Presence Of Gingivitis Research Articles

Dynamics of Nakaseomyces glabratus biofilm formation

Formation of biofilms of microorganisms, including those of Nakaseomyces glabratus, is responsible for the development of local and systemic pathologies in humans and animals. The system of gene expression coordination (quorum sensing) in the representation of signaling molecules allows regulation of the amount and composition of biofilm populations thus expanding the adaptive capacity of microorganisms. In the presence of gingivitis and odontolithiasis clinical signs in dogs, excessive growth of gram-positive yeast microorganisms is a differential sign of the decreased resistance of the digestive system mucous membranes to colonization. Examination of the densitometric and morphometric parameters revealed general patterns of biofilm formation, regardless of the source of Nakaseomyces glabratus isolates. Depending on the time of cultivation of the microorganisms, a gradual increase in the optic density absolute values was established. Intercellular communications were achieved by coaggregation of the heteromorphic structures, which formed clusters with rounded liquid-containing formations detected among them. The population immobilization of the architectonics of the mature three-dimensional biofilm, as consistent with cultivation conditions, was accompanied by the differentiation of numerous cells of different sizes and shapes depending on the stage of the cell cycle. Results of the examination of the general patterns of the heterogeneous micromycete population development are promising for expanding the boundaries of knowledge of the adaptation mechanisms of ubiquitous microorganisms to long-term in vivo and in vitro persistence. Methods for studying morphometric and densitometric indicators avoiding interfering into the natural biofilm architectonics are recommended to optimize the long-term and retrospective mycological studies, as well as to develop effective mycosis treatment and prevention regimens.

Discriminant validity of the current gingivitis classification in adolescents: a cohort study.

To compare the prevalence of gingivitis estimated by the 2018 European Federation of Periodontology/American Academy of Periodontology (EFP/AAP) classification with the other case definitions and assess the ability of this classification system in discriminating sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with the presence of gingivitis in a cohort study. A multistage random sample of 1134 12-year-old adolescents was submitted to a full-mouth examination according to the Community Periodontal Index. Socioeconomic and clinical variables were collected at baseline. Gingivitis was considered according to the following criteria: (a) ≥ 10% of bleeding sites (the 2018 EFP/AAP criteria); (b) ≥ 15% of bleeding sites; and (c) the mean full-mouth bleeding sites. Adjusted multilevel Poisson regression assessed the association between independent variables at baseline and each definition of gingivitis at 2-year follow-up. Seven hundred forty-two 14-year-old adolescents were re-revaluated at follow-up. The prevalence of gingivitis was 28.7% according to 10% of bleeding threshold. The 2018 EFP/AAP criteria and other definitions showed higher prevalence and mean of gingivitis for low-household income adolescents and for those with higher levels of dental plaque and untreated dental caries. Nonetheless, the highest strengths of association were observed for the threshold of ≥ 15% of bleeding sites. The 2018 EFP/AAP case definition of gingivitis showed a similar discriminant validity compared to the 15% threshold and the mean full-mouth bleeding sites. The 2018 EFP/AAP classification allows the discrimination of important risk factors and should be used for the establishment of priorities for large-scale therapeutic programs.

Periodontal Health Status of Adolescents with Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Objective: Possible mechanisms regarding the relationship between Hashimoto’ thyroiditis (HT) and periodontal disease were suggested to be the autoimmune mechanisms. The aim is to report the oral and periodontal health status of a sample of adolescents with HT; and to evaluate the factors affecting the oral and periodontal health of the adolescents with HT. Material- Method: Sixty adolescent girls aged between 12-18 years (mean±SD: 15.03±2.05 years) have participated. The study population was comprised of HT (n = 30) and control (C, n = 30) groups. In addition to the endocrinologic evaluations (metabolic parameters) and intra- and extra-oral examinations, periodontal examination including the recording of percentage of bleeding on probing (BOP %), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and pocket depth (PD) was made. Results: Except the significantly higher anti-thyroid peroxidase (Anti-TPO) values in HT group than the C group (P = 0.001), none of the metabolic parameters have shown significant differences (P > 0.05). All of the subjects had gingivitis. The periodontal parameters were found not significantly different (P > 0.05). Salivary flow rate (SFR) has negative significant correlation with Anti-TPO (r = -0.367, P = 0.046), and cortisol has negative significant correlation with pocket depth (PD) (r = -0.378, P = 0.040). Conclusions: Significant correlations between gingival index (GI) and fT4, and PD and fT4 have led us to consider that the periodontal inflammation might relate to HT. The adolescence period should also kept in mind; which results in exaggerated host response to the dental plaque, and projected with the presence of gingivitis in the whole study population.

FUNCTIONING OF NO-CYCLE IN THE ORAL FLUID IN CHILDREN OF PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS

The aim: To determine the activity of NO-synthase and arginase in oral fluid in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment scheme we elaborated in the treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis. Materials and methods: 82 children were examined, they were divided into groups by presence of gingivitis and diabetes mellitus. NO-synthase (NOS) activity was determined in oral fluid by the difference in nitrite concentration before and after incubation. The arginase activity was determined in oral fluid by the difference in the concentration of L-ornithine before and after incubation. Results: Use our treatment scheme in children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus lead to a change in the polarization of oral macrophages towards the predominance of M2 polarization in 1 month. The polarization of macrophages changed to the predominance of M1 polarization activity in 1 year. Conclusions: We have elaborated a scheme for the treatment of chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. It normalizes the polarization of oral macrophages caused by exposure to chronic catarrhal gingivitis as a local pathogenetic factor.

Chemotherapy as a risk factor for caries and gingivitis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A retrospective cohort study.

Dental and oral anomalies are among the most common long-term side effects of childhood cancer therapy. To evaluate chemotherapy as a risk factor for caries lesions and gingivitis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with the ALL IC-BFM 2009 chemotherapy protocol. A retrospective cohort study was designed. Clinical records of 23 paediatric patients with ALL exposed to chemotherapy in the Regional Hospital in Valdivia, Chile, and 46 unexposed patients assessed every 3months for 24months were analyzed. The data on gender, age, index of the number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth, and the presence of gingivitis were recorded (Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis, p≤.05). A significantly greater frequency of gingivitis (69.57%; p<.002) and a mean of new caries lesions were observed in children treated with chemotherapy than in the unexposed children (p<.01). The chemotherapy protocol presented a relative risk of 2.15 (95% CI=1.22 - 2.66; p=.01) for new caries lesions and 2.29 (95% CI=1.76 - 3.82; p=.002) for gingivitis. The ALL IC-BFM 2009 chemotherapy protocol in patients with ALL is a risk factor for new caries lesions and gingivitis.

Association of clinical, social and environmental variables with dental caries prevalence in adolescents from a Brazilian municipality supplied with fluoridated water

Abstract Background Although a trend towards dental caries reduction has been observed, further investigations on its pattern and development are still needed. Objective To investigate the influence of clinical, social and environmental variables on dental caries prevalence in adolescents from a Brazilian municipality supplied with fluoridated water in 2018. Method This study was conducted with a non-probabilistic sample of 277 adolescents aged 12 years of public schools in Nova Friburgo, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Clinical examinations were carried out by calibrated examiners to assess caries, periodontal disease, and fluorosis according to criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to record socio-environmental information. Results Individuals living in regions supplied with fluoridated water below the minimum required levels (OR=3.60, p=0.0006), with low income (OR=1.90, p=0.0444), presence of gingivitis (OR=3.36; p=0.0016), and whose reason for visiting the dentist was dental treatment (OR=2.41; p=0.0203) were more likely to have dental caries. A significant reduction (p&lt;0.0001) in dental caries indexes was observed between 2012 and 2018. Conclusion Fluoridation of public water supply at unsuitable levels, as well as other social and clinical variables can influence the caries pattern in adolescents.

Randomised controlled trial demonstrating the impact of behaviour change intervention provided by dental professionals to improve gingival health

AimsTo determine impact of oral hygiene behaviour change intervention compared to the prevailing standard of oral hygiene advice provided in general dental practice, on bleeding on probing (BOP) in gingivitis patients, over 3-months. The effect of providing power-brushes was also evaluated. Materials and methodsNHS dental practices were cluster-randomised to intervention or control (2:1). Dentists at intervention sites received behaviour modification training. Participants were stratified to high (≥20% BOP) or low (<20% BOP) presence of gingivitis and a subset assigned a power-brush. BOP and plaque scores were assessed at baseline and 3-months. ResultsA total of 538 participants (369:169; intervention: control) completed the study. BOP reduced in both gingivitis groups with significantly greater reduction in intervention compared to control group (BOP:38% vs 19%, p = 0.0236); Borderline significance favouring the intervention was demonstrated for the low gingivitis group (BOP:37% vs 15%, p = 0.0523). A highly significant reduction in BOP (intervention vs control) was demonstrated for volunteers who swapped from manual to power-brush (44% vs 37%, p = 0.0039). Plaque score improved more in control than intervention group (Plaque:37% vs 44%, p = 0.00215). ConclusionsBehaviour change techniques were readily mastered by the dental professional researchers. The introduction of an oral hygiene behaviour change intervention significantly reduced gingivitis in volunteer patients compared to control at 3 months. Swapping to a power-brush significantly favoured BOP reduction compared to manual brush continuation although plaque reduction did not follow expectation in comparison to BOP scores. Behaviour change techniques should routinely be considered in patient care. Clinical significancePlaque-induced gingivitis is highly prevalent in the UK despite being preventable with good oral hygiene. Its continuum, periodontitis, negative impacts quality of life. This study suggests oral hygiene behavioural interventions (GPS) significantly reduce gingivitis and that GPS introduction will improve oral health and may improve quality of life.

THE LEVEL OF INTERLEUKIN-18 IN THE ORAL FLUID IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS AND TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS

The aim: Of our research work was to study the level of proinflammatory interleukin-18 (IL-18) in the oral fluid of children with type I diabetes mellitus (DM), and to determine their periodontal status and the level of oral hygiene. Materials and methods: 82 children were examined, they were divided into groups by presence of gingivitis and diabetes mellitus. The level of interleukin-18 in oral fluid was determined by immunoassay. Results: In patients with chronic catarrhal gingivitis and type I diabetes mellitus the level of interleukin-18 in oral fluid is the highest (70.91±7.48 pg / ml); the level of interleukin-18 in children with diabetes mellitus and healthy gums is high enough too, it is 14.87±1.11 pg / ml. Interleukin-18 is 3.41±0.25 pg / ml in healthy children with healthy gums. It is 5.74±0.27 pg / ml in somatically healthy children with chronic catarrhal gingivitis. Conclusions: We indicated that an increase in the value of interleukin-18 in oral fluid is associated with the presence of diabetes mellitus in children. Moreover, this cytokine can be considered as a potential biomarker of gum inflammation in children with diabetes mellitus.

Assessment of the hygienic and periodontal status of the oral cavity in patients diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris during remission and exacerbation

Introduction. Pemphigus vulgaris is characterized by the appearance of blisters on the skin and mucous membranes, which burst forming extensive erosions and ulcers. The painful erosions appearance complicates eating, speaking, oral hygiene and also favors the increase in soft and hard plaque, the presence of gingivitis, periodontitis, and changes in the oral microbiocenosis.Purpose of the study is the analysis of the hygienic and periodontal status of the oral cavity in patients diagnosed with pemphigus vulgaris based on an index score.Material and methods. The prospective cohort controlled study involved 20 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris, 10 of whom were at the stage of exacerbation of the disease and 10 at the stage of clinical remission, as well as 10 patients without oral mucosal pathology made up the control group. The pH of mixed saliva was measured and the average value of hygienic and periodontal indices (Silness-Loe, PBI, PMA, PI) was also determined.Results. The hygienic and periodontal status of patients with pemphigus vulgaris is worse than that of the control group.

Gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in type 1 diabetic children with gingivitis.

This study aimed to evaluate the levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in gingival crevicular fluid of diabetic children with gingivitis. Eighty-eight children (44 with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 44 systemically healthy) were recruited for the study. The children were divided into four subgroups based on their periodontal and systemic condition: (1) systemically and periodontally healthy children (H), (2) systemically healthy children with gingivitis (G), (3) periodontally healthy children with T1DM (T1DM + H), and (4) children with T1DM and gingivitis (T1DM + G). The plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and GCF volume were recorded. The IL-18 and TNF-α levels in GCF were determined by ELISA. The clinical periodontal parameters, GCF IL-18 level, and TNF-α level were similar between diabetic and systemically healthy children (p > 0.05). The gingivitis subgroups had a significantly higher GI, PI, PPD, GCF volume, and TNF-α total amounts than the H subgroups (p < 0.0001). The IL-18 concentrations in the gingivitis subgroups were significantly lower than in the periodontally healthy subgroups. In diabetic children with good metabolic control, T1DM did not affect the GCF levels of IL-18 and TNF-α in the presence of gingivitis. However, increased GCF TNF-α levels in children with gingivitis confirm that TNF-α is closely related to gingival inflammation. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not associated with GCF interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in children with gingivitis.

Association between oral lesions and disease activity in lupus erythematosus

Mucosal involvement is frequently seen in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is no consensus regarding the prevalence, and a wide range of lesions has been reported. Its prognostic significance is currently unknown and a matter of controversy. To classify oral lesions in lupus, evaluate their prevalence and assess their possible association with disease activity. We conducted a descriptive study between 2016 and 2017. A total of 150 lupus patients were matched by sex, age and smoking status with 151 healthy individuals. All subjects underwent a careful evaluation of oral mucosa. On the same day of the clinical assessment, each patient underwent a peripheral venous blood and urine analysis. All patients underwent a full medical history, physical examination and a careful examination of the oral cavity. For each one, we obtained photographs of ten areas of the oral cavity. Two dermatologists of our group blindly recorded the presence and morphology of oral lesions. The disease activity of CLE patients was scored using the Revised Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index, and in SLE patients, activity was measured using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index. In CLE patients, there was a statistically significant correlation between higher cutaneous disease activity and the following oral findings: discoid plaques, cobblestone and red/brown-pigmented macules. In patients with CLE, red macules on jugal mucosa were statistically associated with anaemia and positive antinuclear antibodies titres; additionally, the presence of gingivitis was related to systemic inflammation. In SLE patients, gingival telangiectases were statistically significantly associated with leucopenia, hypocomplementemia and systemic inflammation. Biopsies on mucosal lesions were not performed. Some specific oral lesions correlate with disease activity in CLE and SLE.

Oral health characteristics of children and teenagers with special health care needs in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Objectives : The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of periodontal disease, dental caries and malocclusion traits in children and teenagers who have hearing impairments, visual impairments, physical impairments and intellectual disability attending special schools in Ile-Ife. Methods : This cross-sectional comparative study comprised of children and teenagers with and without special health care needs aged 6 to 19 years who were recruited from the special schools and some regular schools in Ile-Ife. The prevalence of periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis), dental caries and malocclusion traits were assessed using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Need, the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth Index and Angle's classification of malocclusion respectively. The severity of dental caries using the pulp exposure, ulceration, fistula and abscess index was also assessed. Chi-square test, Student t-test and ANOVA were conducted dp≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings in children and teenagers with special health care needs (CTSHCN) were compared to that of children and teenagers without special health care needs in the same environment. Results : The study sample consisted of 206 children and teenagers with special health care needs aged 6 to 19 years. 104(50.5%) were males and 102(49.5%) females. One hundred and eighty-three (88.8%) had gingivitis, 15 (7.3%) had periodontitis and this was most prevalent in those with visual impairment. Significant associations were seen between the presence of gingivitis and periodontitis (p<0.001) and types of special health care needs. The prevalence of dental caries was 22.8%; the mean DMFT/dmft was (0.20±0.60/0.28±1.06) and the mean PUFA/pufa score was (0.07±0.59/0.17±0.81). Angles class I malocclusion (85.4%) and spacing (47.1%) were the most prevalent malocclusion traits. The type of special health care needs was not associated with the presence of dental caries (p=0.49) and malocclusion traits (p=0.44). When compared to the findings in 208 children and teenagers without special health care needs, 108(51.9%) males and 100 (48.1%) females, the CTSHCN had significantly higher prevalence of periodontal disease (p=0.001) and malocclusion traits (p=0.01). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries (p=0.86) in children and teenagers with and without special health care needs. Conclusion : CTSHCN in Ile-Ife have higher prevalence of gingivitis, periodontitis and malocclusion traits when compared to children and teenagers without special health care needs. Despite the low mean DMFT/dmft in CTSHCN in Ile-Ife, majority of the decayed teeth was left untreated and 49.0% had progressed to involve the pulp. Key words : Special health care needs, malocclusion, dental caries, periodontal disease.

Constipation, antiepileptic drugs, and gingivitis in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy.

Cerebral palsy (CP) individuals present with epilepsy, which requires the use of antiepileptic drug (AED). Since an inflammatory response may contribute to epileptogenesis, the hypothesis tested was that constipation would be associated with gingivitis and the use of AED in children and adolescents (CA) with CP. A comparative study was conducted with 101 CA aged 5-17years (10.8±4.9), classified as constipated (G1; n=57) or not constipated (G2; n=44). Clinical patterns, AED used, body mass index (BMI), fluid intake, toilet transfer, and gingival condition were evaluated. Student's t test, chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis were performed (α=0.05). There were no differences between groups regarding gender (P=0.531), age (P=0.227), BMI (P=0.437), and fluid intake (P=0.346). G1, however, presented a higher percentage of quadriplegic individuals (P<0.001), dependency for toilet transfer (P<0.001), the presence of gingivitis (P=0.020), and the use of AED polytherapy (P<0.001) compared to G2. Constipation was associated with quadriplegic CA, using GABA as AED (P=0.002). Mucosal inflammation evidenced by constipation and gingivitis is associated with the most neurologically compromised CAs under the use of GABA AED.

Quality of life, work ability and oral health among patients with chronic liver diseases.

BackgroundThis study aimed to explore the associations between health-related quality of life and work ability with the oral health status of patients with chronic liver disease.Material and MethodsA cross-sectional study included 150 patients with chronic liver disease, consecutively seen at University Hospital, Salvador, Brazil. Oral health was evaluated by the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and by the presence of gingivitis and periodontitis. Salivary flow was “reduced” when <1.0 mL/min. Health-related quality of life was evaluated by using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36); work ability was evaluated by the Work Ability Index questionnaire.ResultsAll health-related quality of life indicators were systematically lower among the 99 patients with reduced salivary flow than among the 51 patients with normal salivary flow. Physical Functioning, Role-Physical, and Physical Component Summary scores were strongly correlated (P< 0.005 or less) with the number of Missing Teeth and with DMFT index. Reduced salivary flow was associated (P< 0.05) with poor work ability. Patients with poor or moderate work ability presented higher (P< 0.001) means of the DMFT index than those with good or excellent work ability.ConclusionsPatients with chronic liver disease who present poor oral health presented low health-related quality of life and poor work ability. These findings reinforce the need of these patients for specialized stomatological care. Key words:Xerostomia, dental health surveys, hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease.

Social, Educational and Dental Profiles of Brazilian Patients with Special Needs Attended at a Center for Dental Specialties

Objective: To identify the profiles of patients with special needs attended at a Center for Dental Specialties. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and quantitative study using an inductive approach, and a comparative and statistical procedure for analysis of the patients with special needs. Information concerning socioeconomic, medical and dental conditions was collected. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: It was observed that 58.6% of the users were males, single (54.7%), in the age group from 19 to 59 years (41.1%), being 97.4% without schooling. The most frequent clinical diagnoses were: deviations in intelligence (18.4%), behavioral deviations (18.4%) and physical defects (17.9%). We observed for oral health the presence of gingivitis (33.0%), and healthy gums (47.8%); the presence of caries (64.9%), with restored teeth (28.5%), and edentulism (12.3%). Dental intervention procedures were initiated with emphasis on: fluoride applications (39.7%) and subgingival scraping (34.9%). Topical fluoride applications (p=0.010) and prophylaxis (p=0.010) were realized in patients without autism. Also, prophylaxis (p=0.007) was more frequently performed and gingival alterations were more often verified (p=0.020) in patients without Down’s syndrome. Conclusion: The users of the patients with special needsdental service can be generally described as male, single, aged between 19 and 54 years, with the special conditions of intelligence and behavioral deviation.

Impacto das orientações de higiene bucal usando o IHOS em pessoas com síndrome de Down

INTRODUÇÃO: Os indivíduos com síndrome de Down (SD) tendem a apresentar baixos níveis de higiene bucal, com presença de gengivite e acúmulo de biofilme dental. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o índice de higiene bucal após palestra educativa sobre orientação de higiene bucal em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down e determinar a experiência de cárie. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado em uma Associação de Pais e Amigos Teresina-PI, composto por 28 indivíduos com SD. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da FACID sob parecer 44289214.1.0000.5211. Os responsáveis pelos participantes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e responderam um questionário semiestruturado. O exame clínico foi realizado por único examinador, o qual avaliou o Índice de higiene oral simplificado (IHOS) em dois momentos, tempo 1 e 15 dias após e experiência de cárie (índice CPO-D). Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados e Teste Exato de Fisher, considerando significativo valores de p&lt;0,05. RESULTADOS: 57,7% dos participantes eram do gênero masculino, 15,4% tomavam medicamentos de uso contínuo e 19,2 usavam fio dental. A média de CPO-D foi 3,15 (±2,29). Houve aumento na quantidade de pessoas consideradas com IPV bom após 15 dias de orientação de higiene bucal (p=0,003). A presença de sangramento após a escovação diminuiu 19,2% após os 15 dias da apresentação da palestra educativa. CONCLUSÃO: As orientações de higiene bucal foram efetivas para reduzir o nível de placa dental nesses indivíduos e a maioria possuía experiência com cárie.

Annexin-1 as a salivary biomarker for gingivitis during pregnancy.

It is well established that there is higher susceptibility to gingival inflammation during pregnancy. Annexin-1 (ANXA1) is an anti-inflammatory protein which has been identified in gingival tissue exudates by discovery proteomics. This cross-sectional case-control study investigated the levels and association of ANXA1 and pro-inflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-1β in the saliva of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Whole unstimulated saliva from 69 non-pregnant and 78 pregnant women was collected prior to measurement of probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque. Then, the women were split into 3 subgroups depending on their periodontal status (healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis). The levels of ANXA1 and IL-1β were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reported as pg/mg after normalizing against the total protein levels. Significantly higher ANXA1 levels were exhibited in pregnant women with gingivitis compared with health (P<0.05) and in pregnant women with gingivitis compared with the respective non-pregnant group (P<0.0001). There was a significantly higher level of IL-1β in gingivitis than in health in pregnant women (P<0.05) and significantly higher levels in periodontitis compared with health in non-pregnant women (P<0.05). Looking at the IL-1 β:ANXA1 ratio, the non-pregnant periodontitis group displayed a significantly higher ratio compared with the respective pregnant group (P<0.05). In the non-pregnant subpopulation, the ratio was significantly higher in periodontitis compared with health (P<0.01). Salivary ANXA1 levels are elevated in the presence of gingivitis only in pregnant, but not non-pregnant women, rendering this molecule as a potential salivary biomarker for non-invasive early screening for gingival inflammation during pregnancy.

Association between dental hygiene, gingivitis and overweight or the risk of overweight in primary teeth of 4- and 5-year-old preschoolers in México.

To determine the association between dental hygiene, gingivitis and overweight or the risk of overweight according to body mass index (BMI). A cross-sectional study was performed with 1527 preschoolers. The children were divided into 4 groups: (i) absence of visible plaque and normal weight; (ii) absence of visible plaque and risk of overweight or overweight; (iii) presence of visible plaque and normal weight; and (iv) presence of visible plaque and risk of overweight or overweight. The clinical parameters evaluated were as follows: body mass index, degree of urban marginalization, dental caries, the simplified oral hygiene index and gingival status. Bivariate analysis and multivariate binary logistic regression models were used to identify associations between variables. The highest mean of gingivitis (0.28) was observed in the groups with visible plaque with normal weight and with overweight and risk of overweight. The presence of visible plaque and risk of overweight or overweight were positively associated (P=.0001) with the mean of gingivitis (OR=8.28, 95% CI=3.30-19.8). The absence of visible plaque and risk of overweight or overweight (P=.0001) were also positively associated with the presence of gingivitis (OR=2.44, 95% CI=0.68-8.06). This is after both models were adjusted by gender and degree of marginalization. The professionals should develop interdisciplinary approaches to (i) propose appropriate interventions to improve oral health in overweight preschoolers; and (ii) propose interventions to decrease the overweight with the possibility of also reducing its association with gingivitis.

Dental health status and patient-reported outcomes at baseline in patients participating in the osteonecrosis of the jaw registry study, SWOG S0702.

SWOG S0702 was a cohort study of patients with cancer with bone metastases due to any cancer. Using baseline data from S0702, this report characterizes the oral health and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of patients with advanced cancer. S0702 case report forms captured dental assessment and patient-reported outcome (PRO) data. This analysis compares PRO dental discomfort with selected clinical assessments of dental health. This analysis focuses on the 2294 patients who underwent baseline dental examination prior to study registration, but also reports on the 1235 patients for whom only OHRQol data are available. Dental characteristics including the number of teeth and the presence of gingivitis and periodontal disease were examined for correlation with PRO of oral pain, interference with eating, smiling, speech, or quality of life. The median age of the study participants was 62. Greater than 60% of the 2294 patients with baseline dental assessments had none to mild plaque, calculus, gingivitis, or periodontal disease, suggesting that most of this cohort had good oral hygiene. However, in each of these same categories, approximately 6% had dental findings classified as severe conditions (poor oral hygiene). There was strong evidence that the presence of periodontal disease, gingivitis, and number of teeth was correlated with lower OHRQoL across multiple domains, including pain (mouth or jaw), interference with eating, smiling and speech, and overall quality of life. This report characterizes the oral health and OHRQoL of patients with advanced bone metastases receiving palliative therapy. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00874211.

Periodontal disease: breaking the downward spiral of the disease process

Periodontal disease is a common disease affecting more than 50% of the world's adult population. It presents a diagnostic and treatment challenge for the dental clinician. A successful treatment outcome can be achieved by early and repeated intervention when signs of disease are evident in the mouth. Gingival bleeding is one of the early signs of gum disease and one which should not be overlooked by the patient or his/her dental care professional. This is usually indicative of the presence of gingivitis, which can lead to periodontitis in susceptible patients. CPD/Clinical Relevance: A high standard of plaque control is essential throughout treatment for a favourable periodontal outcome and yet it is unfortunate that sometimes, despite the best endeavour of both patients and clinicians, this is not possible. As a consequence of the failure to establish high levels of plaque control, some patients do not respond fully to traditional periodontal therapy and, for some patients, an ongoing deterioration or ‘downward spiral’ continues and adjuncts to non-surgical periodontal therapy are indicated to improve periodontal outcomes.