Presence Of Clumps Research Articles

Searching for protostars

We present molecular-line observations of young stellar objects (YSOs) suspected to be protostars in the main accretion phase. The aim of this work is to define a list of the best protostellar candidates to be observed in the near future with the ISO spectrometers with the precise scope of searching for the final proof of the infall, theHoly Grail of astrophysics. The sources were mapped in the CS 3»2 and CO 3»2 lines; our data were used to investigate the presence of clumps of materials around these objects and the amount of this material, as well as to detect outflows associated with these objects that would enormously complicate the interpretation of further dynamics studies. Only one of our sources suspected to be protostars resulted to have a good chance of being in the accretion phase and to deserve further spectroscopic measurements.

Interobserver variation in the assessment of the sampling quality of cervical smears

In order to assess the interobserver variation among cytological assistants in evaluating the sampling quality of cervical smears, all four laboratory assistants from one cytological department examined the same set of 71 smears. They assessed the presence of endocervical cells, the quality of fixation, the number of cells and the undesirable presence of clumps of cells. The interobserver agreement, uncorrected for chance, varied from 73 to 93% for the presence of endocervical cells and from 86 to 100% for the three other criteria. For the presence of endocervical cells, the kappa values, a measure for the interobserver agreement corrected for chance, varied from 42 to 84%. This is a reasonable outcome. For the three other criteria many kappa values were zero or uncalculable. The interobserver agreement in evaluating the sampling quality of cervical smears is reasonable to good, but not perfect. Prudence in the interpretation of quality data is warranted.

Some Observations on the Basic Viscosity of Ice Cream Mixes

Summary These results tend to show that a particular method of mechanical agitation of ice cream mixes reduces their viscosity by a partial splitting of fat clumps, to a constant low viscosity, attainable under the conditions of agitation, but the size of clumps and the viscosity can be reduced still further by more vigorous mechanical treatment as when the mix is subsequently run through the homogenizer at low pressure. The presence of clumps in ice cream mixes which have been agitated for basic viscosity determinations is a point which has apparently not been given serious consideration. Different conditions of agitation may vary in their effectiveness in splitting clumps and introduce a variable factor in the magnitude of the basic viscosity secured. Basic viscosity, as the term is now used for ice cream mixes, applies to a value secured under specified conditions and it is not a correct minimum value from the viewpoint of the lowest viscosity that might be present without fat clusters.