Presence Of Interconnections Research Articles

Сущность синергетического подхода к управлению доходами и расходами в холдингах в условиях санкционных ограничений и неопределенности

New approaches to the management of income and expenses of holding-type production enterprises are being investigated in order to increase the efficiency of their work during the introduction of sanctions restrictions and economic uncertainty. The impact of the imposed sanctions and restrictions on the problems arising from the management of enterprises associated with the violation of the usual logistics links with suppliers of materials, components and high-tech equipment, the refusal of foreign customers to fulfill their obligations under already concluded contracts and the discussion of new contracts is revealed. All this leads to a decrease in sales revenue, an increase in costs, and a change in the structure of the company’s expenses. It is determined that economic uncertainty complicates the choice of scenarios for the development of economic activity, causes the need to adjust the accepted tactical and strategic management concepts of enterprise development. Managers have to identify sources of revenue growth by integrating production, warehouse, and transport companies into the perimeter of the holding. The distinctive features of the holdings are formulated and the reasons that motivate the management to integration transformations are identified. It is revealed that some of the mergers and acquisitions are not effective due to the lack of a clear understanding of the further joint interaction of the combined enterprises. At the stage of the integration plan, it is necessary to form hypotheses about the presence of interconnections in the group structure – technologies, supply, product quality control, storage, management infrastructure, sales, etc.; sources of interconnections – common types of products, common technologies, sales channels, generalized buyers, common management functions; possible forms of joint activities – joint production technologies, joint storage, joint transportation; joint use of the competencies of the staff of the parent company. In this regard, it becomes urgent to search for a new approach to managing income and expenses at production holdings, which requires improving accounting procedures based on the management of the holding as a system of enterprises with synergetic properties that can influence changes in the scale of income and expenses.

Structure of symbolic capital in the modern communication environment: digital network progression

Taking into account , the digital network progression observed in the modern communication environment, the article reviews the conceptual apparatus of communication, on the basis of which the symbolic capital structure is substantiated. Additional discrete varieties are distinguished: publicity capital, network capital and media capital. The role and place of reputation capital, digital capital, mobile capital and information capital in the structure of symbolic capital are indicated. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research are: the approach of structuralist constructivism (P. Bourdieu), the concept of mobile sociology (J. Urry), the theory of communication (F.I. Sharkov). The complex of the following theoretical methods is used: structural analysis, system analysis, modeling. It is concluded that the presented differentiation model of symbolic capital varieties allows, on the one hand, to systematize the scientific research existing in the social sciences, while simultaneously showing their discreteness and the presence of interconnections, on the other hand, to look at this structure through the prism of communication, thereby emphasizing the dominant socio-communication relations in the the digital network progression context of the modern communication environment. As a result, a social structure is being built, which turns out to be largely mediated. Based on the study results, the limitations of the proposed author’s six-component structure of symbolic capital are indicated. The prospects of the conducted theoretical research and the need for their further confirmation at the empirical level are noted.

Reliability standards and generation adequacy assessments for interconnected electricity systems

This paper studies the consistency between two contradictory policies in the electricity industry. On the one hand, electricity systems are increasingly interconnected. On the other hand, reliability standards, whose value was typically set when countries were hardly interconnected, are still enforced at the national level. We show that enforcing autarky reliability standards may still reach the welfare optimum in the presence of interconnections, but only under two conditions. First, installed generation capacities should be determined jointly, while considering the whole power system. Second, reliability calculations should fully internalize external adequacy benefits occurring in neighboring systems. We run a numerical application for a set of European countries and find that existing interconnections may lead to generation adequacy benefits of around one billion euros per year, by enabling a 18.9 GW decrease in generation capacity. In our case study, regional coordination is found to be more important than fully internalizing external reliability benefits in adequacy simulations.

Experimental Study on the Natural Dynamic Characteristics of Steel-Framed Modular Structures

Corner-supported modular structures are made of repetitive prefurnished, prefinished modular units, which are fabricated in a factory and transported to the site of a building to form a permanent building block. The modular units are then tied together through the use of so-called inter-modular connections, or inter-connections, which form a different configuration at joints compared to conventional steel structures. The presence of inter-connections in these structures, in addition to beam-to-column connections or intra-connections, may change their dynamic characteristics, including natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios. This paper aims to investigate the dynamic characteristics of a modular building through the use of operational modal analysis (OMA). A half-scaled three-storey modular structure, designed and instrumented with highly sensitive accelerometers, was experimentally tested under pure and randomly generated vibrations. The time history of the response acceleration of the structure was recorded using a data acquisition system. Different output-only techniques of OMA, based on both frequency and time domains, were employed to analyse the recorded response acceleration of the structure and extract the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios. These techniques are peak picking (PP), enhanced frequency-domain decomposition (EFDD), and stochastic subspace identification (SSI). The outcomes in this paper can be used for further research on the development of an experimental formula for the design of multistorey modular buildings against lateral loads.

Controlled synthesis of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers and their photocatalytic application in the decolouration of Remazol Black B azo dye

The obtaining of monocrystalline TiO2 nanofibers with high specific surface area synthesized by the electrospinning technique with controlled crystalline structure and morphology is reported. The nanofibers were annealed at 500, 700 and 900 °C in a controlled atmosphere in the presence of air for two hours to achieve crystalline phase transformation. By means of TEM, it was possible to clearly corroborate the presence of solid nanofibers with a well-defined shape, a smooth surface and without the presence of interconnections and defects called beads. The chemical stoichiometry of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers was estimated by EDS, finding that at low annealing temperatures excess of oxygen was detected and at high temperatures excess of titanium that originates oxygen vacancies. By Raman scattering was found that the TiO2 nanofibers showed a crystalline phase transformation from pure anatase, mixed anatase-rutile and pure rutile as the annealing temperature is increased, caused by the generation of oxygen vacancies, which was corroborated by X-ray diffraction. The band gap energy (Eg), obtained from optical absorption spectra, decreases as the temperature is increased, which is ranged in 2.42 ≤ Eg≤ 3.27 eV, caused by the anatase→rutile crystalline phase transformation. Photoluminescence shows that the radiative bands -present a gradual red shift as the temperature increases due to the Eg reduction. In addition, the photocatalytic properties of the annealed TiO2 nanofibers were evaluated in the decolouration of the Remazol Black B azo dye. Changes in absorption spectra were noticeable as the measurement time increases. Absorbance spectra showed a decrease in the intensity of the main absorption band at 589 nm, which gradually decreases until it completely disappears, indicating that the decomposition of the organic compound is complete, while physically there is an absence of color from the solution. The anatase crystalline phase was the one with the highest specific surface area and the highest photocatalytic activity.

MONEY LAUNDERING: MACROECONOMIC ASSESSMENT METHODS AND CURRENT TREND IN UKRAINE

The paper examines the scientists’ approaches to the evaluation of money laundering. Attention is drawn to the macroeconomic results of such an analysis. The research on the scope of money laundering and its impact on the country’s economy is reviewed. Relevant literature and selected techniques have been highlighted and are widely available in the world. The focus is on discussing the macroeconomic implications of money laundering and on finding methods for evaluating the various scales and conclusions reached by various scholars on the scope and flows of money laundering.
 An authors’ approach to the analysis of the phenomenon of money laundering is proposed based on the study of the links between the level of money laundering with the level of vulnerability of economic sectors and the spread of other negative socio-economic phenomena. Using unique empirical data obtained as a result of an expert survey in the field of money laundering, conducted a statistical analysis and test of the statistical hypothesis regarding the presence of interconnections and to determine the essential dependence of money laundering level on the selected indicators’ subgroups of macroeconomic nature for analysis based on Pearson and Kendall’s Taw correlation coefficients.
 The conclusions on the correlation between the level of money laundering in Ukraine and macroeconomic processes in Ukraine are substantiated: shadowing of economic relations, optimization of tax burden at the initiative of business entities and «prosperity» of money laundering due to strong corruption ties in this sphere.
 The grounds for determining the priorities of further state policy in the sphere of anti-money laundering have been formed, for the national financial monitoring of relevant benchmarks of increased risk of financial transactions in specific sectors of the economy and possible further methodological use of sectoral analysis (with wider coverage of the national economic sectors) money laundering risks.

Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall approaches for option premiums and the probability of default estimation based on ARMA models

The need to address the issue of risk management has given rise to a number of models for estimation the probability of default, as well as a special tool that allows to sell credit risk – a credit default swap (CDS). From the moment it appeared in 1994 until the crisis of 2008, that the CDS market was actively growing, and then sharply contracted. Currently, there is practically no CDS market in emerging economies (including Russia). This article is to improve the existing CDS valuation models by using discrete-time models that allow for more accurate assessment and forecasting of the selected asset dynamics, as well as new option pricing models that take into account the degree of risk acceptance by the option seller. This article is devoted to parametric discrete-time option pricing models that provide more accurate results than the traditional Black-Scholes continuous-time model. Improvement in the quality of assessment is achieved due to three factors: a more detailed consideration of the properties of the time series of the underlying asset (in particular, autocorrelation and heavy tails), the choice of the optimal number of parameters and the use of Value-at-Risk approach. As a result of the study, expressions were obtained for the premiums of European put and call options for a given level of risk under the assumption that the return on the underlying asset follows a stationary ARMA process with normal or Student's errors, as well as an expression for the credit spread under similar assumptions. The simplicity of the ARMA process underlying the model is a compromise between the complexity of model calibration and the quality of describing the dynamics of assets in the stock market. This approach allows to take into account both discreteness in asset pricing and take into account the current structure and the presence of interconnections for the time series of the asset under consideration (as opposed to the Black–Scholes model), which potentially allows better portfolio management in the stock market.

The double fascicular variations of the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament correlate with interconnections between lateral ankle structures revealed on magnetic resonance imaging

The anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament are the most commonly injured ankle ligaments. This study aimed to investigate if the double fascicular anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament are associated with the presence of interconnections between those two ligaments and connections with non-ligamentous structures. A retrospective re-evaluation of 198 magnetic resonance imaging examinations of the ankle joint was conducted. The correlation between the double fascicular anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament and connections with the superior peroneal retinaculum, the peroneal tendon sheath, the tibiofibular ligaments, and the inferior extensor retinaculum was studied. The relationships between the anterior talofibular ligament’s and the calcaneofibular ligament’s diameters with the presence of connections were investigated. Most of the connections were visible in a group of double fascicular ligaments. Most often, one was between the anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligament (74.7%). Statistically significant differences between groups of single and double fascicular ligaments were visible in groups of connections between the anterior talofibular ligament and the peroneal tendon sheath (p < 0.001) as well as the calcaneofibular ligament and the posterior tibiofibular ligament (p < 0.05), superior peroneal retinaculum (p < 0.001), and peroneal tendon sheath (p < 0.001). Differences between the thickness of the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament (p < 0.001), the diameter of the fibular insertion of the anterior talofibular ligament (p < 0.001), the diameter of calcaneal attachment of the calcaneofibular ligament (p < 0.05), and tibiocalcaneal angle (p < 0.01) were statistically significant. The presence of the double fascicular anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament fascicles correlate with connections to adjacent structures.

Part–Whole Relations: New Insights about the Dynamics of Complex Geochemical Riverine Systems

Nature is often characterized by systems that are far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and rivers are not an exception for the Earth’s critical zone. When the chemical composition of stream waters is investigated, it emerges that riverine systems behave as complex systems. This means that the compositions have properties that depend on the integrity of the whole (i.e., the composition with all the chemical constituents), properties that arise thanks to the innumerable nonlinear interactions between the elements of the composition. The presence of interconnections indicates that the properties of the whole cannot be fully understood by examining the parts of the system in isolation. In this work, we propose investigating the complexity of riverine chemistry by using the CoDA (Compositional Data Analysis) methodology and the performance of the perturbation operator in the simplex geometry. With riverine bicarbonate considered as a key component of regional and global biogeochemical cycles and Ca2+ considered as mostly related to the weathering of carbonatic rocks, perturbations were calculated for subsequent couples of compositions after ranking the data for increasing values of the log-ratio ln(Ca2+/HCO3−). Numerical values were analyzed by using robust principal component analysis and non-parametric correlations between compositional parts (heat map) associated with distributional and multifractal methods. The results indicate that HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Sr2+ are more resilient, thus contributing to compositional changes for all the values of ln(Ca2+/HCO3−) to a lesser degree with respect to the other chemical elements/components. Moreover, the complementary cumulative distribution function of all the sequences tracing the compositional change and the nonlinear relationship between the Q-th moment versus the scaling exponents for each of them indicate the presence of multifractal variability, thus revealing scaling properties of the fluctuations.

Modeling the segment interactions of Ukraine’s financial market

This study is devoted to assessing the level of individual segments interconnectedness within the financial market of Ukraine (FMU) and their dynamics in uncertain conditions. The methodology of the systematic approach is used to investigate the dynamic relationship between individual segments of the financial market of Ukraine, namely credit (deposit-credit) market, stock market (market of securities), government securities market, currency market, and interbank market. The study of financial market dynamics focuses on the description of the price indicators of individual market segments, which are monitored using time series analysis and statistical methods. The results of the time series assessment revealed the fractal characteristics of the Ukrainian financial market as a measure of sustainability (namely inertia). It is revealed that all segments of the financial market, except credit, are characterized by persistence. It is established that the development of market segments is uneven and is characterized as bifurcation. The credit segment is addicted to insider behavior and has the highest risk concentration. It is revealed that the foreign exchange market is still in crisis. The results of modeling the correlation relationships between market segments have shown that, in the presence of such relationships, they differ in the strength and nature of the interaction. They are volatile, unstable, and situational, dependent on external conditions. The credit market has a relationship with other segments, not significantly strong but stable. The results of the analysis indicate the dynamic development of segments within the Ukrainian financial market in the presence of interconnections between them. AcknowledgmentThe study was conducted within the framework of the State Budget of the Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman on the topic “Innovative development of banking activities in the integrated financial environment” (state registration number 0117U001178). &amp;amp;nbsp;

One Step Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles Supported on Graphene Oxide Using an Eco-Friendly Microwave-Assisted Process

Microwave (MW) assisted processes become more and more used in the synthesis and alteration of graphene materials. This technique brings some various advantages compare to the classical ones because it is a green, low-cost, environmentally-friendly process. Moreover, no toxic solvent is necessary for the production of high-quality graphene-based materials. This eco-friendly process has recently received important attention as uniform, fast, energy efficient and scalable approach to synthesis noble metals supported on graphene oxide. A facile, rapid, low cost and efficient method to prepare gold supported on reduced graphene oxide (Au/rGO) is presented in this paper. The Au/rGO samples were produced using the microwave power of 800 W and two temperatures, 60 and 80°C, for 30 minutes only. The physical characterization showed that the Au nanoparticles were grafting on the graphene surface. Additionally, the nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms show a high pore volume and specific surface suggesting that a larger mesoporous volume have been achieved. The presence of interconnections between micropores and mesopores is beneficial to the mass transport process in PEMFC by creating a facile access of the reactants. Moreover, the accelerated stability tests (AST) of the catalysts showed that the catalysts are stable and no remarkable change in the shape of the voltammetry curve could be observed after 200 cycles.

Подходы к лечению инфекций нижних мочевыводящих путей у женщин репродуктивного возраста

Infections of urinary tracts (IUT) occupy a priority place both in the level of their outspread and the emergence of recurrences of the disease in ambulatory and stationary practice of a doctor; they are conditioned by inflammatory process, mostly of bacterial genesis, developed in different anatomic parts of urinary system – from fascia renalis to external urethral opening and often combined with pelvic inflammatory diseases. Purpose of research: to evaluate the effectiveness of complex therapy of chronic recidivating cystitis in combination with pelvic inflammatory diseases in women of reproductive age. Materials and Methods. A complex clinical and microbiological examination of 39 women aged from 18 to 39 having chronic reccurent cystitis in combination with pelvic inflammatory diseases in the observation dynamics (before and after the course of anti-inflammatory therapy with the inclusion of Tiflox and probiotic Lactovit Forte) was carried out. Results. As a result of the carried out research the symptomatic development of chronic reccurent cystitis at the background of latent development of pelvic inflammatory diseases was established. In the etiological spectre of chronic reccurent cystitis there were more often microorganisms (mostly E.coli – 82.1%) in the monoculture of critical and high number of microbs, and in 17 (43.5%) mixt-infection was established. Concordance when establishing Chlamydia (7.7%), Mycoplasmas (5.1%), Ureaplasmas (10.3%), Candida (33.4%), and Gardnerella vaginalis (10.3%) both in the biomaterial from urethra and genitals in comparison with the spectre of clinical characteristics certified the presence of interconnection of urinary and reproductive systems, which has to be considered when conducting complex anti-inflammatory therapy. Conclusion. Treatment of chronic reccurent cystitis should be conducted considering the heaviness and level of changes in the inflammatory process both from the side of urinary and reproductive systems in a single context. Only after the clinical analysis of all factors in combination it is possible to determine the tactics of treatment of infections of urinary system in women of reproductive age with the prescription of grounded and adequate therapy. Key words: infections of lower urinary tracts, pelvic inflammatory diseases, women of reproductive age, diagnostics, treatment of acute and chronic recurrent cystitis, Tiflox, Lactovit Forte.

Decentralized robust control for teleoperated needle insertion with uncertainty and communication delay

An iterative synthesizing strategy for robust force reflecting control of a Haptic exploration device is proposed. The proposed strategy guarantees the robust stability of the closed loop system with respect to uncertainties caused by the robot dynamics and environmental impedance as well as time-varying communication delays. In order to achieve the stability and performance objectives of the teleoperation system through a multiobjective optimization framework, a suboptimal robust controller is obtained with guaranteed global stability. Under a decentralized structure, the proposed approach provides a systematic design framework using H∞ robust approach in the presence of interconnection in the structure. Through experimental results, the improved performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated.

An Optimization Procedure to Evaluate the Service Performances in High-Speed Railway Lines Under Fault Conditions

The paper deals with train traffic operation in degraded conditions due to failure events of transportation systems components. An optimization algorithm, implemented in a computer procedure, able to minimize delays in case of scheduled constant train headways is first illustrated. The procedure can be applied for simulating and optimizing railway traffic two-way operation along the failed sections of a line and for taking into account, optionally, the presence of interconnections with other lines. Results of a case study involving a high-speed railway line are finally summarized.

Advanced Control of Complex Dynamical Systems with Applications

There are many practical systems which can be modelled by dynamical equations. Increasing requirements on system performance mean that within control system analysis and design it is necessary to deal with the increasingly complex dynamical systems that are used to model reality. The complexity stems from nonlinearity, uncertainty, time delay, system singularity, stochastic effects, the presence of interconnections, and so forth. Advances in both technology and control theory have provided the potential to investigate complex dynamical systems. Study on complex systems is becoming increasingly important and this has provided renewed impetus for the development of novel techniques and skills for complex control systems. This provides the motivation for this special issue. The purpose of this special issue is to provide an opportunity for scientists and control engineers to publish their latest, novel, and original contributions to the development of complex control systems. The special issue focusses on recent achievements and applications in the field of control and analysis for complex systems with a special emphasis on how to solve various control design and/or observer design problems for nonlinear systems and interconnected systems. The considered systems typically involve at least two features such as nonlinearity, disturbances/uncertainty, faults, time delay, interconnections between subsystems, system singularity, stochastic processes, and comparison between simulation and experiments. The special issue focuses on results in theoretical research and practical applications with emphasis on novel methodologies for analysis, design, synthesis, and/or applications. The topics within the special issue include interconnected/networked systems, variable structure control, singular system control, time delay systems, fuzzy control and impulsive control, robust observer design and parameter identification, fault detection and fault tolerant control, analysis and control of stochastic systems, and applications of advanced control systems. A total of 109 papers were submitted to the special issue for possible publication and 38 of them were accepted and published following a fair and rigorous review process organised by the guest editorial team with the help of the editorial office. The acceptance rate is less than 35%. The accepted papers have been grouped in the following six clusters.

THE ROLE OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (literature review and own result )

The increase of VEGF which is not dependent on the levels of LH, T and E2 was found at 80 patients with PCOS. The existence of a positive correlation between the VEGF and the ovarian volume, the number of antral follicles and the blood flow velocity it was proved. The existence of the connection between the VEGF and the ET-1, the HC at the early stages of the disease that indicates the presence of endothelial dysfunction has been established. The presence of interconnection between the VEGF and the AMH at more severe disturbances of follicular structures of ovarian was established. It is suggested that the VEGF, as the AMH indicates the severity of the disease. The data allow to consider the VEGF as one of the key pathophysiological factors that contribute to the development of PCOS, and with such parameters as the volume of the ovaries, the number of antral follicles, blood flow in the arteries of the ovaries and the increase of the level of AMH — as a marker of PCOS.

Unified Logical Effort—A Method for Delay Evaluation and Minimization in Logic Paths With $RC$ Interconnect

The unified logical effort (ULE) model for delay evaluation and minimization in paths composed of CMOS logic gates and resistive wires is presented. The method provides conditions for timing optimization while overcoming the limitations of standard logical effort (LE) in the presence of interconnects. The condition for optimal gate sizing in a logic path with long wires is also presented. This condition is achieved when the delay component due to the gate input capacitance is equal to the delay component due to the effective output resistance of the gate. The ULE delay model unifies the problems of gate sizing and repeater insertion: In the case of negligible interconnect, the ULE method converges to standard LE optimization, yielding tapered gate sizes. In the case of long wires, the solution converges toward uniform sizing of gates and repeaters. The technique is applied to various types of logic paths to demonstrate the influence of wire length, gate type, and technology.

Slope Interconnect Effort: Gate-Interconnect Interdependent Delay Modeling for Early CMOS Circuit Simulation

We propose an analytical closed-form gate-interconnect interdependent delay model that accounts for the dynamic behavior of signal slope across different regions of operation. In the presence of interconnects, the gate driver influences the input slope of the driven wire affecting the interconnect delay, and the driven wire acts as a parasitic load to the driver affecting the gate delay. Hence, it is essential to consider their interdependence for an accurate estimation of the circuit delay. The proposed model converts a signal slope into its effective fan-out for a simple yet accurate delay estimation. Simulations show that, for ISCAS benchmark circuits, our framework exhibits an error of < 5.3% at each stage and < 4.3% for the path delay with a speedup of three orders of magnitude over HSPICE at the 130-nm technology node. Two test chips have been fabricated in 90- and 65-nm CMOS technologies to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. Measured results show that, for a wide range of interconnect lengths (2000 and 1400 mum ) and geometries, the proposed model predicts the circuit delay with an error of 5.7% at a supply voltage of Vdd=1.2 V and 4.8% at Vdd=0.3 V .

Decentralized Stabilization of Uncertain Systems With Interconnection and Feedback Delays: An LMI Approach

This note presents a broad LMI condition that can ascertain the stability of uncertain systems under decentralized feedback in the presence of interconnection and feedback delays. Based on the Lyapunov's direct approach with a four-term energy functional and a three-term quadratic formulation of the given state dynamics, this method has a larger search space than used so far. Numerical examples corroborate the superiority of this method vis-a-vis the existing ones for several subsets of the general problem.

A new model for a safety analysis in a system of earthing systems interconnected through bare‐buried conductors

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a mathematical model for studying the effects of the interconnection through bare‐buried conductors (BBC) of the secondary substations' earthing system of an urban area.Design/methodology/approachThe developed methodology is based on three main points: the solution of the transmission lines' equations for the formulation of a lumped parameters model of a BBC considering the conductive effect; the division of the distribution network into simpler sub‐systems; and the calculation of all the voltages and currents of the medium voltage (MV) network and of the earthing systems using a multiport approach.FindingsThe methodology has been applied to various situations giving precious information on the behaviour of the earthing systems interconnected by means of BBC in presence of conductive effect. The results of the simulation allow to quantify the reduction of the dangerous voltages appearing during an earth fault, in presence of interconnection between the secondary substations' earthing systems, realized by means of BBC.Research limitations/implicationsSome factors can influence the precision of the methodology. Indeed, for a correct simulation of the system it is necessary to know several electrical and geometrical parameters, among all the resistivity of the soil that, often, is known with a large degree of uncertainty.Practical implicationsUtilities are quite interested in this topic. The study of interconnected earthing systems in MV networks with the purpose of identifying safe extended areas named global earthing systems (GES) has important management and economic consequences.Originality/valueThe paper presents an original lumped parameters model of the BBC, able to simulate these elements with a high accuracy, also in presence of the conductive effect, and that can be easily included in the more general model of a distribution line, in order to perform the analytical study of the GES in MV networks. The model proposed allows one to overcome the limits of the application to the MV networks of similar models present in the literature for the study of the same topic in the high‐voltage networks.