Presence Of Dominance Research Articles

Dominance Effects and Functional Enrichments Improve Prediction of Agronomic Traits in Hybrid Maize.

Single-cross hybrids have been critical to the improvement of maize (Zea mays L.), but the characterization of their genetic architectures remains challenging. Previous studies of hybrid maize have shown the contribution of within-locus complementation effects (dominance) and their differential importance across functional classes of loci. However, they have generally considered panels of limited genetic diversity, and have shown little benefit from genomic prediction based on dominance or functional enrichments. This study investigates the relevance of dominance and functional classes of variants in genomic models for agronomic traits in diverse populations of hybrid maize. We based our analyses on a diverse panel of inbred lines crossed with two testers representative of the major heterotic groups in the U.S. (1106 hybrids), as well as a collection of 24 biparental populations crossed with a single tester (1640 hybrids). We investigated three agronomic traits: days to silking (DTS), plant height (PH), and grain yield (GY). Our results point to the presence of dominance for all traits, but also among-locus complementation (epistasis) for DTS and genotype-by-environment interactions for GY. Consistently, dominance improved genomic prediction for PH only. In addition, we assessed enrichment of genetic effects in classes defined by genic regions (gene annotation), structural features (recombination rate and chromatin openness), and evolutionary features (minor allele frequency and evolutionary constraint). We found support for enrichment in genic regions and subsequent improvement of genomic prediction for all traits. Our results suggest that dominance and gene annotations improve genomic prediction across diverse populations in hybrid maize.

Idiopathic true saccular aneurysm of the right radial artery

Aneurysms of the radial artery are fairly common considering the rise in radial artery catheterization and other forms of trauma. The majority of these are, however, pseudoaneurysms. True aneurysms involving the radial artery are, however, very rare. Here, we report a true saccular aneurysm involving the distal right radial artery in a female with ulnar artery dominance managed by ligation and excision. A 35-year-old woman who presented with a right distal forearm swelling of 6-year duration and 8-month history of pain, with no prior history of trauma to the forearm, and no comorbidities. She was found to have a 2 cm × 2 cm mass in her right lateral distal forearm, 8 cm from the wrist joint. It was nontender with expansile pulsation. Allen's test revealed ulnar artery dominance. A duplex ultrasound scan revealed aneurysm of the right radial artery. The patient subsequently had ligation of the radial artery and excision of the aneurysm sac under local anesthesia. Histology revealed true aneurysm of the radial artery. Idiopathic true aneurysm of the radial artery is rare and can remain asymptomatic for a long time, and arterial ligation and aneurysm excision are safe in the presence of ulnar artery dominance.

Images of Women and Politics of Domination in Helen Fields’ “Perfect Remains”

As feminism evolved and reshaped ideas on womanhood and its politics over the past three centuries, postmodernist writers seem to continuously present discriminated images of women in novels, including spy fiction. Unless it is properly addressed, these misrepresented images of women underlying its gender politics brings about questions on the effectiveness of gender education and its equality. This study problematized images of women in Fields’ Perfect Remains in order to understand the politics of domination between genders that suggest a continuous display of power. The analysis of the novel through the use of Fairclough’s Three-Dimensional Framework, enabled the identifying images of women and ways in which dominance is exerted in the discourse. Analysis revealed that postmodern societies through the novelist’s lens continue to remain remote towards women. In a period, which celebrates women’s achievement and freedom of speech, where they are thought to be strong and independent, men continue to ironically exert different methods of power in the strive to maintain their status quo, which is revealed in this research. This study contributes to the existing body of literature in the field of women studies and literature where it identified the presence of male dominance even in this modern era. On another hand, it also explores aspects of domination which appear in the form of intellect as a new field of study.

Does response time predict withdrawal decisions? Lessons from a bank-run experiment

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze how response time in a laboratory experiment on bank runs affects withdrawal decisions.Design/methodology/approachIn the authors’ setup, the bank has no fundamental problems, depositors decide sequentially whether to keep the money in the bank or to withdraw, and they may observe previous decisions depending on the information structure. The authors consider two levels of difficulty of decision-making conditional on the presence of strategic dominance and strategic uncertainty. The authors hypothesize that the more difficult the decision, the longer is the response time, and the predictive power of response time depends on difficulty.FindingsThe authors find that response time is longer in information sets with strategic uncertainty compared to those without (as expected), but the authors do not find such relationship when considering strategic dominance (contrary to the hypothesis). Response time correlates negatively with optimal decisions in information sets with a dominant strategy (contrary to the expectation) and also when decisions are obvious in the absence of strategic uncertainty (in line with the hypothesis). When there is strategic uncertainty, the authors find suggestive evidence that response time predicts optimal decisions.Research limitations/implicationsBeing a laboratory experiment, it is questionable if depositors in real life behave similarly (external validity).Practical implicationsSince episodes of bank runs are characterized by strategic uncertainty, the result that under strategic uncertainty, longer response time leads to better decisions suggests that suspension of convertibility is a useful tool to curb banking panics.Originality/valueTo the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first study concerning the relationship between response time and the optimality of decisions in a bank-run game.

Restrictions on Privacy and Exploitation in the Digital Economy: A Competition Law Perspective

The recent controversy on the intersection of competition law with the protection of privacy, following the emergence of big data and social media is a major challenge for competition authorities worldwide. Recent technological progress in data analytics may greatly facilitate the prediction of personality traits and attributes from even a few digital records of human behaviour. There are different perspectives globally as to the level of personal data protection and the role competition law may play in this context, hence the discussion of integrating such concerns in competition law enforcement may be premature for some jurisdictions. However, a market failure approach may provide common intellectual foundations for the assessment of harms associated to the exploitation of personal data, even when the specific legal system does not formally recognize a fundamental right to privacy. The paper presents a model of market failure based on a requirement provision in the acquisition of personal information from users of other products/services. We establish the economic harm from the market failure and the requirement using the traditional competition law toolbox and focusing more on situations in which the restriction on privacy may be analysed as a form of exploitation. Eliminating the requirement and the market failure by creating a functioning market for the sale of personal information is imperative. This emphasis on exploitation does not mean that restrictions on privacy may not result from exclusionary practices. However, we analyse this issue in a separate study. Besides the traditional analysis of the requirement and market failure, we note that there are typically informational asymmetries between the data controller and the data subject. The latter may not be aware that his data was harvested, in the first place, or that the data will be processed by the data controller for a different purpose or shared and sold to third parties. The exploitation of personal data may also result from economic coercion, on the basis of resource-dependence or lock-in of the user, the latter having no other choice, in order to enjoy the consumption of a specific service provided by the data controller or its ecosystem, in particular in the presence of dominance, than to consent to the harvesting and use of his data. A behavioural approach would also emphasise the possible internalities (demand-side market failures) coming out of the bounded rationality, or the fact that people do not internalise all consequences of their actions and face limits in their cognitive capacities. The paper also addresses the way competition law could engage with exploitative conduct leading to privacy harm, both for ex ante and ex post enforcement. With regard to ex ante enforcement, the paper explores how privacy concerns may be integrated in merger control as part of the definition of product quality, the harm in question being merely exploitative (the possibility the data aggregation provides to the merged entity to exploit (personal) data in ways that harm directly consumers), rather than exclusionary (harming consumers by enabling the merged entity to marginalise a rival with better privacy policies), which is examined in a separate paper. With regard to ex post enforcement, the paper explores different theories of harm that may give rise to competition law concerns and suggest specific tests for their assessment. In particular, we analyse old and new exploitative theories of harm relating to excessive data extraction, personalised pricing, unfair commercial practices and trading conditions, exploitative requirement contracts, behavioural manipulation. We are in favour of collective action to restore the conditions of a well-functioning data market and the paper makes several policy recommendations.

Gene action for quality and quantitative characters in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

The present investigation had shown the genetic analysis of different agronomic characters as well as quality traits in linseed of six parents were evaluated in 2009-10, during rabi season at Students Instructional Farm, C. S. A. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, U.P., revealed the role of both additive and non-additive gene action for all ten characters through diallel cross analysis. Average degree of dominance showed the presence of partial dominance for all the characters except iodine value which showed over dominance. The proportions of positive and negative effects in the parents were asymmetrical for all the characters. The ratio of dominant and recessive alleles in parents (KD/KR), indicated the dominant alleles were more frequent than recessive alleles for the characters, number of capsules per plant, days to maturity and iodine value in F1 and days to flower in F2 generation. Characters, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches per plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield per plant and oil content in both F1 and F2 generations showed that recessive alleles were more frequent determining the extents of genetic gain that can be made in particular direction. If the alleles present in the population are predominantly of recessive nature, the extent of genetic advance will be limited. The computed ratio of (ĥ2/Ĥ2) estimate the number of gene groups suggested the preponderance of recessive genes; however they do have dominant genes. ‘t2’ value for uniformly test for Wr, Vr interprets distribution of dominant and recessive genes among the parents by investigating the relations.

Exercise Tolerance: New Insights From Single-leg Cycling Exercise

The biological factors determining the maximal exercise capacity are typically assessed during whole-body exercise (e.g. double-leg cycling), implicitly assuming that limbs contribute homogeneously to exercise tolerance. However, given the presence of limb dominance, it is possible that the dominant leg may achieve greater peak O2 uptake (V̇O2peak) and be able to sustain greater power outputs during prolonged dynamic exercise compared to the non-dominant leg. PURPOSE: To investigate peak power output (PPO), V̇O2peak, and maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) during double-leg as well as during dominant and non-dominant and counter-weighted single-leg cycling exercise performed with the dominant and non-dominant legs. METHODS: Twelve men (30 ± 5 yrs) during 12 to 14 lab visits performed: (i) a ramp-incremental test to determine PPO, V̇O2peak, and maximal O2 extraction; and (ii) 30-min constant-load tests to determine MLSS. These tests were performed using both legs (DBL), the dominant leg only (SLd), and the non-dominant leg only (SLnd). Gas exchange variables were measured with a metabolic cart; local de-oxygenation ([HHb]) of the vastus lateralis (VL) was measured using a frequency-domain NIRS; capillary blood samples were analysed for lactate concentration ([Lac-]b). RESULTS: PPO for DBL, SLd, and SLnd was different in each condition: 329 ± 38, 181 ± 30, 168 ± 27 W, respectively (p < 0.05). V̇O2peak for DBL, SLd, and SLnd was different in each condition: 3.43 ± 0.34, 2.92 ± 0.42, 2.74 ± 0.38 L·min-1, respectively (p < 0.05). The [HHb] amplitude of the VL was greater in the dominant compared to the non-dominant leg during both DBL (18.6 ± 8.5 vs 15.4 ± 9.5 mMol) and SL (15.4 ± 9.5 vs 11.6 ± 7.7 mMol) ramp-exercise (p < 0.05). These amplitudes were highly correlated with the V̇O2peak values observed during DBL dominant and non-dominant (r = 0.86 and r=0.91, respectively), SLd (r=0.79), and SLnd (r=0.71) RI tests (p < 0.05). The PO at MLSS for DBL, SLd, and SLnd was different in each condition: 183 ± 32, 119 ± 25, and 111 ± 24 W, respectively (p < 0.05). The V̇O2, [Lac-]b, and RPE values during SLnd and SLd were similar (p > 0.05) despite this lower PO. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate a heterogeneous exercise capacity of the exercising limbs that should be considered when evaluating exercise tolerance during double-leg exercise.

Inheritance of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot disease of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Pseudocercospora cruenta (Sacc.) is an important disease affecting cowpea production in Nigeria. Understanding the genetic nature of CLS is an important step in developing an effective breeding strategy. This study investigated the inheritance of CLS disease in cowpea under natural epiphytotic field condition involving two CLS resistant parents (IT99K-573-1-1, IT99K216-24) and a CLS susceptible parent (UAM09-1055-6). The parental lines, F1, BC1P1, BC1P2, F2 and F3 generations were used to study the genetic nature and to detect SSR markers closely linked with the CLS resistance gene(s) using bulked segregant analysis (BSA). The result showed that F1 populations involving UAM09-1055-6 × IT99K-573-1-1 and UAM09-1055-6 × IT99K-216-24 were resistant to CLS in the 2 crosses suggesting the presence of gene dominance in the control of the disease. The observed segregating ratio of F2 populations fits the Mendalian ratio 3:1. The plants reaction to the disease in the backcross progeny test involving the resistant parent were all uniformly resistant, whereas those involving the susceptible parent segregated into ratio 1:1. The F3 generations, which segregated into ratio 1:2:1 further confirmed that resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene in the crosses studied. Heritability estimates varied from 81 to 97%. BSA showed that SSR marker code named RB24 of lima bean and validated on F2 population discriminated between resistance and susceptibility to CLS. Hence RB24 could be a useful marker for marker-assisted selection in CLS resistance breeding in cowpea.

Budget deficits and money creation: Exploring their relation before Bretton Woods

The sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone has rekindled the use of the North–South (core-periphery) terminology to refer to the heterogeneity of countries belonging to the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). In the gold standard literature, this geographical partition had already been employed to oppose the fiscal profligacy and subsequent problems of convertibility of southern countries against the fiscal probity and long convertibility records of their northern counterparts. We provide statistical evidence that the group of countries that, with available data for 1870–1938, exhibited convertibility problems during the classical gold standard, for this reason called the pre-WWI “sometimes-floaters”, shared a pattern of fiscal dominance. This finding for the sometimes-floaters (southern European and South American countries plus Japan) differs from the non-fiscal dominance pattern that we obtain for the pre-WWI “never-floaters” (northern Europe and North America countries) when the Great War and its aftermath years are omitted. We also show that the presence of fiscal dominance was partly due to the lower levels of tax efficiency and political stability in the South.

Combining ability and gene action studies for seed yield and its components in sesame (Sesamum Indicum L)

A line x tester analysis using two lines and ten testers was carried out to study the combining ability and gene action in sesame for seed yield and 14 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance for combining ability revealed significant differences among the mean squares due to lines were non significant for all the characters except days to 50% flowering and weight of capsules and in case of lines x testers it found significant for most of the character except days to 50% flowering, length of capsule, weight of capsule, number of capsule per leaf axil and oil content which indicated the existence of genetic diversity among the hybrids. General and specific combining ability variances showed the involvement of both type of gene actions in the inheritance of these characters. Among the lines G.Til-2 and among testers DS 21, RT 127, RT 346 and NIC 17274 were good general combiners for seed yield per plant and some of its contributing traits. The cross combination G.Til 3 × RT 127, G.Til 3 × DS 21, G.Til 3 × RT 346, G.Til 2 × RMT 175, G.Til 2 × HT 2, G.Til 2 × DS 10, G.Til 2 × RMT 166, G.Til 2 × RMT 186 and G.Til 3 × NIC 17274 showed significant and positive sca effect for seed yield per plant and involvedpoor x good, good x poor, poor x poor and good x good general combiners for majority of characters indicating the presence of dominance x additive and additive x additive type of gene interactions. These crosses have been identified as best hybrids for improving seed yield per plant and could be evaluated under different environment to confirm their superiority.

Genetic variability in segregating generations of greengram (Vigna radiata L.Wilczek) for quantitative traits.

Variability studies were carried out in the present study for eight quantitative traits such as days to first flowering, plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, total number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and single plant yield. Significant variability did exist among F2 of two crosses for all the eight quantitative characters recorded. The variation was recorded to be the highest for plant height followed by number of pods per plant. Highest GCV and PCV estimates were observed for number of pods per plant in all the three crosses. Hence direct selection based on these traits would be effective. Based on heritability and genetic advance, most of the traits except plant height and single plant yield recorded high heritability coupled with low genetic advance in all these crosses. These findings revealed presence of dominance and epitasis gene effect and the selection based on these traits may not be rewarding.

Genetic Variability and Heterosis in F1 and F2 Generations of Diallel Crosses among Seven Wheat Genotypes

In order to study the effect of heterosis and nature of genetic on plant height and yield traits were studied in a 7x7 diallel cross without reciprocals and their F2 generation in wheat to define and select an efficient and prospective material for immediate use in hybridization programs to improve grain yield of wheat in Egypt. Parents, F1 and F2 were evaluated for quantitative traits in 2016/2017 season. Significant genotype mean squares and its components (parents and crosses) were obtained for all traits in both generations. Significant heterosis in F1 generation was obtained for all studied traits. Heterosis of grain yield/plant relative to mid parent varied from 4.64 to 75.50% in F1 crosses. The P2xP3, P1xP4 and P2xP5 were the best crosses for grain yield heterosis. General (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability mean squares were significant for all traits. MS (GCA)/ MS (SCA) ratios indicated the relative importance of additive and non-additive gene action in their inheritance for all the traits. The nine crosses i.e. P1xP2, P1xP6, P2xP5, P2xP6, P4xP5, P4xP6, P5xP6 and P5xP7 had significant and positive effects in F1 and F2 generations and contained Inter-and intera-allelic interactions. Generally, no wide differences in the genetic parameters in F1 and F2 generations were detected. Highly significant and larger (in magnitude) values of dominance component (H2) than additive were obtained for all studied traits resulting in more values of (H1/D)0.5 which were more than unity in both generations. High heritability values (in a broad-sense) along with medium or low ones in narrow-sense were exhibited in both generations, indicating that most genetic variances were due to non-additive genetic effects. The regression line passed through the origin in spike length and No. of spikes/plant in F1 generation and 1000-grain weight in F2 generation, revealed a presence of complete dominance. Meanwhile, it intersects the Wr axis above the origin in plant height in both generations,1000-grain weight in F1, No of spike/plant and Spike length in F2, reflecting partial dominance.

The paradox of political dynasties of regeneration type and poverty in regional autonomy era

PurposeThis paper aims to identify some key points about the practice of political dynasties and poverty in the era of regional autonomy through literature studies.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses literature study method and is organized into three parts. The first is to elaborate reflections on regional autonomy, political dynasty and substantive poverty. The second is to decipher the reality and the practice of political dynasty in the era of regional autonomy and poverty level. The third is to analyze the political dynasty and poverty in the era of regional autonomy. The last is the policy advices.FindingsThe start of dynastic leadership began before the era of direct elections in 2005 and continued after the direct elections, so that the decentralization system provided space to build a political dynasty. Regional autonomy poses the risk of full control by local elites and the birth of local ruling elites, or it indicates the presence of local elite dominance both economically and politically in the region. The autonomy era had an impact on the decrease of poverty in the area of regeneration political dynasty. This is evidenced by the decrease in the percentage of poverty index from year to year, although not yet out of the category of poor areas (based on national index), or only 4 regions from 12 regions that belong to non-poor areas. Although the average dynasties count is able to reduce poverty each year, the income distribution in majority of the political dynasty regions is uneven.Originality/valueThis research is a preliminary study on the political dynasty of regeneration type in Indonesia which is a hot issue in the era of regional autonomy as well as can add empirical evidence about the debate about political dynasty and poverty.

Testing Fiscal Dominance Hypothesis in a Structural VAR Specification for Pakistan

Abstract This research aims to test the fiscal dominance hypothesis for Pakistan through a bivariate structural vector auto regression (SVAR) specification, covering time period 1977 – 2016. This study employs real primary deficit (non interest government expenditures minus total revenues) and real primary liabilities (sum of monetary base and domestic public debt) as indicators of fiscal measures and monetary policy respectively. A structural VAR is retrieved both for entire sample period and four sub periods (1977 – 1986, 1987 – 1997, 1998 – 2008, and 2009 – 2016). This study identifies the presence of fiscal dominance for the entire sample period and the sub period from 1987 – 2008. The estimates reveal an interesting phenomenon that fiscal dominance is significant in the elected regimes and weaker in the presence of military regimes in Pakistan. From a policy perspective, this research suggests increased autonomy of central bank to achieve long term price stability and reduced administration costs to ensure efficient democratic regime in Pakistan.

Genomic selection models for directional dominance: an example for litter size in pigs

BackgroundThe quantitative genetics theory argues that inbreeding depression and heterosis are founded on the existence of directional dominance. However, most procedures for genomic selection that have included dominance effects assumed prior symmetrical distributions. To address this, two alternatives can be considered: (1) assume the mean of dominance effects different from zero, and (2) use skewed distributions for the regularization of dominance effects. The aim of this study was to compare these approaches using two pig datasets and to confirm the presence of directional dominance.ResultsFour alternative models were implemented in two datasets of pig litter size that consisted of 13,449 and 11,581 records from 3631 and 2612 sows genotyped with the Illumina PorcineSNP60 BeadChip. The models evaluated included (1) a model that does not consider directional dominance (Model SN), (2) a model with a covariate b for the average individual homozygosity (Model SC), (3) a model with a parameter λ that reflects asymmetry in the context of skewed Gaussian distributions (Model AN), and (4) a model that includes both b and λ (Model Full). The results of the analysis showed that posterior probabilities of a negative b or a positive λ under Models SC and AN were higher than 0.99, which indicate positive directional dominance. This was confirmed with the predictions of inbreeding depression under Models Full, SC and AN, that were higher than in the SN Model. In spite of differences in posterior estimates of variance components between models, comparison of models based on LogCPO and DIC indicated that Model SC provided the best fit for the two datasets analyzed.ConclusionsOur results confirmed the presence of positive directional dominance for pig litter size and suggested that it should be taken into account when dominance effects are included in genomic evaluation procedures. The consequences of ignoring directional dominance may affect predictions of breeding values and can lead to biased prediction of inbreeding depression and performance of potential mates. A model that assumes Gaussian dominance effects that are centered on a non-zero mean is recommended, at least for datasets with similar features to those analyzed here.

Does Response Time Predict Withdrawal Decisions? Lessons From a Bank-Run Experiment

We study how response time in a laboratory experiment on bank runs affects withdrawal decisions. In our setup, the bank has no fundamental problems, depositors decide sequentially (if to keep the money in the bank or to withdraw) and may observe previous decisions depending on the information structure. We consider two levels of difficulty of decision-making conditional on the presence of strategic dominance and strategic uncertainty. We posit that i) decisions in information sets characterized by the lack of strategic dominance are more difficult than in those with strategic dominance; ii) in the latter group, decisions are more difficult when there is strategic uncertainty. We investigate how response time associates with the difficulty and optimality of withdrawal decision. We hypothesize that a) the more difficult the decision, the longer the response time; b) the predictive power of response time depends on difficulty. We find that response time is longer in information sets with strategic uncertainty compared to those without (as expected), but we do not find such relationship when considering strategic dominance (contrary to our hypothesis). Response time correlates negatively with optimal decisions in information sets with a dominant strategy (contrary to our expectation) and also when decisions are obvious in the absence of strategic uncertainty (in line with our hypothesis). When there is strategic uncertainty, we find suggestive evidence that response time predicts optimal decisions. Thus, freezing deposits for some time may be beneficial and help to avoid massive withdrawals as it lengthens response times.

GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS USING GENERATION VARIANCE IN MAIZE TRAITS

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of gene action on grain yield and yield components of maize(Zea mays L.) using generation mean analysis method for six generations (P₁, P₂, F₁,F₂, Bc₁ and Bc₂ )of two crosses of maize (H40×un44052)and (Ik8×Hs). The analysis of variance shows significant differences between generation means. Generation mean analysis revealed that the non-additive effect for plant height, No.of kernels row-1, 300- kernel weight and grain yield plant-1. In addition the result showed that complete and additive × additive variance were positive values for all traits, This is an indicator of the presence of complete dominance for those characteristics. The results indicated that the broad sense heritability values were more than the narrow sense heritability values. Positive heterosis was revealed for plant height and kernel yield plant-1 in both crosses.

Genetic Analysis of Seed Cotton Yield and its Attributes under Early and Late Plantings

THIS RESEARCH was conducted to study the effects of late planting on the performance of Egyptian cotton sensitivity to environment, and gene actions that controlling seed cotton yield/plant (SCY/P) and related traits. Half diallel crosses of eight Egyptian cotton varieties were evaluated under early and late plantings. The analysis of variance indicated significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among entries (parents and crosses) for most traits. The reduction percentin seed SCY/P caused by the stress of late planting was 17.98 and 18.25 percent for the parents and hybrids; respectively. Stress susceptibility index indicated that five parents were tolerant for SCY/P to late planting. Fifteen out of the 28 hybrids showed tolerance in SCY/P to late planting. The diallel analysis of variance indicated that both additive and dominance effects of genes were involved in the inheritance of all traits. Generally, the regression coefficient “b Wr/Vr” and the graphical analysis revealed that the inheritance of seed cotton yield/plant controlled by additive, dominance and epistatic effects of genes. The results of boll weight under the stress of late planting suggested the presence of additive, dominance and epistatic genes interaction. The genetic analysis of number of seeds/boll under late planting indicated no significance of the additive effects of genes “a item”, however, the dominance item “b” was significant (p≤ 0.01). The non-additive effects of genes were reflected in the departure of narrow from broad sense heritability. Therefore, pedigree and recurrent selection breeding methods could be effective in isolating lines adapted to late planting.

Benefits of Dominance over Additive Models for the Estimation of Average Effects in the Presence of Dominance.

In quantitative genetics, the average effect at a single locus can be estimated by an additive (A) model, or an additive plus dominance (AD) model. In the presence of dominance, the AD-model is expected to be more accurate, because the A-model falsely assumes that residuals are independent and identically distributed. Our objective was to investigate the accuracy of an estimated average effect () in the presence of dominance, using either a single locus A-model or AD-model. Estimation was based on a finite sample from a large population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), and the root mean squared error of was calculated for several broad-sense heritabilities, sample sizes, and sizes of the dominance effect. Results show that with the A-model, both sampling deviations of genotype frequencies from HWE frequencies and sampling deviations of allele frequencies contributed to the error. With the AD-model, only sampling deviations of allele frequencies contributed to the error, provided that all three genotype classes were sampled. In the presence of dominance, the root mean squared error of with the AD-model was always smaller than with the A-model, even when the heritability was less than one. Remarkably, in the absence of dominance, there was no disadvantage of fitting dominance. In conclusion, the AD-model yields more accurate estimates of average effects from a finite sample, because it is more robust against sampling deviations from HWE frequencies than the A-model. Genetic models that include dominance, therefore, yield higher accuracies of estimated average effects than purely additive models when dominance is present.

Results of the Jyväskylä research project on couple therapy for intimate partner violence: topics and strategies in successful therapy processes

AbstractDespite controversy over the indications of couple therapy for IPV, current research has indicated some benefits. This article examines some crucial aspects when dealing with couple therapy for IPV, such as how dominance and power abuse are present, and which important issues should be taken into account during the therapeutic process and be brought up in therapeutic conversations. It also proposes strategies for therapists conducting couple therapy for IPV. Ten studies conducted within the Jyväskylä research project on couple therapy for IPV were reviewed. Findings highlighted the importance of the therapists’ awareness of the presence of violence, dominance and power during the sessions, and of how cultural issues could prevent their recognition. Responsibility and couple agreement on the violent behaviour seemed especially relevant at the beginning of the treatment. Potentially useful therapeutic strategies are directedness, use of reflective dialogue, and continuous assessment.Practitioner points In couple treatment for IPV therapists should (a) actively bring up violence, responsibility and parenting, and (b) reflect on the culturally dominant understandings of IPV To regulate the presence of dominance, therapists’ directivity might promote equal distribution of talk, and increase the therapeutic alliance Therapist strategies such as multivoiced addresses, reflective dialogue and a directive approach may promote clients’ responsibility and reflexivity