Presence Of fQRS Research Articles

Fragmented QRS, a predictor of clinical events in patients on cardiac resynchronization therapy

Abstract Introduction Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defrilator (CRT-D) has been shown to reduce mortality in HFrEF. The width and morphology of the QRS are essential when deciding on the implantation of these devices. QRS fragmentation (fQRS) has been shown to be a good predictor of cardiovascular events in certain patients, but its role in patients with CRT-D has not been studied. The aim of this study is to determine whether the presence of a fQRS at the time of CRT-D implantation can predict clinical events. Methods All patients who underwent CRT-D implantation from 2010 to 2017 were included. Patients' ECG were evaluated at the time of implantation, and the incidence of clinical events during follow-up was also assessed. fQRS was defined as the presence of an RSR' pattern with a notch in the R wave or in the ascending or descending branch of the S wave in two continuous leads on the ECG. Results We studied 131 patients (mean age 73 years, 76.5% male). The mean follow-up period was 37±26 months. No difference in baseline characteristics was found (Table 1); the proportion of fQRS was 48.9%. 25 patients (19.1%) had hospital admissions secondary to cardiovascular causes (heart failure, arrhythmic events, acute coronary syndrome, and death from other causes). We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis aiming at an association between the presence of fQRS and the increased risk of hospital admissions due to cardiovascular causes OR 2.92 (95% CI: 1.04–8.21, P=0.04). Conclusion The presence of a fQRS at the time of implantation of a CRT-D is an independent predictor of hospital admissions due to cardiovascular causes. Therefore this could be a useful marker to identify the population at high risk of cardiovascular events, for this we consider necessary to conduct future studies and thus assess the value of the fQRS for the selection of patients requiring closer monitoring thus avoiding further hospital admissions. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

The effect of the severity COVID-19 infection on electrocardiography.

ObjectiveAcute myocardial damage is detected in a significant portion of patients with coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) infection, with a reported prevalence of 7–28%. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between electrocardiographic findings and the indicators of the severity of COVID-19 detected on electrocardiography (ECG).MethodsA total of 219 patients that were hospitalized due to COVID-19 between April 15 and May 5, 2020 were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of COVID-19 infection: severe (n = 95) and non-severe (n = 124). ECG findings at the time of admission were recorded for each patient. Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were retrieved from electronic medical records.ResultsMean age was 65.2 ± 13.8 years in the severe group and was 57.9 ± 16.0 years in the non-severe group. ST depression (28% vs. 14%), T-wave inversion (29% vs. 16%), ST-T changes (36% vs. 21%), and the presence of fragmented QRS (fQRS) (17% vs. 7%) were more frequent in the severe group compared to the non-severe group. Multivariate analysis revealed that hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 2.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.03–5.67; p = 0.041), the severity of COVID-19 infection (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.09–2.65; p = 0.026), presence of cardiac injury (OR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.45–7.60; p = 0.004), and d-dimer (OR: 3.60, 95% CI: 1.29–10.06; p = 0.014) were independent predictors of ST-T changes on ECG.ConclusionST depression, T-wave inversion, ST-T changes, and the presence of fQRS on admission ECG are closely associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection.

Myocardial Scar on Surface ECG: Selvester Score, but Not Fragmentation, Predicts Response to CRT.

Purpose Myocardial scar is directly related to the response to CRT after implantation. The extent of myocardial scar can be detected not only by cardiac magnetic resonance but also by two electrocardiographic scores: fragmented QRS (fQRS) and Selvester score (SSc). The aim of our study is to compare the role of baseline SSc and fQRS in predicting response to CRT in a cohort of heart failure patients with true left bundle branch block (LBBB). As a secondary endpoint, we assessed the association of both scores with overall and cardiac mortality, heart failure hospitalizations, ventricular arrhythmias requiring ICD intervention, and major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE). Methods We evaluated fQRS and SSc of 178 consecutive HF patients with severe systolic dysfunction (LVEF ≤ 35%), NYHA class II-III despite optimal medical treatment, and true-LBBB. Response to CRT was defined as the improvement of LVEF of at least 10% or as the reduction of LVESV of at least 15% at a 6-month follow-up. Each endpoint was related to fQRS and SSc. Results SSc ≥7 was significantly associated with the absence of echocardiographic response to CRT (OR: 0.327; 95% C.I. 0.155–0.689; p=0.003), while the presence of fQRS at baseline ECG was not (OR: 1.133; 95% C.I. 0.539–2.381; p=0.742). No correlation was found between SSc and overall mortality, cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmias, hospitalizations due to heart failure, or for MACE. Similar results were observed between fQRS and all secondary endpoints. Conclusion In HF patients with true-LBBB and LVEF ≤35% eligible for CRT, myocardial scar assessed by calculating the SSc on preimplant ECG is an independent predictor of nonresponse after multiple adjustments. Neither SSc nor fQRS is associated with overall and cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmias, or hospitalization for heart failure at a 24-month follow-up.

Fragmented QRS complexes are associated with subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in patients with Behcet's disease: Four-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.

Behcet's disease (BD) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease in which early detection of cardiac involvement is essential. The aim of this study was to assess the left ventricular (LV) functions in BD patients using four-dimensional (4D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and to test the correlation between LV dysfunction and the presence of QRS fragmentation. This cross-sectional study included 64 Behcet's patients and 48 healthy volunteers. The BD group was divided into two subgroups depending on the presence (fQRS+) or absence (fQRS-) of fragmented QRS (fQRS). In both groups, left ventricular global area strain (LV-GAS), global radial strain (GRS), global longitudinal strain (GLS), and global circumferential strain (GCS) were obtained with 4D echocardiography. GAS, GRS, GLS, and GCS values were significantly different in Behcet's patients and in healthy volunteers. GLS and GAS values were lower in the fQRS+ than in the fQRS- group (-15.8 ± 1.8 and -17.9 ± 1.6, P = .001 vs -25.0 ± 3.1 and -29.2 ± 4.2, P < .001, respectively). The duration of disease was longer in fQRS+ than in fQRS- patients (120.8 ± 67.4 vs 71.0 ± 40.5, P < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that fQRS and disease duration were independent predictors of LV-GAS. Four-dimensional STE may be helpful for the prediction of early cardiac dysfunction in patients with BD. The presence of fQRS may be an indicator of subclinical LV dysfunction.

Fragmented QRS and arrhythmic events in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

Patients with implantable cardioverter‑defibrillators (ICDs) may experience recurrent arrhythmic events (AE). Identification of these patients may help plan further therapy. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) was identified as a risk marker of AE in various populations but its predictive value in patients with ICD has not been established. To examine whether fQRS is a risk marker of future AE in patients with ICD. We retrospectively analyzed demographic, clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG), procedural, and follow‑up data of 367 consecutive patients who received ICD in a single tertiary center. A 12‑lead ECG recorded at the time of implantation was analyzed for the presence of fQRS. The analyzed primary endpoint was AE and total mortality was a secondary endpoint. During follow‑up lasting mean (SD) 34.5 (18) months, 146 patients (40%) had AE and total mortality was 18% (67 patients). Univariate analysis identified 7 parameters associated with AE of which 2-ICD implantation for secondary prevention (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% CI, 1.13-4.025; P = 0.02) and fQRS in inferior ECG leads in patients with QRS duration of less than 120 ms (OR, 4.88; 95% CI, 1.18-20; P = 0.03)-remained significant in the multivariable analysis. Total mortality was associated with morbidity but not with fQRS. Fragmented QRS in inferior ECG leads in patients with QRS duration <120 ms is an independent parameter associated with AE in patients with ICD. Whether it could be helpful in deciding to perform early / prophylactic ablation in these patients needs to be prospectively studied.

P506Brugada Syndrome: is the addition of the electrocardiographic risk markers the clue?

Abstract Background Risk stratification in Brugada Syndrome (BS) remains a clinical challenge. Several electrocardiografic (ECG) risk markers had been described, as a spontaneous type 1 Brugada pattern (ST1B), maximal time interval between the peak and the end of the t wave in precordial leads (Tpe Max), the presence of an S Wave on DI, a PR interval (PRi) ≥ 200ms and fragmented QRS (f-QRS). Purpose Evaluate the association of ECG risk markers with sudden cardiac death (SCD) or appropriate shocks (A-Sh) by implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in patients (p) with BS. Methods From a registry of 97 p with BS with a median follow up of 2.3 years (Q1 0.7-Q3 7.8), 12 lead ECG were recorded in every p. QT peak interval (QTp) was measured between the QRS onset and the peak of the T wave. Tpe was calculated between the difference of QT and QTp in precordial leads (V1 to V6). TpeMax was defined as the most prolonged Tpe. If an S-DI was present, duration and amplitude was measured. PRi was measured on DII. Baseline characteristics: Age 44 ± 13 years, male 74 (76%), secondary prevention 2 (3%), malignant syncope 10 (10%), inducible electrophysiology study 22/43 (51%), SCD on first grade family &amp;lt; 35 years 12 (12%) and ICD 34 (35%). A-Sh and SCD were compared among p with ST1B vs no ST1B, TpeMax≥100 vs &amp;lt;100ms, S-DI ≥0.4 vs &amp;lt;0.4ms, S-D ≥0.1 vs &amp;lt;0.1mV, PRi≥200 vs &amp;lt;200ms and presence of f-QRS ≥ 2 spike ≥ 2 leads. Variables that were associated with A-Sh or SCD were combined. For variables with significant difference sensibility (Sen) and specificity (Spe) was calculated. Results During follow up 6 p presented A-Sh and no p SCD. Results are described in the Table. Conclusion In our study population, there was a significant higher incidence of A-Sh in p with ST1B, Tpe Max ≥ 100ms and S-DI ≥ 0.1mV. We found that the presence of one ECG risk marker had a high sensibility to predict A-Sh. The presence of the 3 ECG risk markers highly increased specificity to predict A-Sh. Further trials should be carried out to asses if ECG risk markers would allow us to differentiate which asymptomatic patients could benefit from electrophysiological study for risk stratification (high sensibility - One ECG Risk marker) or would benefit from ICD implantation (high specificity - 3 ECG Risk markers). Abstract Figure.

Prognostic value of fragmented QRS complex in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Several factors and risk stratification tools have been studied to determine the prognosis of acute coronary syndrome. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) is amarker of myocardial scar and its prognostic role has recently been demonstrated. The present study aimed to investigate the association between the presence of fQRS in electrocardiogram and the prognosis of ST-segment elevation and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI and NSTEMI). Atotal of 661 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) were enrolled in aretrospective study. Based on the presence of fQRS in admission electrocardiogram, patients were divided into two groups. All patients were followed up for 6months, and all major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were recorded. The mean age of patients was 61.3 ± 1.2 years, and 71.7% were male. In the acute phase, the detection rates of regional wall motion abnormality and aortic valve insufficiency were higher in positive fQRS compared to negative fQRS group (p = 0.003). The incidence of total MACE was significantly higher in the positive fQRS compared to the negative fQRS group among all patients and in both STEMI and NSTEMI subgroups (p < 0.001). Based on multivariate analysis, the presence of fQRS and hypertension were the strongest predictors of total MACE at 6‑month follow-up (odds ratio [OR] = 5.929; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.620-9.709; p < 0.001 and OR = 2.220; 95% CI = 1.390-3.547; p < 0.001, respectively). Regardless of the type of MI, it was found that the presence of fQRS on admission electrocardiogram can be implemented in risk stratification tools in patients with acute MI.

How are ECG parameters related to cardiac magnetic resonance images? Electrocardiographic predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BackgroundStructural myocardial changes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are associated with different abnormalities on electrocardiographs (ECGs). The diagnostic value of the ECG voltage criteria used to screen for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) may depend on the presence and degree of myocardial fibrosis. Fibrosis can cause other changes in ECG parameters, such as pathological Q waves, fragmented QRS (fQRS), or repolarization abnormalities.MethodsWe investigated 146 patients with HCM and 35 healthy individuals who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR; with late gadolinium enhancement [LGE] in HCM patients) and standard 12‐lead ECGs. On the ECG, depolarization and repolarization abnormalities, the Sokolow–Lyon index, the Cornell index, and the Romhilt–Estes score were evaluated. The left ventricular ejection fraction, volumes, and myocardial mass (LVM) were quantified. Myocardial fibrosis was quantified on LGE images.ResultsThe sensitivity of the Romhilt–Estes score was the highest (75%), and this hypertrophy criterion had the strongest correlation with the LVM index (p < .0001; r = .41). The amount of fibrosis was negatively correlated with the Cornell index (p = .015; r = −.201) and the Sokolow–Lyon index (p = .005; r = −.23), and the Romhilt–Estes score was independent of fibrosis (p = .757; r = 0.026). fQRS and strain pattern predicted more fibrosis, while the Cornell index was a negative predictor of myocardial fibrosis (p < .0001). Among others, the strain pattern was an independent predictor of the LVM (p < .0001).ConclusionThe Romhilt–Estes score is the most sensitive ECG criterion for detecting LVH in HCM patients, as myocardial fibrosis does not affect this criterion. The presence of fQRS and strain pattern predicts myocardial fibrosis.

Fragmented QRS complexes are associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation development after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (PoAF) is one of the most frequent complications and a major risk factor of morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) on a 12-lead surface ECG is recently gained increasing attention as a simplified noninvasive ECG marker with diagnostic and prognostic value in various cardiac conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between development of PoAF and presence of fQRS on admission ECG in patients undergoing CABG surgery. A total of 242 patients who underwent CABG between February 2016 and June 2018 were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups as developing and nondeveloping PoAF groups in the postoperative period. fQRS was defined as the presence of various RSR' patterns including an additional R wave, notching of the R or S waves, or the presence of more than one fragmentation in two contiguous leads. In-hospital mortality was higher in PoAF (+) group compared to PoAF (-) group (20.5 vs. 6.4%, P = 0.004). PoAF rate was higher in fQRS (+) group than fQRS (-) group (25.3 vs. 9.8%, P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, the presence of fQRS complexes on admission ECG [odds ratio (OR) 2.801, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.262-6.211, P = 0.011) and hemoglobin (OR 0.794; 95% CI, 0.641-0.985; P = 0.036) were identified as independent predictors of PoAF after CABG surgery. The presence of fQRS on admission ECG was found to be an independent predictor of PoAF in patients undergoing isolated CABG.

Assessment of the Relationship Between Iron Overload Based on Cardiac T2* MRI and Fragmented QRS in Beta-Thalassemia Major Patients

Background: Cardiac involvement in beta-thalassemia major patients is an important cause of mortality. Therefore, in these patients, timely diagnosis of cardiac disorder is essential. Objectives: The present study aimed at determining the association between cardiac iron overload and fragmented QRS (fQRS). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 β-TM patients, aged 5 - 40 years. The presence of fQRS was evaluated in 12-lead surface electrocardiograms. Cardiac T2* MRI was performed to determine the iron overload. The patients were divided into four groups of chelation therapy. Results: The mean age of patients was reported to be 22.50 ± 6.75 years. The groups showed no significant difference regarding gender, age, or left ventricular ejection fraction. The presence of fQRS was detected in 10 patients (25%), while T2* value was lower than 20 ms in 10 patients (25%). The mean age of patients with and without fQRS was 26.23 ± 2.71 and 19.40 ± 2.61 years, respectively (P = 0.001). The univariate analysis indicated that fQRS had a significant relationship with cardiac iron overload (OR = 5; 95% CI: 1.04 - 23.99; P &lt; 0.044). The multiple logistic regression analysis represented a significant association between iron overload and fQRS (OR = 5.556; 95% CI: 1.027 - 30.049). The sensitivity and specificity of the fQRS against MRI were equal to 50% and 83.3% respectively. Conclusions: The absence of fQRS on ECGs could be a good predictor of the lack of cardiac iron overload in β-TM patients. The results showed that fQRS might indicate the no need for close monitoring for cardiac overload with cardiac MRI and aggressive chelation therapy.

Relationship Between Fragmented QRS Complex and Maternal Demographic Features and Echocardiographic Parameters in Pregnancy

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the presence of fragmented QRS (f-QRS) complex on electrocardiography (ECG) and maternal demographic characteristics and left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction on echocardiography. Materials and Methods: 473 pregnant women enrolled in this study and divided into two groups. (f-QRS positive group n=77, f-QRS negative group n=396 ). Maternal demographic features and echocardiographic parameters of all participants were recorded and compared between two groups. Results: The mean age of the study population was 27.70 ± 5.62 and mean gestational week was 7.37 ± 1.55. Parity in f-QRS positive group was higher than in control group (p=0.01). There was a statistically significant trend between fragmentation frequency and parity number (p=0.002). There were no significant differences between two groups in terms of age, gestational week, heart rate, body mass index. Left ventricle end-systolic and diastolic diameters and left ventricular ejection fraction were similar between the two groups Conclusions: The presence of f-QRS was correlated with increase in number of parity and we suggest that multiparity may be a risk factor for cardiac events during pregnancy. Pregnant women with f-QRS on their rest ECG need extra attention in terms of cardiovascular disease. By demonstrating clinical significance of f-QRS, this simple tool might be used to determine women who could be at risk for developing cardiac dysfunction in pregnancy.

Relationship between fragmented QRS complexes and ejection fraction recovery in anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing thrombolytic treatment.

Acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a life-threatening disease. Adverse cardiac events of acute anterior STEMI include cardiovascular death or worsening congestive heart failure. This study investigated the role of fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) in predicting insufficient ejection fraction (EF) recovery in acute anterior STEMI. Patients with acute anterior STEMI who received thrombolytic therapy were prospectively enrolled in this study. Twelve-lead electrocardiography (ECG) was obtained from all patients during admission and 24 and 48 h after admission. We divided the patients into two groups according to the presence of fQRS appearance within 48 h: absence of fQRS in any lead (fQRS-), and its presence in two or more contiguous leads (fQRS+). All patients were evaluated with transthoracic echocardiography at admission, and at follow-up 6 and 12 months later. A total of 138 consecutive patients were included in the study. Seventy-three patients (52.9%) had fQRS in the ECG. EF recovery in the fQRS(+) group was significantly lower than that of the fQRS(-) group (39% vs. 43.9%, P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the fQRS (odds ratio: 4.147, 95% confidence interval: 1.607-10.697, P = 0.003) were an independent predictor of poor EF recovery. The presence of fQRS is an independent predictor for inadequate EF recovery in acute anterior STEMI patients undergoing thrombolytic treatment. Assessment of fQRS on surface ECG may be used in determining high-risk patients for poor EF recovery after acute anterior STEMI.

Fragmented QRS may be associated with complex ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse.

Although mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a benign disease, several studies have indicated its association with ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). Some histopathological studies have pointed to left ventricular fibrosis as the underlying cause of arrhythmia in MVP patients. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) on electrocardiography (ECG) has been shown to be a marker of myocardial fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the association between fQRS and complex VAs in patients with MVP. A total of 230 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with MVP were included in the study. The control group consisted of 302 healthy individuals matched according to age and sex. fQRS was defined as additional R' wave or notching/splitting of S wave in two contiguous ECG leads. All patients underwent 24-hour Holter monitoring and VAs were classified using Lown's scoring system. Lown class ≥3 VAs were considered as complex VAs. As compared to the healthy individuals, prevalence of fQRS (40% vs. 9.6%, P<0.001) and complex VAs (18.7% vs. 0%, P<0.001) were significantly higher in patients with MVP. Furthermore, complex VAs (35.9% vs. 7.2%, P=0.001) were significantly higher in MVP patients with fQRS. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the presence of bileaflet prolapse (OR: 2.567, 95%CI: 1.434 to 4.367; P=0.002) and presence of fQRS (OR: 3.021, 95%CI: 1.556 to 6.232; P<0.001) were independent predictors for complex VAs. The presence of fQRS may be associated with complex VAs in patients with MVP. Therefore, fQRS may be used in risk stratification of complex VAs in patients with MVP.

Angiographic Severity of Coronary Artery Disease among Patients with Non-ST Elevated Acute Coronary Syndrome having Fragmented-QRS in ECG

Fragmented QRS (f-QRS) complex in 12 lead ECG may develop in the background of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study was aimed to evaluate the angiographic severity of CAD among non-ST ACS patients having f-QRS in the ECG.This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in Cardiology department of BSMMU. Total 52 non-ST ACS patients who underwent invasive coronary angiography (CAG) were included in two groups according to presence or absence of f-QRS complex. 25 patients were included in f-QRS group and 27 in non-f-QRS group. After CAG, severity of CAD was assessed and compared by number of vessel involvement and degree of vessel stenosis. Patients’ demographic parameters were same in both groups. Depending on the number of vessel involvement, it was found that among f-QRS patient group, highest percentage had triple vessel (32%) followed by double vessel (28%) and single vessel (24%) disease and 16% patient had normal or non-critical epicardial coronary arteries. Among non-f QRS group, highest percentage had normal or non-critical lesions (40.7%) followed by double vessel (25.9%), single vessel (22.2%) and triple vessel disease (7.4%). In conclusion, this study revealed that presence of f-QRS in ECG is associated with more severe form of CAD and once the finding is observed, the particular patient should be targeted for aggressive management.&#x0D; University Heart Journal Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan 2020; 28-32

Association between electrocardiographic parameters and collateral circulation in patients with chronic total occlusion

Aim: In patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO), negative cardiovascular outcomes (angina, more frequent ventricular arrhythmias, higher mortality) and reduced survival have been demonstrated. The association between several electrocardiogram (ECG) markers, revealing individuals at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia, and collateral has been investigated in different studies in coronary artery disease patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between the electrocardiographic parameters between good coronary collateral group and poor coronary collateral group in CTO patients with PCI.Material and Methods: Patients retrospectively implemented CTO PCI to those with symptomatic symptoms of myocardial ischemia or with the exact sign of ischemia in the CTO area. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the Rentrop class: group 1 (Rentrop 0 and 1) and group 2 (Rentrop 2 and 3). Baseline characteristics, laboratory and ECGs, procedural data, and outcome data were retrospectively collected. Results: In this study included 59 CTO patients undergoing PCI. Mean age was 61.0±10.3 years and 43 (72.9%) of patients were male, and PCI success was 69.4%. While 22 (37.2%) of the patients were poor collateral group 1 (Rentrop 0 and 1), the remaining 37 (62.3%) of them were good collateral group 2 (Rentrop 2 and 3). There was a significant difference, in poor and good collateral groups, QT dispersion (77.2±27.9 vs 66.5±22.5, p: 0.041, respectively), QTc dispersion (82.1±26.9 vs 70.4±23.9, p: 0.034, respectively), and the presence of fQRS (63.6% vs 43.2, p: 0.027, respectively). But there was no statistically difference in P wave dispersion (48.0±9.5 vs 47.2±11.3, p: 0.796). Correlation analysis reported the association between Rentrop classification and Syntax score (r: -0.397, p: 0.002), LDL-C (r: -0.198, p: 0.025), QT dispersion (r: -0.156, p: 0.045), QTc dispersion (r: -0.176, p: 0.037), and the presence of fQRS (r: 0.234, p: 0.021) were statistically significant.Conclusion: We suggest that some ECG parameters are an important, easy, simple, and cost effective tool and can be beneficial in predicting the poor or good collateral in patients with CTO.

Correlation between fragmented QRS and late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance in heart failure patients

A fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) was defined as additional spikes within the QRS complex in two contiguous leads of a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). It has been shown to be an indicator of myocardial fibrosis. But, the correlation between the location of fQRS in the ECG and the myocardial scar is poorly documented. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the location of fQRS and late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). This study had included 72 consecutive patients diagnosed with HFrEF, who underwent Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement sequences(LGE). ECG was systematically realized at admission with detailed reading of the patterns of fragmented QRS. The mean age was 57 ± 10years (58, 81% men). Our patients were diagnosed with HFrEF (EF= 27 ± 8%) which was related to ischemic cardiomyopthy in 43% of cases. Most of patients (67%) were symptomatic of dyspnea NYHA functional class II. LGE and fQRS were present in 47(65%) and 50(69%) patients respectively. Regardless of the localization, the presence of fQRS in ECG showed a moderate correlation with LGE in CMR (kappa = 0,52; P < 10 −4 ). As well, The correlation of each localization with those of LGE was moderate with significant p value: 41% had fQRS in anterior leads and LGE in anterior wall (kappa = 0,23; P = 0,03),76% had fQRS in inferior leads and LGE in inferior wall (kappa = 0,4; P = 0,001) and 67% had fQRS in lateral leads with LGE in lateral wall (kappa = 0,35; P = 0,002). The fQRS is a simple, and readily available ECG parameter that can be correlated with fibrosis diagnosed in CMR.

P251 Fragmented QRS in prediction of ischemic heart disease diagnosed by stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements None Background Fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) on 12-lead EKG is not uncommon in general population. Previous studies found an association between fQRS and myocardial scar, heart failure, and increased cardiac mortality. However, data in adults without history of coronary artery disease is limited. We aimed to evaluate whether there is an association between fQRS and ischemic heart disease (IHD) diagnosed by stress cardiac MRI. Method We retrospectively reviewed data from 604 patients who underwent stress cardiac MRI, in which 50 patients were excluded due to known history of coronary artery disease or incomplete stress test. A positive result was defined as stress-induced perfusion defect in at least 2 contiguous myocardial segments corresponding to epicardial coronary territory, or a presence of ischemic scar. The 12-lead EKG done on the same day with MRI, prior to stress testing, were analyzed. Fragmented QRS was defined as the presence of additional R wave (R’), notching in the nadir of R or S wave, or the presence of more than one R’ in any EKG leads. Both cardiac MRI and EKG were analyzed by two independent observers. Result Final analysis included 554 patients, 39% were male, with a mean age of 67.8 ± 11.1 years. There was positive stress cardiac MRI in 219 patients (39.5%). Older age, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension were more frequent in the positive group (p &amp;lt;0.05). fQRS was identified in 300 patients (54.2%). Baseline characteristic did not differ significantly between patients with and without fQRS. There is an association between fQRS and IHD, OR 1.605 (95% CI 1.136-2.269), p = 0.007. Using linear regression, the number of leads with presence of fQRS showed an association with IHD (OR 1.204, p = 0.005). After adjustment for age, diabetes, hypertension, renal function, and left ventricular ejection fraction, the strong association between fQRS and IHD persisted, OR 1.709 (95% CI 1.182-2.470), p = 0.004. Conclusion In patients without known history of coronary artery disease, fragmented QRS is independently associated with ischemic heart disease diagnosed by stress cardiac MRI. Multiple regression analysis OR 95% CI p-value Age (years) 1.013 0.992 - 1.035 0.234 Diabetes mellitus 1.532 1.032 - 2.274 0.034 Hypertension 1.194 0.737 - 1.935 0.471 GFR (ml/min/1.73m&amp;sup2;) 0.999 0.987 - 1.011 0.904 LV ejection fraction (%) 0.972 0.950 - 0.994 0.014 fragmented QRS 1.709 1.182 - 2.470 0.004

Evaluation of Relationship between fQRS and CD4/CD8 Ratio in Patients with HIV.

Objectives:Myocardial dysfunction is an important cause of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Decline in CD4 T-cell level and reversal of CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with cardiovascular events. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) can show myocardial dysfunction and cardiovascular events. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of fQRS in HIV-infected patients and the factors affecting it.Methods:This case-control study included 153 outpatient HIV patients (97% male) and 141 healthy subjects (96% male). Patients with cardiac disease history, arrhythmia, diabetes, cancer disease, and thyroid dysfunction were excluded from the study. Electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and biochemistry tests were performed to all participants. CD4 and CD8 T cell count, and HIV RNA level were measured in HIV-infected patients.Results:Both groups had similar basal characteristics. Mean CD4 T-cell level was 356 cell/cm3, HIV was under control in 48%, and the rate of antiretroviral treatment use was 64%. HIV-infected patients had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), higher Tei index, and more fQRS. HIV-infected patients with fQRS had lower nadir CD4 T-cell levels, lower CD4/CD8 ratio, and higher Tie index. In multivariate analysis, CD4/CD8 ratio and LVEF were found to be independent predictors of fQRS in HIV-infected patients.Conclusion:Myocardial dysfunction can be seen in HIV-infected patients. Caution should be exercised in terms of myocardial dysfunction in HIV-infected patients with low CD4/CD8 ratio.

Fragmented QRS and subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in individuals with preserved ejection fraction: A speckle-tracking echocardiographic study.

IntroductionFragmented QRS (fQRS) complex on routine 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) predicts adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases. In addition, it has been found to be associated with subclinical myocardial dysfunction in chronic diseases. We sought to investigate the relationship between the presence of fQRS with the myocardial functions in individuals free from known systemic cardiovascular diseases.MethodsIn a case‐control study, we evaluated normal individuals from March 2017 to February 2018. All participants underwent a 2‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic examination using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and speckle‐tracking echocardiography. In addition, all participants were examined using a 12‐lead surface ECG, and patients with fQRS and a group of age‐ and sex‐matched controls without fQRS were enrolled in our study.ResultsThe patients' mean age was 40.3 ± 10.7 and 35.4 ± 11.2 years in fQRS‐positive and fQRS‐negative groups, respectively (P = .110). Patients with fQRS had significantly lower values of apical left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS) in 2‐chamber (16.9 ± 2.5 vs. 20.5 ± 3.3, P < .001), 4‐chamber (16.9 ± 3.4 vs. 20.1 ± 3, P = .001), LAX views (17.7 ± 2.8 vs. 20.8 ± 3.5, P = .001), and averaged LV GLS (17 ± 2.6 vs. 20.4 ± 2.7, P < .001) values compared to patients without fQRS. In a multivariate analysis, averaged LV GLS and smoking history were independent predictors for positive fQRS.ConclusionThe presence of fQRS on 12‐lead ECG in healthy population was associated with lower values of LV GLS compared to normal individuals without fQRS.

Presence of fragmented QRS may be associated with complex ventricular arrhythmias in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus

Background Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) are frequent in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Myocardial fibrosis is one of the components of diabetic cardiomyopathy secondary to DM. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) on electrocardiography (ECG) has been shown to be a marker of myocardial fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between fQRS and complex VAs in patients with DM. Methods Three hundred and thirty-six consecutive patients who were diagnosed with DM were included in the study. The control group consisted of 275 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. ECG and transthoracic echocardiography were performed in all the patients. fQRS was defined as additional R’ wave or notching/splitting of S wave in two contiguous ECG leads. All the patients underwent 24-h Holter monitoring and VAs were classified using Lown’s scoring system. Lown class ≥ 3 VAs were considered as complex VAs. Results As compared to the healthy individuals, prevalence of fQRS (37.5% vs. 6.9%, p < .001) and complex VAs (14% vs. 0%, p < .001) were significantly higher in patients with DM. Furthermore, complex VAs (28.4% vs. 6.4%, p < .001) were significantly higher in DM patients with fQRS. In multiple logistic regression analysis, DM duration (OR: 1.510, 95% CI:1.343 to 1.698; p < .001) and presence of fQRS (OR: 3.262, 95% CI: 1.443 to 7.376; p = .004) were independent predictors for complex VAs. Conclusions The presence of fQRS may be associated with complex VAs in patients with DM. Therefore, fQRS may be used as a predictor of complex VAs and the risk of sudden death in patients with DM.