Presence Of D3 Research Articles

Study the functional nanophytosome based on tannic acid and vitamin D3

The main aim of this study was to entrap a fat-soluble vitamin (D3) and Tannic acid (TA) in nanophytosomes (NPHYs) to improve their stability and controlled release. The effects of phosphatidyl choline: TA ratio (P1:T2, P1:T1, and P2:T1) and the presence of D3 on the transmission electron microscope (TEM), particle size distribution and span, zeta potential, turbidity, stability, pH, total phenolic content (TPC), encapsulation efficiency (EE), particle size, antioxidant activity and in vitro release of TA and D3 were studied. A fine dispersion with particle size less than 100 nm was achieved for all NPHYs. Based on TEM, all samples had a smooth, spherical surface and formed small vesicles. The zeta potential varied from -65.2 to -55.26 mV. The P1:T2-D sample had the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activities. Based on the thermal stability results, all samples were stable up to 50 °C. The P2:T1-D sample had the highest EE values for both D3 and TA (93.70 and 92.22%, respectively) and the lowest release rate in gastric conditions. The presence of D3 did not affect the stability of NPHYs. Therefore, the incorporation of TA and D3 in NPHYs can be considered a promising strategy in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to the improved physical and biological stabilities.

SAT477 Consumptive Hypothyroidism In A Patient With Plasma Cell Neoplasm

Abstract Disclosure: G. Sidhu: None. I. Madahar: None. A. Haider: None. J. Giordano: None. Introduction: Thyroxine (T4) is converted into metabolically active form triiodothyronine (T3) by deiodinase enzyme 1 & 2 (D1 & D2). Deiodinase 3 converts T4 and T3 into metabolically inactive form reverse T3 (rT3)& di-iodothyronine (T2) . Consumptive hypothyroidism syndrome (CHS) is a very rare form of hypothyroidism seen in patients with neoplasms, which express high levels of D3 enzyme. Case: 68-year-old female withhistory of Multiple Myeloma (MM), POEMS, hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism was admitted with acute kidney injury, cirrhosis of unclear etiology, large volume ascites and anasarca. She weighed 92 kg on admission. She was complaint with her 50 mcg of levothyroxine and on admission her TSH was 7.14 (N: 0.43-3.55 uIU/ml), Free T4 (FT4): <0.42 (N: 0.7-1.25 ng/dl), total T4 (TT4): 2.6 (N: 4.8-11.7 ug/dl), total T3 (TT3): <20 (N: 80-200 ng/dl). Oral LT4 was switched to IV form due to underlying concerns of malabsorption from anasarca. rT3 was noted to be 40 (N: 8-25 ng/dl). Despite escalated intravenous levothyroxine doses for seven days her FT4, FT3 continued to remain undetectable So her LT4 dose was increased to 75 mcg IV daily initially and eventually to 100 mcg IV daily and 125 mcg daily. On 10th day of hospitalization, after her IV LT4 dose was increased to 200 mcg daily, (almost 2.5 mcg/kg/day) her FT4 levels became detectable, 0.50, rT3: 68 and TT3: <20 and TT4: 3.1. Since her rT3 levels were noted to rise after increasing the dose of LT4, liothyronine (LT3) 5 mcg BID was added to her regimen. PET scan showed small sclerotic bone lesions suspicious for active malignancy. Chromogranin A was elevated 313 (N: <311 ng/ml). IR guided biopsy of scapular sclerotic lesion was done and specimen was sent University of Chicago to measure DI-3 activity in the specimen Pathology results were suggestive of plasma cell neoplasm but unfortunately deiodinase activity could not be quantified. Patient developed hepato-renal syndrome during hospitalization and her family decided to pursue hospice care. Discussion: Critical care illness thyroid disease is also associated with increased DI-3 activity and increases rT3, however T4 and TSH are also low in the setting of critical care illness, and most patient do not require supraphysiologic T4 replacements. The presence of D3 in normal tissues such as the brain & placenta has been hypothesized to protect tissues from the effects of excessive thyroid hormone. However, aberrant expression of the enzyme can lead to severe hypothyroidism from inactivation of both endogenously produced and exogenously administered thyroid hormone. Previously this rare syndrome was described in association with massive hemangiomas in children and in a single case of a hemangioendothelioma in an adult. However case reports in adults have been described in nonvascular tumors who required supraphysiologic doses of levothyroxine prior to the resection of a large malignant solitary fibrous tumor. Presentation Date: Saturday, June 17, 2023

UV-Stressed Daphnia pulex Increase Fitness through Uptake of Vitamin D3.

Ultraviolet radiation is known to be highly variable in aquatic ecosystems. It has been suggested that UV-exposed organisms may demonstrate enough phenotypic plasticity to maintain the relative fitness of natural populations. Our long-term objective is to determine the potential photoprotective effect of vitamin D3 on Daphnia pulex exposed to acute or chronic UV radiation. Herein we report our initial findings in this endeavor. D. pulex survival and reproduction (fitness) was monitored for 5 d as a proof of concept study. Significantly higher fitness was observed in the D. pulex with D3 than those without (most extreme effects observed were 0% survival in the absence of D3 and 100% with 10 ppm D3). Vitamin D3 was isolated from the culture media, the algal food (Pseudokirchneriella), and the D. pulex and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Vitamin D3 was fluorescently labeled using a phenothiazinium dye and added to cultures of D. pulex. Images demonstrating the uptake of D3 into the tissues and carapace of the D. pulex were acquired. Our initial findings suggest a positive role for D3 in ecosystems as both UV-stressed algae and Daphnia sequester D3, and D. pulex demonstrate increased fitness in the presence of D3.

Type-2 Iodothyronine 5′Deiodinase in Skeletal Muscle of C57Bl/6 Mice. I. Identity, Subcellular Localization, and Characterization

RT-PCR shows that mouse skeletal muscle contains type-2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) mRNA. However, the D2 activity has been hard to measure. Except for newborn mice, muscle homogenates have no detectable activity. However, we have reported D2 activity in mouse muscle microsomes. As the mRNA, activity is higher in slow- than in fast-twitch muscle. We addressed here the major problems in measuring D2 activity in muscle by: homogenizing muscle in high salt to improve yield of membranous structures; separating postmitochondrial supernatant between 38 and 50% sucrose, to eliminate lighter membranes lacking D2; washing these with 0.1 M Na(2)CO(3) to eliminate additional contaminating proteins; pretreating all buffers with Chelex, to eliminate catalytic metals; and eliminating the EDTA from the assay, as this can bind iron that enhances dithiothreitol oxidation and promotes peroxidation reactions. Maximum velocity of T(3) generation by postgradient microsomes from red muscles was approximately 1100 fmol/(h · mg) protein with a Michaelis-Menten constant for T(4) of 1.5 nM. D2-specific activity of Na(2)CO(3)-washed microsomes was 6-10 times higher. The enrichment in D2 activity increased in parallel with the capacity of microsomes to load (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase) and bind Ca(2+) (calsequestrin), indicating that D2 resides in the inner sarcoplasmic reticulum, close to the nuclei. The presence of D3 in the sarcolemma suggests that the most of D2-generated T(3) acts locally. Estimates from maximum velocity, Michaelis-Menten constant, and muscle T(4) content suggest that mouse red, type-1, aerobic mouse muscle fibers can generate physiologically relevant amounts of T(3) and, further, that muscle D2 plays an important role in thyroid hormone-dependent muscle thermogenesis.

An inflationary model in string theory

We construct a model of inflation in string theory after carefully taking into account moduli stabilization. The setting is a warped compactification of type IIB string theory in the presence of D3- and anti-D3-branes. The inflaton is the position of a D3-brane in the internal space. By suitably adjusting fluxes and the location of symmetrically placed anti-D3-branes, we show that at a point of enhanced symmetry, the inflaton potential V can have a broad maximum, satisfying the condition ${V}^{\ensuremath{''}}/V\ensuremath{\ll}1$ in Planck units. On starting close to the top of this potential the slow-roll conditions can be met. Observational constraints impose significant restrictions. As a first pass we show that these can be satisfied and determine the important scales in the compactification to within an order of magnitude. One robust feature is that the scale of inflation is low, $H=\mathcal{O}{(10}^{10})\mathrm{GeV}.$ Removing the observational constraints makes it much easier to construct a slow-roll inflationary model. Generalizations and consequences including the possibility of eternal inflation are also discussed. A more careful study, including explicit constructions of the model in string theory, is left for the future.

Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase is highly expressed in the human uteroplacental unit and in fetal epithelium.

Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3) is the major physiologic inactivator of thyroid hormone. This selenoenzyme, previously identified in human placenta and brain, catalyzes the inner-ring deiodination of T(4) to reverse T(3) and T(3) to 3, 3'-diiodothyronine, both of which are biologically inactive. We analyzed D3 expression in several human adult and fetal tissues by immunohistochemistry and correlated the results with D3 activity assays where possible. High D3 expression was present in the placental syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts, endothelium of fetal vessels, and maternal decidua. D3 was also present at other sites of maternal-fetal interface, including the umbilical arteries and vein and the fetal respiratory, digestive, and urinary tract epithelium. Surprisingly, D3 was also present in the endometrial glands of nonpregnant human uteri, and endometrial activity approximated that of term placenta. The presence of D3 at maternal-fetal interfaces is consistent with its role in modulating the thyroid status of the human fetus and its expression in endometrium suggests that local regulation of thyroid status is important in implantation.

The effect of certain surfactants on the cementation of nickel from zinc sulphate solutions by suspended zinc particles in the presence of copper

The effect of surfactants nonylphenolpolyethylene glycol (D1), dinaphthylmethane-4,4′-disulphonic acid (D2) and polyethylene glycol with molecular weight 400 (D3) on both nickel-zinc dust cementation kinetics and the structure of obtained deposits was investigated. Experiments were carried out in the presence of copper to increase the low cementation rate of nickel. The reaction of nickel cementation was found not to follow first-order kinetics due to hydrogen evolution which takes place along with the cementation reaction. Two rate regions were observed. Hydrogen evolution in the presence of D1 is lower than with D2, D3 and without surfactants. D1 and D3 decrease but D2 has no effect on nickel cementation. The influence of D1 and D3 is higher at the beginning of the process. Higher temperature improves nickel cementation only in the initial period. The structure of cementation products depends on the temperature. Uniform layers of lamellar crystallites on the surface of zinc particles were observed at 65°C with and without surfactants. At 85°C the morphology changes to massive spheroid formations of lamellar crystallites. The presence of D1 and D3 decreases both the crystallite size and deposit porosity. The lowest porosity was found in the presence of D3. The inhibition effect of D1 on the hydrogen evolution contributes to decrease in zinc consumption during the cementation of nickel.

The influence of copper on the effect of certain surfactants during the cementation of cadmium by suspended zinc particles

The influence of copper on the effect of nonylphenolpolyethylene glycol (D1), dinaphthylmethane-4,4′-disulphonic acid (D2) and polyethylene glycol with molecular weight 400 (D3) during cadmium–zinc dust cementation was investigated. The behaviour of D1, D2 and D3 was determined by comparing the results obtained with and without surfactant. It was found that in the presence of copper D1 improves, but D2 and D3 inhibit cadmium cementation. The presence of copper substantially changes the effect of D1 and D3 which becomes opposite to the effect of these surfactants in the absence of copper. The addition of copper has no effect on the influence of D2. SEM study of cementation products indicates a change of deposit structure in the presence of copper. The addition of copper causes the formation of coarser deposits. Morphology of cementation products changes from a completely compact layer in the presence of D1 to a porous layer in the presence of both copper and D1 which corresponds to the cementation kinetics results. The addition of copper enhances dendrite formation in the presence of D2 and contributes to the formation of clusters in the presence of D3. Dendrite formation in the presence of D2 probably increases hydrogen evolution which inhibits cadmium deposition. The addition of D1 to the zinc sulphate solution containing copper and cadmium increases co-deposition of these impurities during the cementation by suspended zinc particles.

The effect of certain surfactants on the cementation of copper by suspended zinc particles

The effect of the surfactants nonylphenolpolyethylene glycol (D1), dinaphthylmethane-4,4′-disulphonic acid (D2) and polyethylene glycol with molecular weight 400 (D3) on copper-zinc dust cementation kinetics, as well as on the structure of the copper deposits was investigated, varying the temperature and the concentration of the surfactants. In the presence of surfactants D1, D2 and D3 the reaction of copper cementation did not follow first-order kinetics. It was found that D1 improves but D2 and D3 inhibit the cementation of copper. A SEM study of copper deposits obtained in the presence of D1, D2 and D3 revealed the formation of a uniform layer of copper on the surface of zinc particles. The lowest deposit porosity was observed in the presence of D3, which corresponded to the highest decrease in the rate of copper cementation obtained in the presence of this surfactant. The results show that the addition of D1 to the solution during the zinc dust cementation stage increases the amount of copper deposition.