Presence Of Metabolic Syndrome Components Research Articles

MAFLD in Patients with Cushing's Disease Is Negatively Associated with Low Free Thyroxine Levels Rather than with Cortisol or TSH Levels.

This study aims to analyze the clinical characteristic of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in patients with active Cushing's disease (CD) and determine associations of thyroid hormones with MAFLD. Patients with active CD were included in this cross-sectional study. All subjects were assessed for hepatic steatosis by abdominal ultrasonography and thyroid functions. Demographic and clinical characteristic parameters were collected for correlation analysis and logistic analysis. 290 individuals with active CD were included in Huashan hospital from January 2014 to February 2022. We found that the prevalence of CD with MAFLD was 33.79%. The MAFLD group had a lower level of FT4 and a higher level of FT3/FT4 but no difference in levels of cortisol, 24 h UFC, TSH, TT4, TT3, and FT3. Correlation analysis showed positive associations of TSH, TT4, TT3, FT3, and FT3/FT4 with BMI. In age-, BMI-, sex-, cortisol-, and 24 h UFC-adjusted analysis, FT4 was independently associated with MAFLD in patients with CD. This association remained similar even after adjusting for the presence of metabolic syndrome components. Lower FT4 levels were associated with higher risk of MAFLD in patients with CD. FT4 may be used as a helpful indicator to predict MAFLD and provide novel ideas for the treatment of MAFLD in patients with CD in the future.

Associations of adipokines and metabolic hormones with low-density lipoprotein hypercholesterolemia in men and women under 45 years of age.

Aim To study the adipokine profile in young people with hypercholesterolemia and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and to evaluate the relationship between concentrations of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and metabolic hormones in men and women younger than 45 years.Material and methods This study included 304 subjects (group 1, 56 men with LDL-C concentration <2.1 mmol/l; group 2, 87 men with LDL-C concentration ≥4.2 mmol/l; group 3, 90 women with LDL-C concentration <2.1 mmol/l; and group 4, 71 women with LDL-C concentration ≥4.2 mmol/l). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein C, and glucose were measured by an enzymatic assay with ThermoFisher Scientific kits and a KonelabPrime 30i biochemical analyzer. LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald's formula. Concentrations of amylin, C-peptide, ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucagon, interleukin 6, insulin, leptin, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, adipsin, lipocalin-2, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and resistin were measured by multiplex analysis (Human Metabolic Hormone V3 and Human Adipokine Panel 1 panels).Results The groups differed in traditional cardiometabolic risk factors. In the male and female patient groups with LDL-C ≥4.2 mmol/l, the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, incidence of insulin resistance, TG, and TC were higher than in subjects with LDL-C <2.1 mmol/l. The odds for the presence of LDL hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥4.2 mmol/l) were significantly associated with increased concentrations of C-peptide and lipocalin-2 in men and with increased concentrations of lipocalin-2 and decreased concentrations of GLP-1 in women (р<0.05).Conclusion Increased concentrations of LDL-C in young people were associated with changes in the adipokine profile and with the presence of metabolic syndrome components. These results were confirmed by changes in blood concentrations of metabolic markers that characterize disorders of metabolic processes.

Metabolic syndrome components moderate the association between executive function and functional connectivity in the default mode network.

Middle aged individuals with Metabolic Syndrome are at high risk for cognitive decline. Dyssynchrony in the resting state Default Mode Network is one early indicator of brain vulnerability. We set out to explore the relationship between default mode resting state functional connectivity and cognitive performance in both memory and executive domains at midlife in the presence of Metabolic Syndrome components. Seed-based Correlation Analyses were performed between the seed voxel in the posterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex on 200 participants (ages 40-61). Executive domain scores were significantly predicted by the interaction between number of Metabolic Syndrome components and resting state connectivity in the Default Mode Network (p = .004) such that connectivity was negatively related to executive function at higher numbers of Metabolic Syndrome components. Results were not significant for memory. Our findings indicate that clusters of cardiovascular disease risk factors alter functional relationships in the brain and highlights the need to continue exploring how compensatory techniques might operate to support cognitive performance at midlife.

Iron Status and Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity in Prepubertal Children.

This study aimed to evaluate the association of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) with iron status markers in prepubertal children. Three hundred twelve prepubertal children with overweight and obesity from a pediatric general Spanish population were evaluated. MHO and MUO were defined as obesity with the absence or presence of metabolic syndrome components. Phenotypes of metabolically healthy overweight including obesity (MHOV) and metabolically unhealthy overweight including obesity (MUOV) were also studied and defined using the same criteria. Serum ferritin, transferrin, and blood hemoglobin levels were evaluated. Prevalence rates of MHOV and MHO were 35% (n=111/312) and 27.1% (n=42/155), respectively. Ferritin and hemoglobin levels were higher in children with MUOV versus MHOV (P<0.05). MUO was positively associated with ferritin (beta [95% CI]=0.43 [0.05 to 0.81]) and hemoglobin levels (0.43 [0.05 to 0.81]). These associations remained significant independently of age, sex, C-reactive protein, physical activity, and BMI/waist z scores in bivariate linear regression models. In multivariable models, transaminase levels attenuated the association of MUO with ferritin and hemoglobin levels (P>0.05). MUOV and MUO are associated with higher ferritin and hemoglobin levels in prepubertal children affected by overweight and obesity. Increased circulating ferritin in MUO might be influenced by liver injury.

Presence of Metabolic Syndrome Components Is Associated with Tooth Loss in Middle-Aged Adults.

PurposeIn general, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and tooth loss increases with age. We investigated the relationship between the presence of MS, its elements, and tooth loss in middle-aged Korean adults.Materials and MethodsThis study included Korean adults between 30 and 64 years of age who resided in the capital area of Seoul. From January to June 2014, individuals interested in participating in the oral health survey among those who visited the university hospital's cardiovascular center and provided informed consent were selected. Among 748 subjects who responded to the oral health questionnaires, 30 were excluded due to unclear responses; therefore, a total of 718 were included in the final analysis.ResultsThe crude odds ratio (OR) of ≥one MS component affecting tooth loss was 1.45 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06–2.00]. After adjusting for sex, age, education, income level, occupation, smoking status, kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatic disease, the adjusted OR was 1.47 (95% CI, 1.06–2.05), which was statistically significant (p<0.05). The OR for tooth loss was higher in the presence of ≥one component of MS (50–64 years of age) in females.ConclusionThis study suggests that female aged 50–64 years may have higher likelihood of tooth loss upon the presence of at least one MS component. Prevention against MS among female of older age could contribute to maintenance of remaining teeth. Further well-designed studies are needed.

Association between the intima-media thickness of the extracranial carotid arteries and metabolic syndrome in ethnic Kyrgyzs

BackgroundIt is known that atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to study the correlation between components of metabolic syndrome (MS) and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in a group of ethnic Kyrgyzs.MethodsIn а descriptive study we assessed 144 ethnic Kyrgyzs (69 males, 75 females) aged 36–73 years (average age 51.03 ± 8.2). All participants underwent a clinical investigation and an anthropometric evaluation (weight, height, waist circumference (WC)). Abdominal obesity (АО) was confirmed at WC ≥ 94 cm in males and ≥ 88 cm in females. Fasting plasma glucose and lipid spectrum tests were performed. An ultrasound assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was performed using a 7.5 MHz transducer (Phillips-SD 800).ResultsMS was revealed in 61 (42.4%; 47.8% in men and 37.3% in women) of the investigated patients. IMT was significantly increased with the presence of MS components in males (no components vs 2 components of MS: 0.67 ± 0.007 and 0.81 ± 0.009 respectively; р < 0.05) and females (no components vs 3 components of MS: 0.63 ± 0.007 and 0.76 ± 0.01 respectively; р < 0.01). IMT trended towards an increase in the presence of a greater number of MS components in patients with and without AO (р < 0.01). In order to identify independent factors affecting IMT we carried out a multifactorial logistic regression analysis. Arterial hypertension was found to have the greatest influence on the development of MS (OR = 3.81, p < 0.0001).ConclusionIn the group of ethnic Kyrgyzs, a greater number of MS components, with AO or without AO, is associated with higher carotid IMT.

ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D WITH THE COMPONENTS OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME IN GENERAL POPULATION WITHOUT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. EVA STUDY

Objective: To analyze the association of vitamin D with the metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in general population without previous cardiovascular diseases. Design and method: Cross-sectional study of general population without cardiovascular diseases. There were included 360 subjects between 35 and 75 years old (51% female), selected by random sampling stratified by age and gender groups using the Sanitary Card base of 4 urban health centers. The MS was defined following the recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program III. The circumference of the waist was measured with a tape measure, blood pressure with an OMRON tensiometer model M10-IT. Plasma glucose, lipid profile and 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OH-D) were measured in blood. Results: Mean values: age 56.8 ± 14.9 years (with MS = 65.4 ± 12.3 years, without MS = 55.5 ± 14.8 years, p < 0.001); 25OH-D17.90 ± 7.34ng/ml (with MS = 19.73 ± 8.03ng/ml, without MS 26.70 ± 13.34 ng/ml, p < 0.001), without gender differences (p = 0.129). Prevalence of MS and its components: 14.3% (14.9% women, 13.7% men). Blood pressure increased 44.1% (40.0% women, 48.8% men), HDL-cholesterol under 13.4% (14.0% women, 12.7% men), triglycerides increased 14.2% (10.8% women, 18.1% men), abdominal obesity 41.9% (49.7% women, 32.7% men) and glycemia increased 14.6% (11.9% women, 17.9% men). They had values 25OH-D < 20ng/ml 33.6% (44.2% with MS, 31.8% without MS) (p < 0.05), 31% in women and 36% in men (p > 0.05). The presence of MS components had lower OH-D values, or p < 0.05 in HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and glycemia. After adjusting by age and sex, we found positive correlation of 25OH-D with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.261), negative with glycemia (r = -0.165), waist circumference (r = -0.163 and triglycerides (r = -0.261) No correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In the logistic regression analysis after adjusting by age and sex, the subjects with MS had an OR = 1.690 (95% CI 0.913–3.130) of having figures of 25OH-D < 20 ng/ml (p = 0.085). Conclusions: Subjects with MS have lower values of 25OH-D and correlates with HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia and waist circumference. Subjects with MS have 1.7 times more risk of having 25 OH-D < 20 ng/ml.

Relationships among personality traits, metabolic syndrome, and metabolic syndrome scores: The Kakegawa cohort study

ObjectiveMetabolic syndrome and the presence of metabolic syndrome components are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the association between personality traits and metabolic syndrome remains controversial, and few studies have been conducted in East Asian populations. MethodsWe measured personality traits using the Japanese version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Revised Short Form) and five metabolic syndrome components—elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose—in 1322 participants aged 51.1±12.7years old from Kakegawa city, Japan. Metabolic syndrome score (MS score) was defined as the number of metabolic syndrome components present, and metabolic syndrome as having the MS score of 3 or higher. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between personality traits and metabolic syndrome components and multiple regression analyses to examine the relationship between personality traits and MS scores adjusted for age, sex, education, income, smoking status, alcohol use, and family history of CVD and diabetes mellitus. We also examine the relationship between personality traits and metabolic syndrome presence by multiple logistic regression analyses. Results“Extraversion” scores were higher in those with metabolic syndrome components (elevated waist circumference: P=0.001; elevated triglycerides: P=0.01; elevated blood pressure: P=0.004; elevated fasting glucose: P=0.002). “Extraversion” was associated with the MS score (coefficient=0.12, P=0.0003). No personality trait was significantly associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome. ConclusionsHigher “extraversion” scores were related to higher MS scores, but no personality trait was significantly associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease concurrent with metabolic syndrome: Pathophysiological and clinical features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) still remains a serious public health problem, which is a common cause of disability and death in the able-bodied population. Furthermore, the number of patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) is steadily increasing worldwide. Recently, there is also an increase in the number of patients with COPD concurrent with MS, which is a mutually confounding risk factor for concomitant cardiovascular disease and adversely affects prognosis in these patients. Systemic subclinical inflammation is a common link between COPD and the components of MS. Systemic inflammation in patients with comorbidity is complemented by an inflammatory process in the abdominal visceral adipose tissue that serves as a source of proinflammatory adipokines (leptin, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-α). Patients with COPD in the presence of MS components have in general higher ventilation needs, more obvious clinical manifestations of bronchopulmonary diseases, and more frequent COPD exacerbations and frequently require higher doses of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. As compared with normal-weight patients with COPD, obese patients with this condition have more limited physical activity and much more exercise intolerance. There are currently no practical recommendations for the management of patients with comorbidity; patients with COPD concurrent with MS need an individual therapeutic approach. It is important to elaborate a package of preventive measures to improve quality of life in patients, to reduce the incidence of systemic complications, and to achieve symptomatic improvements. Thus, to develop and implement practical guidelines for physicians and patients are an urgent issue.

Metabolic characteristics of esophageal carcinoma in a veteran population.

4023Background: Esophageal cancer is projected to increase by 35% through 2025 in the U.S. We investigated whether the presence of metabolic syndrome components differed between these two cancers i...

Prevalence and risk factors of retinopathy in patients with or without metabolic syndrome: a population-based study in Shenyang

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and the prevalence of retinopathy.DesignA cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2013 to September 2014 in Fengyutan Sub-District.Primary and secondary outcome...

Number of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors is Related to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and clinical and metabolic variables in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Patients and methods: The study included 76 RA patients (18 males, 58 females; mean age 50.1±9.8 years; range 21 to 69 years) and 42 control subjects (11 males, 31 females; mean age 49.2±9.7; range 28 to 66 years). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and disease activity score were used to assess disease activation. Rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, and metabolic syndrome components (fasting blood glucose, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, and waist circumference) were measured. Results: Mean disease duration was 6.9±6.5 years. Patients with RA had higher CIMT than the controls (0.8±0.1 and 0.6±0.2, respectively; p<0.001). Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between CIMT and age, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The CIMT in RA patients having metabolic syndrome risk components ranging from one to four were 0.76±0.16, 0.82±0.14, 0.86±0.13, and 0.92±0.13, respectively. CIMT was positively correlated with the number of metabolic syndrome risk components. Conclusion: Our study has shown elevated CIMT in RA. Presence of metabolic syndrome components in RA patients increases tendency to atherosclerosis and constitutes a severe risk for cardiovascular disease.

Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and metabolic syndrome in Korean children and adolescents

Aims Vitamin D is required not only for bone health but also has been reported to play a role in a range of ailments such as autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, depression, and certain types of cancer. Several studies have reported that poor vitamin D status during childhood and adolescence is related to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with hypertension and increased risk of cardiovascular disease while 25(OH)D concentration is known to be independently associated with both insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. A recent study reported that low serum 25(OH)D to be associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korean children. We investigated the association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and the presence of metabolic syndrome components in Korean children and adolescents. We also compared the components of metabolic syndrome according to vitamin D status in Korean children and adolescents.

The Link Between Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors, Serum sIL-2R and Echocardiography Data in Type 2 Diabetes

This study aimed to demonstrate the link between the inflammatory process, cardio-metabolic risk factors and echocardiogra phy data in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. A total number of fifty-two patients (12 male and 40 females) with a median age of 57 year were enrolled in this study. Anthropometric measurements that related to the cardio-metabolic risk factors and blood pressure were measured. Fasting serum glucose, lipid profiles and soluble interleukin -2 receptor (sIL-2R) using the technique of enzyme linked immunnosorbent assay (ELISA) were determined. The patients categorized according to the presence of metabolic syndrome components using the National Cholesterol Education program (NCEP) definition. Echocardiography data that related to systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction were recorded using B-mode ultrasound with a frequency of 2-4MHz. There was non-significant difference in echocardiography data that related to systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction and the cardio-metabolic risk factors. The mean serum sIL-2R level was 3.469±3.062 pg/ml (range: 1.316-12.5); it inversely and non-significantly correlated with ejection fraction (r = - 0.12) and atherogenic index (r=-0.148). There is a link between the left ventricular systolic function and the circulating sIL-2R in asymptomatic T2D, which does not relate to the components of metabolic syndrome

Persistent organic pollutant levels in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese individuals—Depot differences and dysmetabolism implications

BackgroundThe role of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with endocrine disrupting activity in the aetiology of obesity and other metabolic dysfunctions has been recently highlighted. Adipose tissue (AT) is a common site of POPs accumulation where they can induce adverse effects on human health. ObjectivesTo evaluate the presence of POPs in human visceral (vAT) and subcutaneous (scAT) adipose tissue in a sample of Portuguese obese patients that underwent bariatric surgery, and assess their putative association with metabolic disruption preoperatively, as well as with subsequent body mass index (BMI) reduction. MethodsAT samples (n=189) from obese patients (BMI ≥35) were collected and the levels of 13 POPs were determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected at the time of surgery. BMI variation was evaluated after 12 months and adipocyte size was measured in AT samples. ResultsOur data confirm that POPs are pervasive in this obese population (96.3% of detection on both tissues), their abundance increasing with age (RS=0.310, p<0.01) and duration of obesity (RS=0.170, p<0.05). We observed a difference in AT depot POPs storage capability, with higher levels of ΣPOPs in vAT (213.9±204.2 compared to 155.1±147.4ng/g of fat, p<0.001), extremely relevant when evaluating their metabolic impact. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between POP levels and the presence of metabolic syndrome components, namely dysglycaemia and hypertension, and more importantly with cardiovascular risk (RS=0.277, p<0.01), with relevance for vAT (RS=0.315, p<0.01). Finally, we observed an interesting relation of higher POP levels with lower weight loss in older patients. ConclusionOur sample of obese subjects allowed us to highlight the importance of POPs stored in AT on the development of metabolic dysfunction in a context of obesity, shifting the focus to their metabolic effects and not only for their recognition as environmental obesogens.

Modified Mediterranean diet score and cardiovascular risk in a North American working population.

IntroductionGreater adherence to a Mediterranean diet is linked to lower risk for cardiovascular morbidity/mortality in studies of Mediterranean cohorts, older subjects, and/or those with existing health conditions. No studies have examined the effects of this dietary pattern in younger working populations in the United States. We investigated the effects of Mediterranean diet adherence on cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers, metabolic syndrome and body composition in an occupationally active, non-Mediterranean cohort.MethodsA cross-sectional study in a cohort of 780 career male firefighters, ages 18 years or older, from the United States Midwest. No dietary intervention was performed. A modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS) was developed for assessment of adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern from a previously administered life-style questionnaire that examined pre-existing dietary habits. Clinical data from fire department medical examinations were extracted and analyzed.ResultsObese subjects had significantly lower mMDS, and they reported greater fast/take-out food consumption (p<0.001) and intake of sweetened drinks during meals (p = 0.002). After multivariate adjustment, higher mMDS was inversely related to risk of weight gain over the past 5 years (odds ratio [OR]: 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.39–0.84, p for trend across score quartiles: 0.01); as well as the presence of metabolic syndrome components (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44–0.94, p for trend across score quartiles: 0.04). Higher HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.008) and lower LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.04) were observed in those with higher mMDS in linear regression after multivariate adjustment for age, BMI and physical activity.ConclusionsIn a cohort of young and active US adults, greater adherence to a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern had significant inverse associations with metabolic syndrome, LDL-cholesterol and reported weight gain, and was significantly and independently associated with higher HDL-cholesterol. Our results support the potential effectiveness of this diet in young, non-Mediterranean working cohorts, and justify future intervention studies.

The Role of Distubances of Phosphate Metabolism in Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Background and Aims: Metabolic syndrome represents a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors and reached epidemic proportions. It was hypothesized that disturbances in phosphate metabolism may represent a feature of the metabolic syndrome. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between phosphate levels and the presence of metabolic syndrome components, as well as the putative mechanism for reduced phosphate level in metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 155 subjects: 64 with metabolic syndrome and 91 controls. Biochemical parameters of the metabolic syndrome study population were compared with the healthy population. Results: Patients with metabolic syndrome showed significantly lower phosphate (46%) and magnesium levels compared with controls (22.7%) (p&lt;0.001). Women showed significantly greater serum phosphate levels than men (3.32 mg/dl versus 3.18 mg/dl) (p&lt;0.03). Serum magnesium levels did no differ significantly between men and women. Fractional phosphate excretion rates in patients with metabolic syndrome were similar with controls (10.1±10.2% vs 13.1±9.9%), as well as fractional magnesium excretion (3.1±1.6% vs 2.8±1.3%). Conclusions: Patients with metabolic syndrome show significantly lower phosphate and magnesium concentrations compared to controls. This reduction is likely to be attributed to internal redistribution of phosphate and is more pronounced as the number of components of metabolic syndrome increases

Addition of a Novel, Protective Family History Category Allows Better Profiling of Cardiovascular Risk and Atherosclerotic Burden in the General Population. The Asklepios Study

ObjectivesWhereas the importance of family history (FH) is widely recognized in cardiovascular risk assessment, its full potential could be underutilized, when applied with its current simple guidelines-based definition (cFH): presence of premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a first-degree relative. We tested the added value of a new, extended family history definition (eFH), also taking into account later onset of disease, second-degree relatives and number of affected relatives, on profiling cardiovascular risk and atherosclerotic burden in the general population.Designlongitudinal population study.Settingrandom, representative population sample from Erpe-Mere and Nieuwerkerken (Belgium, primary care).Subjects2524 male/female volunteers, aged 35–55 years, free from overt CVD.Main outcome measuresSubjects were extensively phenotyped including presence of atherosclerosis (ultrasound) and a newly developed FH questionnaire (4 generations).ResultsCompared to cFH, eFH was superior in predicting an adverse risk profile (glycemic state, elevated blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, presence of metabolic syndrome components) and presence of atherosclerosis (all age & sex-adjusted p<0.05). Unlike cFH, eFH remained a significant predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis after adjusting for confounders. Most relations with eFH were not graded but showed clear informational breakpoints, with absence of CVD (including late onset) in any first-degree relative being a negative predictor of atherosclerosis, and a particularly interesting phenotype for further study.ConclusionsA novel, extended FH definition is superior to the conventional definition in profiling cardiovascular risk and atherosclerotic burden in the general population. There remain clear opportunities to refine and increase the performance and informational content of this simple, readily-available inexpensive tool.

Is ‘metabolically healthy’ obesity a benign condition?

Is ‘metabolically healthy’ obesity a benign condition?

Relationship between serum homocysteine and metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study

To explore the relationship between serum homocysteine and metabolic syndrome (MS). A cohort with 1680 people involved in a community-based population in Beijing was investigated. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP-ATPIII criteria. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) of MS. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the association between Hcy and characteristic variables. Homocysteine was higher in MS population compared to those without MS (17.99 µmol/L vs. 17.18 µmol/L, P=0.007) after adjusted for age and sex. Levels of homocysteine increased with the presence of MS components (from 0 to 4 or 5) (16.71, 16.94, 17.62, 18.20, 17.82 µmol/L respectively, P=0.044 for linear trend). Among the components, groups with larger waist circumference, higher blood pressure and triglycerides showed significantly higher Hcy level than their counterparts. from multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the highest Hcy quartile (Hcy IV) was significantly associated with MS. Compared with the lowest Hcy quartile (Hcy I), the adjusted odds ratio of having MS in HcyIV was 1.379 (1.005-1.892) after adjusting for age, sex, levels on creatinine/estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and uric acid, smoking, alcohol intake and exercise. In the partial correlation analyses, Hcy was positively associated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumsternece, blood pressure, LDL-C, triglycerides (TG), uric acid, serum creatinine, eGFR, but inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and independently with age and sex. In multiple linear regression analysis, age, male sex, BMI, LDL-C, creatinine and uric acid were found to be independently associated with Hcy level. There was an association noticed between the MS using NCEP-ATPIII criteria and the highest quartile level of Hcy in this study. Factors as age and being male, the levels of BMI, LDL-C, creatinine and uric acid were independently associated with the Hcy level.