Presence Of Eugenol Research Articles

Assessment of the molecular mechanism in fish using eugenol as anesthesia based on network pharmacology.

Eugenol is a commonly used fish anesthetic, but its mechanism of action is not fully understood. This study employed network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation to explore the anesthetic targets of eugenol in fish. Initially, 63 potential targets for eugenol anesthesia were identified using databases such as SwissTarget, TargetNet, GeneCards, OMIM, and TTD. The DAVID database was utilized to analyze the GO functions and KEGG pathways of these targets, revealing 384 GO enrichment terms and 43 KEGG pathways. These terms involved neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, and synaptic transmission. Subsequently, AutodockTools software facilitated molecular docking with targets in the KEGG pathway for "neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction." The results showed that eugenol had a strong affinity with these proteins. Concurrently, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted on the proteins with the top four lowest binding energies (Cnr1, Oprk1, Nr3c1, and Chrm5a) in the presence of eugenol. The eugenol-protein complexes remained stable and equilibrated within the dynamic environment. The results indicated that eugenol-anesthesia might affect membrane receptors, neurotransmitters, and ion signaling. This study elucidates the anesthetic mechanism of eugenol, enriches the primary data on fish anesthesia, and offers new analytical tools for understanding the action mechanisms of fishery drugs.

Eugenol targeting CrtM inhibits the biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin in Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a serious foodborne pathogen threatening food safety and public health. Especially the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) increased the difficulty of S. aureus treatment. Staphyloxanthin is a crucial virulence factor of S. aureus. Blocking staphyloxanthin production could help the host immune system counteract the invading S. aureus cells. In this study, we first screened for staphyloxanthin inhibitors using a virtual screening method. The outcome of the virtual screening method resulted in the identification of eugenol (300 μg/mL), which significantly inhibits the staphyloxanthin production in S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus Newman, MRSA ATCC 43300 and MRSA ATCC BAA1717 by 84.2 %, 63.5 %, 68.1 %, and 79.5 %, respectively. The outcome of the growth curve assay, field-emission scanning electron, and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses confirmed that eugenol at the test concentration did not affect the morphology and growth of S. aureus. Moreover, the survival rate of S. aureus ATCC 29213 and MRSA ATCC 43300 under H2O2 pressure decreased to 51.9 % and 45.5 % in the presence of eugenol, respectively. The quantitative RT-PCR and molecular simulation studies revealed that eugenol targets staphyloxanthin biosynthesis by downregulating the transcription of the crtM gene and inhibiting the activity of the CrtM enzyme. Taken together, we first determined that eugenol was a prominent compound for staphyloxanthin inhibitor to combat S. aureus especially MRSA infections.

Terpene-augmented novasomal gels for the sustainment of rasagiline mesylate delivery; A new approach for treating Parkinson's disease induced by rotenone in rats

Rasagiline mesylate (RSM) is a potent anti-Parkinson's Disease (PD) drug; nevertheless, it has limited oral bioavailability due to hepatic first pass metabolism. RSM is a highly hydrophilic drug hurdled by several barriers to reach the central nervous system (CNS). This study aimed to prepare RSM-loaded novasomal gels for the transdermal delivery of the drug to CNS. Novasomes were prepared by ethanol injection method using terpenes as penetration enhancers. Design Expert® software was applied to select the optimum formulation by varying the type of terpene, amount of cholesterol, besides surface active agents (SAA): free fatty acid (FFA) ratio. The desirability calculations revealed that the optimum formulation composed of cholesterol (60 mg), SAA:FFA ratio (1:1) in the presence of eugenol. Particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of the optimum formulation were 265.90 ± 2.40 nm, −33.45 ± 0.49 mV and 83.09 ± 0.42%, respectively. TEM showed spherical well-defined nanovesicles. The optimum novasomal formulation was incorporated into gel system composed of 2% HPMC and 2% CMC. In vivo study revealed the feasibility of reversing PD symptoms regarding the behavioral, biochemical and histopathological analyses in rotenone-induced Parkinsons' rat model. A marked elevation in the number of crossovers, grooming score, frequency of rearing, gripe strength, and dopamine level besides a reduction in interleukin-17 and NLRP-3 inflammasome level when compared to positive control group were detected. No histopathological alterations were detected in examined brain sections of treated rats. In conclusion, the obtained results suggest that RSM-loaded novasomal gel formulations are promising carriers for the transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs like RSM.

A way forward for a sustainable active packaging solution for prolonging the freshness and shelf life of Rosa hybrida L. cut flowers

The study aimed to develop a paper-based approach as part of anti-microbial packaging to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut roses. To achieve this, a synergistic solution was developed from a mixture of bay, fenugreek, and lemon extract. A 1:1:1 ratio with an additional 3 % sucrose. It was found effective against Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhimurium, and Enterobacter cloacae, which are the primary microorganism responsible for the spoilage of rose flowers. GCMS analysis shows that the presence of eugenol, oleic acid, ascorbic acid, caryophyllene, á-bisabolene, methyl eugenol, á-curcumene, humulene, and allene compounds contributed to the anti-microbial and antioxidant properties of the active matrix. The developed active matrix was coated on a kraft paper called Freshness Keeper (FK). FK paper was subjected to various characterization techniques, such as SEM, FTIR, and GCMS. The study revealed that the mechanical and barrier properties of the paper remained largely unchanged, except for the % elongation break and water absorptiveness. These changes were observed following the paper's coating with the matrix. The results suggest that the coating has the potential to affect the physical properties of the paper. To assess its effectiveness on the vase life and physiochemical characteristics of Rosa hybrida L. cut flowers were tested. The control flowers (without FK) displayed signs of wilting, color change, and bacterial growth after 10–12 d of storage at 2–4 ℃ with 85 % relative humidity. In contrast, the FK-wrapped flowers showed similar signs after 18–20 d of storage, effectively enhancing shelf life by an additional 8–10 d. Furthermore, the FK maintained the freshness and diameter of the cut rose bunches, while simultaneously maintaining the petal moisture content, petal color, and sensory attributes and controlling ethylene production. These results suggest that extending the shelf life of fresh-cut roses can reduce postharvest losses and add value to the flower industries, both domestically and in export markets.

DFT and microkinetic investigation of oxygen reduction reaction on corrosion inhibition mechanism of iron surface by Syzygium Aromaticum extract

Corrosion of iron is an important and serious problem in materials. So far, many studies have been carried out to overcome the corrosion of iron. However, first-principle studies at the atomic level of iron corrosion processes based on electrochemical reactions are still very limited. Investigations based on electrochemical oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) are very important, because naturally corrosion is an electrochemical process. In this paper, the corrosion mechanism of the Fe(110) surface and the mechanism of corrosion inhibition by eugenol based on the electrochemical ORR are investigated using combinations of DFT and microkinetic models. We show that the ORR activity starts when the iron surface is covered by O atoms until the monolayer coverage is almost full, which indicates that the first stage of the iron corrosion process is not direct oxidation. After the iron surface is covered by O atoms, the corrosion process will begin with the occurrence of a proper ORR rate. In the presence of eugenol as a green corrosion inhibitor, the ORR activity is significantly lower, which also means that the corrosion rate is inhibited. This is confirmed by the higher overpotential value and lower TOF. In addition, the surface coverage is no longer dominated by free sites. Overall, our research provides new insights into designing green corrosion inhibitors for iron surface.

Prevalence of the colistin resistance gene <i>MCR-1</i> in colistin-resistant <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> in Egypt

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen with high morbidity and mortality rates in hospitalized patients. The emergence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae has become more challenging to treat, with the prevalence of colistin-resistance. Therefore, reliable methods for detecting colistin resistance are required. Many plants' essential oils have antimicrobial activity and have been used to combat multiple antibiotic resistances. This study aimed to investigate the characterization and prevalence of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in K. pneumoniae in Egypt, evaluate rapid polymyxin NP test, determine the transferability of mcr-1 gene, and study the synergistic activity of eugenol combined with colistin against K. pneumoniae isolates. Eighty-two K. pneumonia isolates were collected from different human samples, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing, rapid polymyxin NP test, and detection of the mcr-1 gene and its transfer frequency. Determination of the MICs of colistin alone and in combination with eugenol was performed, then mcr-1 gene expression was determined in the presence of eugenol. Thirty-two isolates (39%) were colistin-resistant. Rapid polymyxin NP test failed to detect resistant isolates with MICs below 32 µg/mL. Detection of mcr-1 gene was made in 27 (84%) of colistin resistant isolates. The rest isolates possess alteration in the mgrB gene which probably causes colistin resistance. The mcr-1 gene was transferred by conjugation to other sensitive isolates. MIC of eugenol ranged from 416 to 1664 µg/mL, and FICI ranged from 0.265 to 0.75. Results also revealed suppression of mcr-1 gene expression in the presence of sub MIC of eugenol. Our results demonstrated a high prevalence of mcr-1 in Egypt and its ability to transfer to other strains. Difficult determination of colistin-resistant isolates with low values with rapid polymyxin NP test was apparent. Eugenol exerted a synergistic effect with colistin and improved its antimicrobial activity.

Cellulosic textile/clove nanocomposite as an antimicrobial wound dressing: In vitro and in vivo study

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the useful herbal medicine to prevent the bacteria infection. This herbal medicine plant shows high antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammation activities because the essential oil and extract of this herb contains a rich source of phenolic compounds. The important phenolic compound of the herb is eugenol. In this study, we endeavored to develop the flexible cellulosic textile nanocomposite by dipping the cellulosic textile in a nano emulsion containing clove herbal medicine (32%wt). This nanocomposite was subjected to detail analyzes using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mean size of this nano emulsion as measured by electron microscopy is between 100 and 300 nm. The presence of eugenol in this nano emulsion has been confirmed by GC-MS. The wound dressing shows high antimicrobial activity against E. coli (3 ± 0.11 mm), P. aeruginosa (2.8 ± 0.06 mm), S. epidemidis (2.9 ± 0.09 mm), and S. aureus (2.6 ± 0.07 mm). This nano composite showed significant improvement in in vivo wound healing and in vitro cellular compatibility. Nearly 85% of the operation wound was healed during14 days. Accordingly, cellulosic textile/clove wound dressing can be a potential candidate for biomedical application and pre-clinical surveys.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum cassia and Syzygium aromaticum plants and their nanoparticles against Erwinia amylovora

This study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum cassia and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils and their nanoparticles (EOs-NPS) against Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease. First, EOs of C. cassia and S. aromaticum were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed using a GC–MS/FID. Results showed that the main components of C. cassia EOs are E-Cinnamaldehyde (73.23%), alpha-Copaene (6.44%), and Eugenol (4.23%) while the EOs of S. aromaticum showed the presence of Eugenol (58.64%), β-Caryophyllene (32.91%), and Humulene (3.25%). C. cassia EOs was the most effective with an inhibition zone of 37.7 mm and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.04%. However, EOs-NPS of C. cassia had greater effects than S. aromaticum with an MBC of 0.75%, rather than the effect of EOs alone. Significant reduction of the disease incidence (86%) was observed in the in vivo pre-treatment using EOs-NPS of C. cassia. Therefore, C. cassia EOs-NPS is recommended against E. amylovora.

Eugenol-Mediated Inhibition of Biofilm Formed by S. aureus: a Potent Organism for Pediatric Digestive System Diseases.

Ocimum tenuiflorum (KT) is a common ethnobotanical plant of Southeast Asia. The ethnic communities of these regions use the various parts of the plants, especially the leaves, for the treatment of various ailments like cold and flu, chronic infections, and surface ailments. The leaves of these plants are consumed to act as immune boosters in the body. With this ethnical background, we performed the antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential of the methanolic extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum against biofilm formed by S. aureus biofilm. The biofilm formed by S. aureus is a potent cause for the development of gastrointestinal (GI)-associated chronic infection. The extract from the KT leaf was analyzed using UV spectroscopy and HPLC to confirm the presence of the active ingredients present within the extract. The HPLC and GC-MS studies revealed the presence of eugenol and linalool in a greater proportion having the maximum drug-like properties. It was observed that KT showed maximum inhibition of biofilms, proteins, and carbohydrates being present with the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Interestingly, the maximum inhibition to the quorum sensing (QS) and the genomic DNA, RNA content was reduced by eugenol and linalool in comparison to the plant extract. The studies were supported by in silico interaction between eugenol and linalool with the QS proteins of S. aureus. The studies were further confirmed with microscopic studies SEM and FCM. The IR studies also confirmed much reduction in biofilm when treated with eugenol, linalool, and KT with respect to the untreated sample.

Adaptive evolution of Moniliophthora PR-1 proteins towards its pathogenic lifestyle

BackgroundPlant pathogenesis related-1 (PR-1) proteins belong to the CAP superfamily and have been characterized as markers of induced defense against pathogens. Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri are hemibiotrophic fungi that respectively cause the witches’ broom disease and frosty pod rot in Theobroma cacao. Interestingly, a large number of plant PR-1-like genes are present in the genomes of both species and many are up-regulated during the biotrophic interaction. In this study, we investigated the evolution of PR-1 proteins from 22 genomes of Moniliophthora isolates and 16 other Agaricales species, performing genomic investigation, phylogenetic reconstruction, positive selection search and gene expression analysis.ResultsPhylogenetic analysis revealed conserved PR-1 genes (PR-1a, b, d, j), shared by many Agaricales saprotrophic species, that have diversified in new PR-1 genes putatively related to pathogenicity in Moniliophthora (PR-1f, g, h, i), as well as in recent specialization cases within M. perniciosa biotypes (PR-1c, k, l) and M. roreri (PR-1n). PR-1 families in Moniliophthora with higher evolutionary rates exhibit induced expression in the biotrophic interaction and positive selection clues, supporting the hypothesis that these proteins accumulated adaptive changes in response to host–pathogen arms race. Furthermore, although previous work showed that MpPR-1 can detoxify plant antifungal compounds in yeast, we found that in the presence of eugenol M. perniciosa differentially expresses only MpPR-1e, k, d, of which two are not linked to pathogenicity, suggesting that detoxification might not be the main function of most MpPR-1.ConclusionsBased on analyses of genomic and expression data, we provided evidence that the evolution of PR-1 in Moniliophthora was adaptive and potentially related to the emergence of the parasitic lifestyle in this genus. Additionally, we also discuss how fungal PR-1 proteins could have adapted from basal conserved functions to possible roles in fungal pathogenesis.

Vasorelaxation to Eugenol, Curcumin and Nanocurcumin is mediated by differential augmentation of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in middle uterine artery of Capra hircus.

Sodium-potassium ATPase (Na, K-ATPase) is an integral protein universally distributed in the plasma membrane of all eukaryotic cells. It regulates trans-epithelial sodium ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve excitability, secretary functions and intracellular signaling. We investigated the mechanism of vasorelaxation effect of Eugenol, Curcumin and Nanocurcumin in the middle uterine artery (MUA) of goat to evaluate their possible therapeutic potential in hypertension during pregnancy or pre-eclampsia. The UA rings were isometrically contracted by K+-free MKHS to plateau and relaxed with KCl (10 μM-10 mM) following standard protocol. The K+ -vasorelaxation response (VR) was taken either in presence of ouabain with or without Eugenol/Curcumin/Nanocurcumin (10 μM). Rmax (maximum % vasorelaxation) of K+-induced VR-curve elicited in UA rings was reduced (from 6.90% and 26.55%) to 4-5% in presence of Ouabain in both NP and P goats. Rmax obtained from KVR curve elicited in UA rings were augmented in presence of Eugenol (NP: 16.22%, P: 42.67%) or Curcumin (NP:21.23%, P:35.49%) or Nanocurcumin (NP:6.91%, P:34.88%). K+ vasorelaxation was inhibited in presence of Ouabain and Eugenol/ Curcumin/Nanocurcumin (Rmax: 6.11%, 9.18%, 4.11% in non-P, respectively) and (Rmax: 5.40%, 3.39%, 6.00% in P, respectively). The results indicated that (i) there is increased function of α1- Na+, K+-ATPase in UA of P goats (ii) Eugenol, Curcumin and Nano-curcumin differentially augmented the function and expression of α1 isoenzymes of sodium pump in UA of non-P and P goats. Thus, the polyphenols potentially activate α1 isoenzymes of Na+-K+-ATPase and could possibly be useful as therapeutic in hypertension during pregnancy.

Does eugenol affect the microtensile bond strength of self-adhering composite? - An in vitro study.

Objectives:The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of eugenol-based temporary on microtensile bond strength of self-adhering composite at 1 day and 7-day time intervals.Materials and Methods:Occlusal enamel of 24 human molars was removed. Zinc oxide eugenol (ZnOE) and noneugenol temporary cement (ZnONE) were placed on the dentin surfaces and left for different times (1 day, 7 days). After removal of temporary cement, teeth were randomly divided into eight subgroups: subgroup GE1S (n = 3): ZnOE cement + Self-adhering composite (SAC), subgroup GE1N (n = 3): ZnOE cement + adhesive system (one coat 7 universal) + nanohybrid composite, subgroup GE7S (n = 3): ZnOE cement + SAC, subgroup GE7N (n = 3): ZnOE cement + adhesive system + nanohybrid composite, subgroup GNE1S (n = 3): ZnONE cement + SAC, subgroup GNE1N (n = 3): ZnONE cement + adhesive system + nanohybrid composite, subgroup GNE7S (n = 3): ZnONE cement + SAC, subgroup GNE7N (n = 3): ZnONE cement + adhesive system + nanohybrid composite. Four sticks per tooth were obtained, resulting in 12 sticks per group with a cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm 2. The μTBS test was performed with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min.Statistical Analysis:Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-test were used for analysis.Results:Highest and lowest mean value of microtensile bond strength was observed in GNE7N (12.75MPa) and GE1S (1.42MPa), respectively.Conclusion:The presence of eugenol at early stage, i.e. 1 day, has a negative influence on microtensile bond strength of SAC. At 7 days, the negative effect of eugenol on microtensile bond strength gets nullified. Thus, a waiting period of 1 week is sufficient to overcome negative influence of eugenol-based temporaries on polymerization of SAC.

MECHANICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE)-THERMOPLASTIC STARCH/CLAY/EUGENOL BIONANOCOMPOSITES

Food packaging for traditional foods mainly serves to isolate foods from external environmental. For this reason, it is a growing interest in developing active packaging materials that can extend foodstuff shelf-life. Also, it could counteract the level of contamination by plastic in the environment using biodegradable polymers. For this purpose, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)-thermoplastic starch (TPS)/ organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT)/eugenol bionanocomposites were prepared by melt blending. Morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties were determined by comparing the concentration influence of eugenol and clay on the PHB-TPS blend and PHB. X-ray diffraction measurements revealed the existence of exfoliated morphology in the bionanocomposites. Atomic force microscopy imaging (AFM) showed the difference in morphological characteristics of the pure PHB and the prepared bionanocomposites. Roughness analysis from the AFM data indicates that the presence of clay and TPS increases the roughness with respect to PHB. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) showed that bionanocomposites have an improved storage module. Finally, properties such as hardness and elastic modulus studied by nanoindentation showed a decrease with respect to PHB. The presence of eugenol in the bionanocomposites does not show a significant effect on the different properties.

Gelation characteristics of sodium alginate in presence of flavor molecules

Gelation properties of alginate in the presence of flavor molecules were investigated using small amplitude oscillatory shear tests at temperatures from 10 to 40°C. The apparent gelation time (AGT) was 72 min for plain alginate at 10°C. The AGT was 85 min in the presence of 2-acetyl pyridine and 56 min in the presence of eugenol. Flavor molecules affected dynamic elastic modulus (Gʹ) to a different extent depending upon the gelation temperature. At 10°C, Gʹ was higher for samples with eugenol and 2-acetyl pyridine in comparison to the plain version. At 40°C, Gʹ was generally lower for all flavored samples in comparison to the plain version. This study revealed surfactant properties of flavor molecules, with eugenol having the largest activity by reducing the surface tension of water from 73 to 49 mN/m. The compression force was most affected by the gelation temperature; increasing significantly at 40°C for all flavored gels. Practical applications Most of the available literature focuses on the effect of hydrocolloids on flavor release and perception. However, from industrial point of view, it is equally important to know the influence of flavor molecules on the behavior of hydrocolloids. Studies focusing on this issue are scarcely reported in the literature. This work demonstrates that flavor molecules influence significantly the gelation kinetics and other properties of alginate dispersions. The findings of this work are expected to help process engineers better understand and regulate the alginate gelation process in the presence of flavor molecules.

Trigonella foenum-graecum Seeds Oil Attenuated Inflammation and Angiogenesis in vivo through Down-Regulation of TNF-α.

Inflammation is a vital reaction of the natural immune system that protects against encroaching agents. However, uncontrolled inflammation can lead to complications. Trigonella foenumgraecum is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory herb. The current study was conducted to explore the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic potentials of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds oil. Oil was extracted from seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum by cold press method and labelled as TgSO. Phytochemical (GC-MS, Folin-Ciocalteu method) and metal analyses were conducted to evaluate the metalo-chemical profile of TgSO. In vitro antioxidant assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were performed to assess its antioxidant potential. In vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar disc diffusion method and the safety profile of TgSO was assessed in acute toxicological studies following OECD 425 guidelines. In vivo antiinflammatory activities of TgSO were assessed in carrageenan, serotonin, histamine, formalin, and cotton pelletinduced oedema models. Serum TNF-α, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and, Catalases (CAT) levels were assessed by ELISA kits. In vivo antiangiogenic activity of TgSO was screened in chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. Histopathological studies using excised paws were conducted to observe the effects of TgSO treatment at the tissue level. In silico docking studies were conducted to screen the binding potentials of identified compounds with TNF-α. Extraction by cold press method yielded 16% of TgSO. Phytochemical analysis of TgSO through GCMS showed the presence of eugenol, dihydrocoumairn, heptadecanoic acid, tri- and tetradecanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid, respectively. Total phenolic contents of TgSO were found to be 0.30±0.01mg/g gallic acid equivalent in Folin-Ciocalteu method. Metal analysis indicated the presence of different metals in TgSO. Findings of antioxidant models showed the moderate antioxidant potential of TgSO. Findings of antimicrobial assays showed that TgSO was active against bacterial (S. aureus, S. epidermidis) and fungal (C. albicans, and A. niger) strains. In vivo toxicity study data showed that TgSO was safe up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg. Data of oedema models showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in oedema development in TgSO treated animals in both acute and chronic models. Histopathological evaluations of paws showed minimum tissue infiltration with inflammatory cells in TgSO-treated animals. Treatment with TgSO also significantly (p<0.05) down-regulated TNF-α in serum while levels of SOD and CAT were up-regulated. Findings of the CAM assay revealed the antiangiogenic activity of TgSO. Findings of in silico docking studies showed that identified phytoconstituents can bind with culprit cytokine (TNF-α). Data obtained from the current study conclude that TgSO has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic effects that validate its traditional uses. Synergistic actions of different phytoconstituents are proposed to be responsible for the observed effects.

Chemical Analysis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Harsingar (Nyctanthes arbortristis) essential oil

The present investigation deal with study of chemical composition of Harsingar (Nyctanthes arbortristis) essential oil from leaves antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of essential oil, major compound eugenol and its derivatives. The essential oil was extracted through hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus. Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry analysis of essential oil revealed the presence of eugenol (88.20 %) as major compound which was isolated from essential oil by column chromatography. It was chemically transformed into two derivatives i.e. eugenol -5- aldehyde (2) and 5-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid (3). The essential oil, eugenol and its derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by disc plate method and against Fusarium oxysporum using agar well diffusion method. They were also evaluated for their antioxidant potential by 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and NO free radical scavenging activities. The essential oil showed maximum antibacterial potential with diameter of inhibition zone of 23.8 and 26.3 mm at 1000 μg/ml against K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa respectively. 5-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid (3) was most effective against F. oxysporum with maximum diameter of inhibition zone of 29.5 mm at 2500 μg/ml. Eugenol (1) showed maximum antioxidant potential with 90.77 and 88.99 % radical scavenging in DPPH and NO radical scavenging assays having IC50 values of 18.07 and 26.50 μg/ml respectively. Harsingar essential oil, eugenol and its derivatives may be used as promising antimicrobial and antioxidising agents and will help in the development of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants as substitute for their synthetic analogues.

BIOMIMETIC SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF STRONTIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING OCIMUM SANCTUM LEAF EXTRACT

Objective: The investigation and synthesis of nanoparticles using green chemical methods is an emerging field due to ecologically derived materials. In the present study, the reaction under microwave irradiation technique is proposed for synthesizing the strontium oxide nanoparticles (SrO NPs) by reacting the strontium nitrate powder with Ocimum sanctum L. leaf extract followed by heat treatment at 500oC for 2 h.Methods: The crystalline nature, size, and morphological structure of the SrO powder sample were characterized by techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectral analysis. To investigate the antibacterial properties of SrO NPs, pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Morganella morganii was tested in Mueller–Hinton disc diffusion method.Results: The particle size of the SrO NPs is calculated to be 42 nm using Debye–Scherrer equation. The SrO NPs exhibited absorption peak in the range of 250–350 nm centered at 274 nm in UV region. In addition, it is demonstrated that band gap energy was calculated to be 5.39 eV from Tauc’s plot. The SrO NPs has shown the efficient antibacterial effect by inhibiting zone against Gram-negative bacteria.Conclusion: The main aim of the study is to synthesize cost-effective and eco-friendly green synthesis of SrO NPs from the OS (O. sanctum) leaf extract and their characterization. The mechanism for the formation of SrO NPs in the presence of eugenol as reducing agent is also discussed. The present green chemical approach using plant-based materials for the synthesis of nanoparticles enhances the eco-friendliness, compatibility, effectiveness, and reduces the toxicity.

Eugenol prevents amyloid formation of proteins and inhibits amyloid-induced hemolysis

Eugenol has attracted considerable attention because of its potential for many pharmaceutical applications including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic and anti-oxidant properties. Here, we have investigated the effect of eugenol on amyloid formation of selected globular proteins. We find that both spontaneous and seed-induced aggregation processes of insulin and serum albumin (BSA) are significantly suppressed in the presence of eugenol. Isothermal titration calorimetric data predict a single binding site for eugenol-insulin complex confirming the affinity of eugenol for native soluble insulin species. We also find that eugenol suppresses amyloid-induced hemolysis. Our findings reveal the inherent ability of eugenol to stabilize native proteins and to delay the conversion of protein species of native conformation into β-sheet assembled mature fibrils, which seems to be crucial for its inhibitory effect.

Variation in Volatile Constituents and Eugenol Content of Five Important Betelvine (Piper betle L.) Landraces Exported from Eastern India

Piper betle L. commonly known as betel vine has been consumed as mouth freshener and traditionally used for medicinal purposes in many countries around the world. The volatile constituents of Piper betle landraces from eastern India were analysed through GC FID and GC-MS analysis. Thirty eight compounds were identified accounting to a total of 98.96% in Paradeep, 98.07% in Birikuli, 95.46% in Matiali, 99.94% in Sanchi and 95.51% in Kali Bangla respectively. Isoeugenol was found to be the major constituent in Paradeep (34.56%), Matiali (48.2%) and in Sanchi (59.2%) where as in Birikuli, trans-isoeugenol (28.45%) and in Kali Bangla, acetyl eugenol (54.76%) were the major constituent. β-ocemene was the unique molecule present in Paradeep where as Birikuli was marked by the presence of eugenol, γ-cadinene , cubebene and β-caryophyllene. Isoeugenol acetate, α-phellandrene and methyl eugenol were only present in Matiali. Sanchi can be distinguished from other landraces by the presence of β-elemene. B-cardinene, chavicol and chavicolacetate were unique to Kalibangla. The volatile constituents can be used for authentic identification of landraces and also enhance their export potential by means of important phytoconstituents and bioactivity studies.

Study of Antimicrobial Properties of Fabrics Treated with Ocimum Sanctum L (tulsi) Extract as a Natural Active Agent

ABSTRACTThe present study was aimed at development of microbial resistant textile product using a natural bioactive agent. Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was applied on cotton and polyester/cotton blended fabrics for imparting antibacterial properties to the textile product for health care applications. The fabrics were treated with herbal extract of different concentrations, along with glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent and sodium hypophosphite as catalyst by exhaust method. Antimicrobial assessment was performed quantitatively by percentage reduction test (AATCC-147-1998) against test organisms gram-positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 11230). The results provided evidence that the treated fabric inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria by more than 92% as compared to the control samples. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of eugenol in Ocimum sanctum extract. Although, the treated fabrics showed enhanced crease recovery property, there was a marginal reduction in tensile properties. Improvement in crease recovery property of treated blended fabric was slightly less as compared to treated cotton fabric. The antimicrobial treatment negatively affects the bending properties and this negative effect was found to be slightly less for blended fabric as compared to pure cotton fabric.