophysis 0.5-0.7 cloacal body diam. long, presence of a precloacal supplement, absence of postcloacal papillae, presence of seven pairs of body pores in male, and the anterior position of the vulva (V = 43-46). A dichotomous key to Diplolaimella species is provided. Almost full-length 18S rRNA and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences were determined for D. ariakensis n. sp. A maximum likelihood tree of 18S sequences supported a close relationship between D. ariakensis n. sp. and D. dievengatensis.

First detection of an ocellate octopus in the Revillagigedos ecoregion, a biodiversity hotspot located in the Tropical East Pacific Province.

The biodiversity of mollusks, particularly cephalopods, has not been exhaustively determined in the Revillagigedos ecoregion, which is a biodiversity hotspot for several marine groups located in the Tropical East Pacific Province. In our study, we detected and examined ocellate octopuses from Socorro and Clarion Islands, and determined their identity using morphological criteria and molecular data from two mitochondrial genes (COIII and COI). The taxon identified was Octopus oculifer, a species considered endemic to the Galapagos Archipelago. In addition, according to our analyses, O. mimus, O. hubbsorum and O. oculifer are very closely related and may represent a species complex comprised of three morphotypes. We found that the evolutionary relationships among octopuses are not determined by the presence of ocelli. This study is the first to report a clade represented by ocellate and non-ocellate species, in addition, the identity of cephalopods in the Revillagigedos was determined with analytical support.

Two new species of Lejeuneaceae tribe Lejeuneeae (Marchantiophyta) from Colombia

Abstract We describe the new liverwort species Lejeunea ryszardii from montane rainforest in the Central Cordillera of Colombia (Dept. Quindío) and Rectolejeunea halinae from submontane rainforest in the Western Cordillera (Dept. Risaralda). Both species stand out by copious vegetative reproduction via caducous leaves. Lejeunea ryszardii resembles the Caribbean L. paucidentata in the leaf lobes with toothed margins and a narrow base but strikingly differs from the latter species in: 1) leaf margins with mamillose cells, which are sometimes crowned by a small papilla, and with scattered rhizoids with or without a tooth-like base; 2) lobules with narrowly elongate, curved, sharp tooth; 3) stem epidermis brownish and somewhat thick-walled; 4) copious production of caducous leaf lobes. Moreover, L. ryszardii is dark green to brown in color and probably dioicous while L. paucidentata is light green and autoicous. Rectolejeunea halinae resembles the neotropical R. flagelliformis in having ciliate caducous leaves but clearly differs from the latter in the pointed leaf tips, the presence of ocelli in underleaves, and the flagelliform shoots with flat, entire-margined underleaves. The discovery of these new species adds two further endemic taxa to the rich bryophyte flora of the Colombian Andes.

The First Description of the Larva in the Genus Clinterocera Motschulsky (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)

The larva of the type species of the genus Clinterocera Motschulsky is described and illustrated for the first time. The genus Clinterocera is similar to Crematocheilus Knoch in the larval characters but differs in the presence of ocelli and in the chaetotaxy of the head capsule. An original key to the genera of the subfamily Cetoniinae based on larvae is given for the fauna of the Russian Far East.

Hoplonannus australis sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Schizopteridae): amended diagnosis of the genus and first record from South America.

Hoplonannus McAtee Maloch, 1925 comprises three species described from Central America. Females of all these species are known only from brachypterous specimens. This paper describes the first South American species of the genus, Hoplonannus australis sp. nov. The new species differs from its congeners, in females, by the submacroptery, presence of ocelli and a basal bulge in the seventh sternite; in males, it differs by the presence of a process in the eighth tergite and the right paramere bifurcate apically, with branches subparallel. These traits entail a new diagnosis for the genus.

A fossil caddisfly (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Eocene of Colorado.

A new genus and species of fossil caddisfly (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Lower Eocene (Ypresian) Green River Formation of Colorado is described. Litholimnephilops yinani gen. et sp. nov. is the first adult caddisfly to be described from the Green River Formation, and is characterized by large adult body size, presence of ocelli, dark leg spines, and a lack of terminal crossveins in the anterior anastomosis region of the forewings. Terminal genitalia are not visible in the preserved specimen. Familial placement is uncertain, though similarities with the families Limnephilidae and Phryganeidae are observed.

A new genus of moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillarioidea: Douglasiidae) in Myanmar amber

A new genus and species of moths, Tanyglossus orectometopus n. gen. et sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillarioidea), is described from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Autapomorphies for the new genus are small size (body length of only 0.9 mm), long proboscis greater than body length, presence of ocelli, 3-segmented porrect labial palps, 5-segmented curved maxillary palps, no eye cap, lanceolate wings with reduced venation and a body and wing covering of several types of scales. Based on the available characters, the fossil is placed in the small, aberrant family Douglasiidae and represents the first fossil member of this family. This study adds to our scant knowledge of the diversity of Mesozoic Glossata.

Drepanolejeunea glimeae (Marchantiophyta: Lejeuneaceae), a new species from the lowland rainforests of Brunei Darussalam

A new species, Drepanolejeunea glimeae (Marchantiophyta: Lejeuneaceae), is described and illustrated from Brunei Darussalam. It was discovered in the lowland rainforests in Ulu Temburong. This new species is distinguished by the absence of gynoecial innovations, erectly to obliquely spreading underleaf lobes, large leaf lobule about 1/2 as long as the lobe, acute to obtuse apex of the leaf, occasional occurrence of ribbon-like regenerants at leaf margins, and occasional presence of ocelli in the female bracteole.

Geographical structure, narrow species ranges, and Cenozoic diversification in a pantropical clade of epiphyllous leafy liverworts.

The evolutionary history and classification of epiphyllous cryptogams are still poorly known. Leptolejeunea is a largely epiphyllous pantropical liverwort genus with about 25 species characterized by deeply bilobed underleaves, elliptic to narrowly obovate leaf lobes, the presence of ocelli, and vegetative reproduction by cladia. Sequences of three chloroplast regions (rbcL, trnL‐F, psbA) and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region were obtained for 66 accessions of Leptolejeunea and six outgroup species to explore the phylogeny, divergence times, and ancestral areas of this genus. The phylogeny was estimated using maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian inference approaches, and divergence times were estimated with a Bayesian relaxed clock method. Leptolejeunea likely originated in Asia or the Neotropics within a time interval from the Early Eocene to the Late Cretaceous (67.9 Ma, 95% highest posterior density [HPD]: 47.9–93.7). Diversification of the crown group initiated in the Eocene or early Oligocene (38.4 Ma, 95% HPD: 27.2–52.6). Most species clades were established in the Miocene. Leptolejeunea epiphylla and L. schiffneri originated in Asia and colonized African islands during the Plio‐Pleistocene. Accessions of supposedly pantropical species are placed in different main clades. Several monophyletic morphospecies exhibit considerable sequence variation related to a geographical pattern. The clear geographic structure of the Leptolejeunea crown group points to evolutionary processes including rare long‐distance dispersal and subsequent speciation. Leptolejeunea may have benefitted from the large‐scale distribution of humid tropical angiosperm forests in the Eocene.

Hepatics from Rovno amber (Ukraine), 4. Frullania riclefgrollei, sp. nov

Liverwort inclusions in late Eocene Ukrainian Rovno amber have only been studied recently. Here we describe a fossil species of the extant liverwort genus Frullania based on a single inclusion in a piece of Rovno amber. Frullania riclefgrollei sp. nov. is characterized by leaves with saccate–campanulate watersacs, a small stylus and rounded dorsal lobes with a 1–2 cells wide row of ocelli, deeply bifid underleaves, and possible asexual reproduction by caducous leaves. We differentiate the Rovno fossil from morphologically similar species in Baltic or Bitterfeld amber. The presence of ocelli indicates an affiliation to the extant Frullania subgenus Thyopsiella. This is the first study of an amber inclusion of a liverwort utilizing laser scanning confocal microscopy.

Ceratolejeunea tahitensis, a new synonym of C. cornuta (Lejeuneaceae, Marchantiophyta)

The genus Ceratolejeunea was established by Jack and Stephani in 1892 based on C. grandiloba Jack & Stephani (1892: 16) from the Colombian Andes, as the similar name given by Schiffner (1893) based on Spruce’s Lejeunea subg. Cerato-Lejeunea (Spruce 1884–85: 198) proved to be illegitimate (Dauphin 2003). The genus is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and the highest species diversity of the genus is in the tropical America with 24 species (Dauphin 2003; Frey & Stech 2009; Reiner-Drehwald 2011; Silva Brito & Ilkiu-Borges 2012). Most of species are common on bark and living leaves (Pócs 2011). The genus has been classified in a separate subtribe Ceratolejeuneinae Gradstein (2013: 14), together with Luteolejeunea Piippo (1986: 56). Ceratolejeunea is characterized and easily distinguished from other related genera by the dark color plants with pale brown cell walls, transverse section of stem with seven cortical cells and over four medullary ones, usual presence of ocelli in leaf lobes, curved apical tooth of the leaf lobule with a proximal hyaline papilla, pycnolejeuneoid leaf sequence of gynoecium innovations, inflated perianths usually with horn-like projections, usual presence of utricles on branches, and usual absence of asexual reproductive organs (Zhu et al. 2005; Pócs 2011).

Microlejeunea subaphanes, a new synonym of Cheilolejeunea decursiva (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae) new to America

Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed that Microlejeunea (Spruce 1884: 286) Stephani (1888: 61) is a good genus which is closely related to Lejeunea Libert (1820: 372) (Dong et al. 2013; Wei 2013). Microlejeunea is distinguished from Lejeunea by the presence of ocelli in the leaf lobe, transverse section of the stem consisting of seven cortical cells and three medullary cells, and keel of the female bract usually winged (Wei & Zhu 2013). Although about 50 species are currently accepted in Microlejeunea, most of them are still poorly known. Microlejeunea subaphanes Herzog (1950: 70) is a very rare species known only from the type specimen collected in São Paulo, Brazil (Herzog 1950; Gradstein & Costa 2003), and its identity is not clear (Bischler et al. 1963). Our examination of its type specimen showed that M. subaphanes does not belong to Micrololejeunea because of the distal hyaline papilla of the leaf lobule, pycnolejeuneoid gynoecial innovation, keel of female bract not winged, transverse section of the stem consisting of 7−9 cortical cells and 4−5 medullary cells, and absence of ocelli in the leaf lobe (Fig. 1). Further critical study revealed that M. subaphanes is conspecific with Cheilolejeunea decursiva (Sande Lacoste 1855: 522) Schuster (1963: 112), which is widespread in tropical Africa and rare in Asia (Borneo, Java, Sri Lanka), Australia and Oceania (Fiji, Hawaii) (Zhu & Lai 2005).

Systematics and natural history of Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia.

A well-supported and well-resolved phylogeny based on a concatenated data set from one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, six morphological characters, and nine color pattern characters for 44 of the 50 species of the Southeast Asian Rock Geckos (genus Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887) is consistent with the previous taxonomy of Cnemaspis based solely on morphology and color pattern. Cnemaspis is partitioned into four major clades that collectively contain six species groups. The monophyly of all clades and species groups is strongly supported and they are parapatrically distributed across well-established, biogeographical regions ranging from southern Vietnam westward through southern Indochina, southward through the Thai-Malay Peninsula, then eastward to Borneo. Eight new species (Cnemaspis omari sp. nov. from the Thai-Malaysian border; C. temiah sp. nov. from Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia; C. stongensis sp. nov. from Gunung Stong, Kelantan, Malaysia; C. hangus sp. nov. from Bukit Hangus, Pahang, Malaysia; C. sundagekko sp. nov. from Pulau Siantan, Indonesia; C. peninsularis sp. nov. from southern Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, and C. mumpuniae sp. nov. and C. sundainsula sp. nov. from Pulau Natuna Besar, Indonesia) are described based on morphology and color pattern and all but C. sundagekko sp. nov. are included in the phylogenetic analyses. Cnemaspis kendallii is polyphyletic and a composite of six species. An updated taxonomy consistent with the phylogeny is proposed for all 50 species and is based on 25 morphological and 53 color pattern characters scored across 594 specimens. Cladogenetic events and biogeographical relationships within Cnemaspis were likely influenced by this group's low vagility and the cyclical patterns of geographical and environmental changes in Sundaland over the last 25 million years and especially within the last 2.5 million years. The phylogeny indicates that nocturnality, diurnality, substrate preferences, and the presence of ocelli in the shoulder regions have evolved independently multiple times.

Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 49. On Lejeunea huctumalcensis Lindenb. & Gottsche and the resurrection of Otigoniolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., an older name for Physantholejeunea R.M.Schust. (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae)

Lejeunea huctumalcensis Lindenb. & Gottsche in Gottsche et al. (1847: 762), a widespread neotropical species, is one of the most unusual taxa in Lejeunea Libert (1820: 372) owing to the variable gynoecial innovation type which may be lejeuneoid or pycnolejeuneoid, the presence of ocelli in leaf lobes and the perianth keels usually with bifid or more ramified laciniae (Reiner-Drehwald & Ilkiu-Borges 2007). In other species of this large genus, innovations are invariably lejeuneoid, ocelli are lacking and perianth keels do not produce bifid or more ramified laciniae. The generic position of Lejeunea huctumalcensis has long been controversial and the species has been assigned to at least six different genera, including Ceratolejeunea (Spruce 1884: 77) Jack & Stephani (1892: 16), Hygrolejeunea (Spruce 1884: 77) Schiffner (1893: 124), Lejeunea, Otigoniolejeunea (Spruce 1884: 77) Schiffner (1893: 125), Pycnolejeunea (Spruce 1884: 246) Schiffner (1893: 124), and Trachylejeunea (Spruce 1884: 180) Schiffner (1893: 126) (Reiner-Drehwald & Ilkiu-Borges 2007). The latter authors showed that L. huctumalcensis is an older name for L. xiphotis Spruce (1884: 227), the type species of Lejeunea subg. Otigoniolejeunea Spruce (º Otigoniolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn.), and thus L. huctumalcensis automatically becomes a member of this group. Otigoniolejeunea was provisionally accepted by Reiner-Drehwald & Ilkiu-Borges (2007) as a subgenus of Lejeunea, with L. huctumalcensis as its only species. Other recent authors, however, have treated Otigoniolejeunea as a mere synonym of Lejeunea (e.g., Grolle 1983; Singh 2013).

Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 48. Drepanolejeunea longifolia, a new synonym of Drepanolejeunea angustifolia (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae)

Drepanolejeunea (Spruce 1884: 186) Stephani (1891: 209), with about 110 currently accepted species, is the fourth largest genus of Lejeuneaceae (following Cololejeunea (Spruce 1884: 291) Stephani (1891: 208), Lejeunea Libert (1820: 373), and Cheilolejeunea (Spruce 1884: 251) Stephani (1890: 284) (He et al. 2012). Although Drepanolejeunea is a diverse pantropical genus, it is characterized and easily distinguished from other related genera by the 1) erect to widely divergent lobes of underleaves without a basal disc, 2) transverse section of stem with 7 cortical cells and 3 medullary cells, 3) presence of ocelli at least at base of leaf lobe), 4) proximal hyaline papilla, 5) pycnolejeuneoid leaf sequence of gynoecial innovation (if present), 6) inflated perianths usually with various projections near apex, and 7) asexual reproduction by means of cladia or caducous leaves (Zhu & So 2001; He et al. 2012; Pócs et al., 2013). The genus has been classified in a separate subtribe, Drepanolejeuneinae Gradstein (2013: 14), together with Vitalianthus Schuster & Giancotti (1993: 447).

Head morphology of Tricholepidion gertschi indicates monophyletic Zygentoma.

The relic silverfish Tricholepidion gertschi is the sole extant representative of the family Lepidotrichidae. Its phylogenetic position is of special interest, since it may provide crucial insights into the early phenotypic evolution of the dicondylian insects. However, the phylogenetic position of T. gertschi is unclear. Originally, it was classified among silverfish (Zygentoma), but various alternative relationships within Zygentoma as well as a sistergroup relationship to all remaining Zygentoma + Pterygota are discussed, the latter implying a paraphyly of Zygentoma with respect to Pterygota. Since characters of the head anatomy play a major role in this discussion, we here present the so far most detailed description of the head of T. gertschi based on anatomical studies by synchrotron micro-computer tomography and scanning electron microscopy. A strong focus is put on the documentation of mouthparts and the anatomy of the endoskeleton as well as the muscle equipment. In contrast to former studies we could confirm the presence of a Musculus hypopharyngomandibularis (0md4). The ligamentous connection between the mandibles composed of Musculus tentoriomandibularis inferior (0md6) is also in contact with the anterior tentorium. Phylogenetic analysis of cephalic data results in monophyletic Zygentoma including T. gertschi. Zygentoma are supported by the presence of a set of labial muscles originating at the postocciput, presence of an additional intralabral muscle, and four labial palpomeres. Character systems like the genitalic system, the mating behaviour, the segmentation of the tarsi, the overall body form, and the presence of ocelli which were proposed in other studies as potentially useful for phylogenetic reconstruction are evaluated.

Notes on Early Land Plants Today. 39. <i>Microlejeunea indica</i> (Marchantiophyta, Lejeuneaceae)

The systematic position of the pantropical genus Microlejeunea Stephani (1888: 61) has been debated. Grolle (1995) first defined the precise generic concept of Microlejeunea, which was also confirmed by molecular studies (Wilson et al. 2004; Dong et al. 2013). This concept has recently been followed by various authors (e.g., He & Zhu 2011; Lavocat & Schäfer-Verwimp 2011; Thouvenot et al. 2011; Marline et al. 2012; Thiers et al. 2012). Microlejeunea is well characterized and easily separated from Lejeunea Libert (1820: 372) by the presence of ocelli in the leaf lobe, transverse section of stem consisting of seven cortical cells and three medullary cells, and keel of female bract usually winged (Wei & Zhu 2013). Lejeunea indica Udar & Awasthi (1981: 345), known only from India (Udar & Awasthi 1981; Joshi 1995; Zhu & Long 2003; Dey et al. 2008), has all essential characters of Microlejeunea. Thus, a new combination is needed.