Presence Of Intoxication Research Articles

Comparative clinical and immunological characteristics of the course of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 in children of different ages in acute and long-term periods after illness

The purpose of the study is to establish the clinical and immunological characteristics of COVID-19 in children and to assess the state of the immune system in the long-term period after the infection. Materials and methods. An observational cohort retrospective study was conducted, which included the results of an examination of 87 children with confirmed new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). All patients underwent laboratory examination to assess the state of the immune system at the onset of the disease and 152 ± 11.57 days after the onset of the disease. The control groups consisted of practically healthy children 8—14 (n = 26) and 15—18 years old (n = 33), who had no history of coronavirus infection, which was verified by serological tests. Results. Of the sick people, 72.2% were boys (p < 0.001). The clinical picture of COVID-19 was determined by the presence of intoxication and respiratory syndromes. The main signs were fever, unproductive cough, nasal discharge, pain and/or sore throat. In 35.2% of cases, children had concomitant pathology. At the onset of the disease in patients aged 8—14 years, a decrease in the number of neutrophils (p < 0.001) and their absorption activity (p = 0.01), an increased level of CD3+HLA-DR+ (p < 0.001), and a low level of serum IgM were detected (p < 0.001), were detected the presence of specific IgM to SARS-CoV-2; high content of Circulating immune complexes (p < 0.001). In children aged 15—18 years, an increase in the content of CD3+HLA-DR+ (p < 0.001), TNK-cells (p < 0.05), and a decreased level of total serum IgM and IgG (p < 0.001) were detected. In the long-term period after infection, in patients 8—14 years old, the changes identified at the onset of the disease persist, and there is also a decrease in the number of monocytes (p < 0.05) and an increase in the level of B-lymphocytes (p < 0.05). In the group of 15—18 years old, there was an increase in the bactericidal activity of leukocytes (p = 0.03) and the absorption activity of monocytes (p < 0.01). Conclusion. The disease proceeded mainly in a moderate form. At the initial stage of the new coronavirus infection, there was a deficiency of the humoral component, and in children of early school age, a deficiency of innate immune factors. In the long-term period, deviations in immunogram parameters persist. There is a possibility of the formation of risk groups among children for immune deficiency, which requires additional monitoring and rehabilitation measures.

Prehospital seizures: Short-term outcomes and risk stratification based in point-of-care testing.

Information for treatment or hospital derivation of prehospital seizures is limited, impairing patient condition and hindering patients risk assessment by the emergency medical services (EMS). This study aimed to determine the associated factors to clinical impairment, and secondarily, to determine risk factors associated to cumulative in-hospital mortality at 2, 7 and 30 days, in patients presenting prehospital seizures. Prospective, multicentre, EMS-delivery study involving adult subjects with prehospital seizures, including five advanced life support units, 27 basic life support units and four emergency departments in Spain. All bedside variables: including demographic, standard vital signs, prehospital laboratory tests and presence of intoxication or traumatic brain injury (TBI), were analysed to construct a risk model using binary logistic regression and internal validation methods. A total of 517 patients were considered. Clinical impairment was present in 14.9%, and cumulative in-hospital mortality at 2, 7 and 30-days was 3.4%, 4.6% and 7.7%, respectively. The model for the clinical impairment indicated that respiratory rate, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, blood urea nitrogen, associated TBI or stroke were risk factors; higher Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores mean a lower risk of impairment. Age, potassium, glucose, prehospital use of mechanical ventilation and concomitant stroke were risk factors associated to mortality; and oxygen saturation, a high score in GCS and haemoglobin were protective factors. Our study shows that prehospital variables could reflect the clinical impairment and mortality of patients suffering from seizures. The incorporation of such variables in the prehospital decision-making process could improve patient outcomes.

ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ГАСТРОИНТЕСТИНАЛЬНОГО САЛЬМОНЕЛЛЕЗА У ДЕТЕЙ НИЖНЕГО НОВГОРОДА

The study aims to examine the epidemiological, etiological, and clinical features of gastrointestinal salmonellosis in children living in Nizhny Novgorod. A retrospective analysis of 49 children with gastrointestinal salmonellosis who received treatment in the Infectious Hospital No. 23 in Nizhny Novgorod was conducted. Database was compiled via clinical and laboratory diagnosing methods to assess the age of the patients, the duration of the disease upon admission to the hospital, the results of physical examination and laboratory tests using statistical methods. Most children were 3 years old or older (71.4 %) and admitted in 2–3 days after the onset of the disease (77.6 %). The most common infectious agent was serovar S. enteritidis D (84.8 %), while every 2nd child (46.9 %) had a mixed infection. The severity of the disease was mostly moderate (93.9 %) with the presence of intoxication (87.8 %), febrile fever (65.3 %), abdominal pain syndrome (93.8 %), repeating vomiting (57.7 %). Half of the patients developed grade I exicosis (53 %). astrointestinal symptoms were often combined with leukocyturia (49 %). The fecal culture test was highly informative for verification of specific bacterial agent. Long-term germ fecal excretion was detected in 12.2 % of patients, mostly in children under the age of 3 years (83.3 %). The study provides etiological, clinical and epidemiological features of gastrointestinal salmonellosis in children living in Nizhny Novgorod.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Patients with Substance Intoxication Presenting to the Emergency Department.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Patients with Substance Intoxication Presenting to the Emergency Department.

HOMEOSTATIC ROLE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN THE TREATMENT OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.

The aim: To establish the clinical and pathogenetic role of glucocorticoid imbalance as an important link of impairment of the adaptive system homeostasis and to determine ways of its correction as a way to increase the effectiveness of the pulmonary tuberculosis treatment. Materials and methods: The effectiveness of glucocorticoids in the pulmonary tuberculosis treatment was studied in 304 patients, of which 134 patients (group 1) received only antibacterial therapy, 67 patients (group 2) were supplemented with glucocorticoids (20-30 mg of prednisolone, daily, in 3 doses, with their cessation by gradual reduction of dose). 103 patients (group 3) also received antibacterial therapy in combination with glucocorticoids (20-30 mg of prednisolone, in the morning, in a daily dose every other day, cessation was carried out simultaneously without reducing the dose). Results: The study found that the level of cortisol in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly higher than normal, did not have age and gender dependence, but showed a connection with the severity of clinical forms of tuberculosis, the duration of disease development and the presence of intoxication. It was established that the daily fluctuations of cortisol persist in tuberculosis patients, but its level significantly exceeds the norm, which indicates the functional stressing of the adaptive system. Conclusions: The article substantiates the homeostatic role of glucocorticoids in the complex treatment of tuberculosis patients when administered in a double physiological dose every other day, taking into account the daily biorhythm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function.

RETROSPECTIVE CHART ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS DIGNOSED WITH ACANTHOLYTIC PEMPHIGUS FOR THE PERIOD 2008-2018

The aim: Determine the clinical and anamnestic criteria that cause the аcantholytic pemphigus (AP) morbidity in the course of the treatment. Materials and methods: Analysis of medical histories of patients who underwent the therapy on the basis of the clinic for 10 years. In the analysis of 174 medical case histories were determined the factors provoking the onset and exacerbation of the disease. The disease severity was assessed using the IKEDA index. Results: During the analysis, patients were divided into two groups. The I group - patients who required combination therapy - systemic glucocorticosteroids (SGCs) and immunosuppressant (azathioprine (AZA)). For patients of group II used SGCs - according to the indications. The presence of intoxication and signs of pyoderma were more common in patients of group I. The number of exacerbations per year for an unknown reason in group I was almost 3 times higher. The ineffectiveness of high starting doses of SGCs was 20.2% of cases compared with those in group II. Conclusions: According to clinical and anamnestic data, during the retrospective analysis of case histories, the criteria determining the severity of acantholytic pemphigus during treatment were determined: the age of patients, the diagnosis period, the prevalence of lesions and severity of dermatosis according to the IKEDA index, the selection of adequate treatment tactics, taking into the complications caused as a result of the systemic glucocorticosteroids therapy.

Particular features of humoral immunity in patients with acute brain concussion

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common neurological disorders in the world. Meanwhile, usage of neuroimaging methods does not allow precise assessment of its severity and clinical prognosis. This predetermines for searching new techniques of differential diagnosis of the TBI severity and predicting the risk of consequences. Currently, many authors have shown an association between disorders of the immune system manifesting as a decrease in general immune status, and development of cellular/humoral neurosensitization with progredient outcome of the brain injury. At the same time, the role of humoral mechanisms in pathogenesis of TBI, in particular, brain commotion, is less studied in comparison with cell-mediated mechanisms, thus suggesting a need to studying the role of activation or, vice versa, anergy of the humoral immunity in mild traumatic brain injury. The aim of this work was to study characteristics of B-lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of the patients with brain concussion (n = 22). Peripheral blood samples obtained from 52 apparently healthy volunteers served as controls. The diagnosis was made in accordance with established international criteria. In this case, the exclusion criterion were as follows: severe concomitant organ damage or somatic pathologies, as well as presence of intoxication. General examination included the collection of complaints, medical history, assessment of the somatic and neurological status. B-lymphocytes were determined using multicolor flow cytometry based on two approaches: IgD/CD38 expression (“Bm1-Bm5” classification), and IgD/CD27. We have found that the relative number of naïve Bm1 (IgD+CD38-) was significantly higher in patients with brain concussion than in conventionally healthy individuals (p 0.001). The relative content of activated naive Bm2-cells (IgD+CD38+) was significantly lower in the group of TBI patients than in controls (p 0.05). The number of naive cells (IgD+CD27-) was also significantly reduced in the brain concussion group compared to the control group. The data obtained indicate a possible significant role of B-cell immune response in pathogenesis of clinical course following the brain concussion, thus enabling assessment of possible features of humoral immune response.

Descriptive analysis of air rage incidents aboard international commercial flights, 2000–2020

Air rage has the potential to threaten the safety of flight crew and passengers. We aimed to describe the occurrence of serious air rage incidents based on a recognised scale of severity, their associated factors and outcomes. A web-based content analysis of written media reports relating to air rage incidents occurring between 2000 and 2020 was conducted. Multiple variables were extracted, including year, flight details, age and nationality of passengers, involvement of flight crew, stage of air journey, flight diversions, presence of intoxication, psychiatric history or fear of flying. A total of 270 passengers were involved in this series of air rage incidents, with 76.2% (n = 204) male. The most frequent age group for unruly passengers was 30–39 years (n = 61). Precipitating factors included alcohol consumption (55.7%, n = 127) and nicotine withdrawal (9.2%, n = 21). Flight diversions were necessitated in 35.5% (n = 81) of cases. The majority (52.6%, n = 120) of air rage incidents were categorised as level 2 on a 4-point scale of severity. The findings of this study will be of interest to the aviation industry and to air passengers and crew. Further research is needed to elucidate the precipitants of air rage. Flight crew training should incorporate early recognition and de-escalation of air rage.

Role of intercellular adhesion molecules and antibodies to oxidized LDL in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases under mercury exposure

Introduction. Exposure to mercury and its compounds can be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study is to investigate the levels of antibodies to oxidized LDL, intercellular adhesion molecules sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and VEGF in individuals exposed to mercury. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional examination was carried out using biochemical methods in persons who have come into contact with metallic mercury with a work experience of more than five years, persons with a first established diagnosis of chronic mercury intoxication, and patients with chronic mercury intoxication in the long-term postexposure period. Results. In persons exposed to mercury with concomitant cardiovascular diseases, the level of sVCAM-1 differed depending on the presence/absence of intoxication and acquired maximum values in its long-term period, while the concentrations of sICAM-1 and antibodies to oxidized LDL did not differ significantly. In the groups without cardiovascular pathology exposed to mercury, the concentration of sVCAM-1 was higher in patients with intoxication, and sICAM-1 was 1.5-2 times lower when compared with experienced individuals, the level of antibodies to oxidized LDL was maximum in the presence of intoxication in its initial period. Discussion. The progression of chronic mercury intoxication is accompanied by an increase in the level of sVCAM-1, and a gradual decrease in the content of sICAM-1 to reference values. Trained workers were found to have elevated sICAM-1 levels. Conclusion. The role of antibodies to oxidized LDL, intercellular adhesion molecules is their multidirectional participation in the mechanisms that inhibit or contribute to the formation of cardiovascular pathology in individuals exposed to mercury.

Intoxication is a Significant Risk Factor for Severe Craniomaxillofacial Injuries in Standing Electric Scooter Accidents

Standing electric scooters are a relatively new mode of transportation that are becoming increasingly popular in large metropolitan areas. The purpose of this study was to characterize injury patterns and identify risk factors for craniomaxillofacial injuries in standing electric scooter accidents. This retrospective cohort study used a Clinical Data Warehouse search engine to identify patients who sustained standing electric scooter accidents from 2017 to 2019 using the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision codes. Predictors including patient demographics, presence of intoxication, helmet use, mechanism of injury, and other noncraniomaxillofacial injuries sustained at the time of standing electric scooter injury were identified. Patients were grouped as per the presence or absence of craniomaxillofacial injuries so that risk factors could be identified for craniomaxillofacial injuries in standing electric scooter accidents. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify potential risk factors and association for craniomaxillofacial injuries. The sample was composed of 165 patients with a mean age of 30.3 years and 73.9% were men. Of them, 38 (23.0%) sustained craniomaxillofacial trauma. They were ten times more likely to have been intoxicated than those who did not have craniomaxillofacial injuries (4.7 vs 52.6%). Concomitant injuries of the extremities and the craniomaxillofacial region were rare indicating that in many cases the arms and legs were not outstretched to "break the fall." The high numbers of mandibular fractures to the condylar, subcondylar, and symphyseal regions (23.8, 33.3, and 28.6%, respectively), Le Fort fractures (18.4%), and frontal sinus fractures (15.8%) indicate that falls in the anterior-posterior direction occur with the main point of impact occurring at the chin, midface, and forehead. Intoxication may inhibit or depress protective reflexes that leave the face and head vulnerable during standing electric scooter accidents.

Динаміка лабораторних показників щурів після імплантації матеріалу біоскла і склокераміки

Aim. To explore the recovery of the structure and density of the spongy and cortical bone after filling the defect with the bioglass developed by the authors. Material and Methods. The experiment was performed on white rats where the dynamics of blood biochemical markers were studied after implantation of glass-based and glass-ceramic materials. The study rats were divided into 2 groups. In the first group a material on the basis of glass ceramics AC-5 was implanted; in the second group - a material on the basis of glass FAR-5. Implant toxicity was determined based on the study of the dynamics of serum protein content, urea and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity. The state of restoration of the structure and density of the spongy and cortical bone was examined using alkaline phosphatase level. Results and Discussion. The study found no impact of implants based on glass ceramics AC-5 on the functional state of the liver and kidneys of experimental animals, but revealed the presence of inflammatory-regenerative changes in bone tissue at the implant site manifested only on day 7 of observation, which is normal regeneration after implantation. The dynamics of alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum of rats corresponded to the stages of bone regeneration and implant survival. In the rats of the second group, the content of total protein, unlike the animals of the first group, was significantly higher compared to the intact rats at all observation periods, indicating the presence of intoxication in animals. The glycoprotein content was increased, indicating the presence of inflammation in the animals at the end of the study. In contrast to the rats of the first group, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly increased compared with that of the intact rats. The indicator increased with the observation period and returned to the reference values by the 90th day. Conclusion. Based on the study of the markers of bone metabolism (alkaline phosphatase activity and serum level of chondroitin sulfate ), a longer process of bone remodeling in case of implantation of the FAR-5 implant material was revealed, which increased compared to the test parameters of the intact animals.

POSTNATAL INFECTION AND IMMUNE SYSTEM IN CHILDREN OF THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE

Objective. The aim of the work is to investigate the relationship between the indices of the cellular and humoral components of immunity, the absolute and relative quantity of immunocompetent blood cells in children infected postnatal.Material and methods. 20 children aged 3 months to one year were divided into two groups: 1) control (n = 7); 2) in utero infected (n = 13). The study of blood counts and immune homeostasis was carried out from a single portion of heparinized venous blood taken from the ulnar vein of children with the permission of mothers. The determination was made by conventional methods [8-10]. Statistical processing of the results of the studies was carried out using standard methods for the program Statistica-6.0. To determine the statistical significance, the t-test of the Student was used.Results. The conducted studies aimed at establishing the absolute and relative number of immunocompetent cells and immunohematological indexes and coefficients at the age of 3 months to one year, with postnatal infection (Table 1), showed that these children were reduced by the absolute number of erythrocytes (by 22 , 4%), leukocytes (41.5%), the relative amount of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (by 80.0%), eosinophils (57.0%), absolute (58.1%) and relative quantities (13 , 0%) of lymphocytes, the relative amount of monocytes ( by 66.1%), while the number of segmented neutrophils increased by 43.8%, and the ESR by 13.6%. Such changes in the absolute number of immunocompetent cells affect the characteristics of the immune-haematological indices and coefficients. Thus, in children aged 3 months to 1 year with PNI, the leukocyte index increases by 2.7 times, the neutrophilic leukocyte coefficient increases by 54.9%, the leukocyte shift index by 55.3%, the index of immune reactivity - by 45.8%. Against this background, the neutrophil shift index is reduced by 2.6 times, the allergy index by 40.0% and the index of unspecific resistance by 31.5%. Versatile changes in the absolute and relative quantity of immunocompetent cells, immunohematological indices and coefficients indicate the presence of intoxication in the body of children from 3 months to 1 year with PNI. So, the leukocyte index of intoxication in these children increases by 64.3%, and the leukocyte index of intoxication by Ya.Ya. Calf-Caliph in 2,1 times. Thus, in children aged 3 months to 1 year, patients with PNI, there are a variety of significant changes in the absolute and relative quantity of immunocompetent cells and immunohumatological indices and coefficients.Conclusion. Postanital infection in children from 3 months to one year is formed and runs against the backdrop of lower indicators of factors and mechanisms of non-specific anti-infection protection, as well as against the background of acquired immunodeficiency state.

Mock Jurors' Perceptions of Sexual Assault on a University Campus.

The purpose of this study was to examine how defendant gender, victim gender, location of sexual assault (professor's office vs. fraternity party), and whether the defendant was intoxicated influenced mock jurors' decisions in a sexual assault case. Mock jurors (N = 503) read a mock trial transcript depicting an alleged sexual assault and were asked to render a dichotomous verdict, continuous guilt rating, and rate their perceptions of the victim and defendant. There was no influence on mock jurors' dichotomous verdicts. However, the presence of intoxication did influence continuous guilt ratings; intoxicated defendants elicited higher guilt ratings compared to sober defendants. Whether the defendant was intoxicated and the location of the crime were found to impact mock jurors' perceptions of the defendant (e.g., believability, credibility); whereas the gender of the defendant affected the perceived control the defendant had over the situation. Victim gender was found to impact mock jurors perceptions of the victim, such that female victims were perceived more favorably than male victims; this may support the idea that male victims of sexual assault are generally perceived more negatively than female victims. These results, and more, are discussed in terms of the current study and the larger implications.

Effect of Intoxication Among Blunt Trauma Patients Selected for Head Computed Tomography Scanning

We examine the prevalence and types of intracranial injuries sustained by intoxicated blunt trauma patients. The study was conducted as a secondary analysis of National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study II head injury database. Treating physicians prospectively assessed presenting signs and symptoms on all blunt trauma patients who underwent head computed tomography (CT). Intoxication status was determined by the examining physician and was based on a history of intoxication, positive toxicologic screen result, or physical evidence suggesting intoxication. Intracranial injury diagnoses were based on final CT interpretations provided by attending radiologists. Intracranial injury was detected in 1,193 of the 13,728 enrolled patients (8.7%), and intoxication was evident in 3,356 (24.4%) patients. Physicians were unable to assess intoxication status in 620 individuals. Intracranial injury was present in 231 intoxicated patients (231/3,356; 6.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0 to 7.8), 789 of 9,752 nonintoxicated patients (8.1%; 95% CI 7.6% to 8.6%), and 173 of the 620 patients who could not be assessed for intoxication (prevalence 27.9%; 95% CI 24.4% to 31.6%). Intracranial injury was identified in only 5 of 299 intoxicated patients (1.7%) who had normal neurological examination results and no evidence of trauma to the calvarium. The prevalence of intracranial injury among intoxicated blunt trauma patients who are selected for head CT is lower than among nonintoxicated patients selected for imaging, which likely represents heightened concern in the presence of intoxication, even without other findings suggestive of intracranial injury. This conclusion is supported by the fact that few intoxicated patients with normal neurologic findings and no evidence of trauma to the calvarium had positive findings on CT imaging.

Chronic administration of alcohol in the developing rat: Expression of functional tolerance and alcohol olfactory aversions

Three experiments were designed to evaluate the acquisition and expression of tolerance to ethanol in preweanling rats. Administrations were begun on Postnatal Day 13 (PD13) and continued, on alternating days, through PD23. Following either three or five administrations of a 2.5 g/kg dose of ethanol, animals expressed tolerance to the motor-impairing consequences of acute ethanol, as measured through attenuated latencies to perform a righting reflex. However, no tolerance was evident when it was assessed through the hypothermic response to ethanol delivery (Experiment 1). The results of subsequent experiments suggested that this tolerance was not due to lower levels of ethanol in the blood and brain of the chronically exposed subjects (Experiment 2) nor to the development of behavioral tolerance, such as learning to perform the motor task in the presence of intoxication (Experiment 3). Additional tests determined that tolerance level did not alter the infant rats' ability to learn about the orosensory cues associated with ethanol delivery. Specifically, tests confirmed previous studies that an aversion to ethanol odor was formed as a result of the chronic administration procedure, presumably due to the animals associating the orosensory properties of eliminated ethanol during intoxication with the aversive consequences of this state. These results provide evidence that tolerance can develop in the preweanling rat, and that at least one measure (righting reflex) can be used to assess its development early in life.

Tablettenreste im magen-darminhalt? Eine polarisationsmikroskopische suchmethode zur raschen Aussage am Sektionstisch

When tablet residues are found in the gastrointestinal tract during autopsy, this does not only indicate the possible presence of intoxication, but may also provide indications with the regard to the kind of intoxication (e.g. suicide) if the amount of tablets is considered. If tablets have already dissolved and thus large portions can no longer be detected with the naked eye, a definitive appraisal with regard to the presence of tablet residues is often difficult or even impossible on the autopsy table. A polarization microscopic screening method is described which enables identification of characteristic tablet auxiliary substances (maize starch, sodium carboxymethyl starch, microcristalline cellulose or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) to be identified immediately and simply in the gastrointestinal contents. It also enables a rapid orientative screening for tablet residues in glasses found or the fluid these contained as well as in aspirated material and vomit. If the active agent of the tablet can be detected by chemical toxicology, the polarization microscopic diagnosis of abundant tablet auxiliary substances is compatible with intake of large amounts of drugs, which makes self-administration highly probable.

Cytokinetics of epidermic cells in skin from human cadavers. I. Dependency on the postmortal interval.

Punch biopsies taken from the extensor side of the thigh of 35 human cadavers were incubated in vitro with radioactively labeled thymidine (3H-thymidine = 3H-TdR, 14C-thymidine = 14C-TdR) to determine whether a relationship exists between changes in the proliferative activity of the skin and the postmortal interval after irreversible cardiac arrest. The cadavers were stored at 4 degrees C. Cadavers with indeterminable time of death or presence of intoxication, drug therapy with cytostatic agents, or a skin disease were excluded from the study. Single, double, or multiple biopsies were performed on the same cadaver; single labeling with 3H-TdR was done in all cases; double labeling with 3H-TdR and 14C-TdR in selected cases. No relevant changes in the labeling index (mean, 2.39 +/- 1.03%) were demonstrable within the examined postmortal interval of 77.75 h. The DNA synthesis time (ts) was, on the average, 4.75 +/- 1.44 h; a certain relationship to the postmortal interval existed since ts declined with increasing storage time. The potential doubling time (tpot) decreased accordingly, beginning with 181.7 h (mean storage time, 29.9 h) and ending with 137.7 h (mean storage time, 41.7 h). No statistically relevant differences, however, were established at the 1% level. Whereas both labeling index and tpot during the early postmortal interval are comparable with observations in live humans, ts was relatively short as compared to that for the epidermis of live humans.