Presence Of Bacteria In Urine Research Articles

Evaluation of Standard Wire Loop Method in Determination of Significant Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women in Ekpoma

Standard wire loop method is a time-tested method for UTI diagnosis. The term "bacteriuria" means the presence of bacteria in urine. It may result from contamination during or after collection of urine or it may indicate the presence of bacteria in the bladder urine. There are several cultural quantitative techniques for determining bacteriuria but standard wire loop method is the most popular method though relatively simple and cheap. This study was carried out to evaluate the standard wire loop method for determination of significant bacteriuria among pregnant women in Ekpoma. A total of one hundred (100) early morning mid-stream urine samples from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Ekpoma and environs were collected aseptically using sterile, wide-mouthed, leak-proof universal bottles. Microscopic examination was carried out to detect the presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, red blood cells, yeast cells, crystals, parasites, bacteria and casts. Undiluted urine, 1:10and 1:1000 diluted urine samples were aseptically inoculated into blood agar and MacConkey agar using the Standard Loop method and compared with Miles and Mirsa method, it was incubated at 370C aerobically for 24 hours. After incubation colonies were counted and isolates identified by standard biochemical methods. Colony count of ≥105 CFU per ml were considered as significant growth. In vitro antibiotics susceptibility of bacterial isolates was determined using disc diffusion technique. The data generated was analyzed statistically using the chi-squared statistics to ascertain the significance of the results. Out of 100 urine samples collected 39(39%) samples yielded significant bacterial growth, while 61(61%) of the samples had no significant bacterial growth or no growth with higher prevalence in age group <25 years which is a sexually active group than in other age group ≤35 years which had incidence rate of 12 (25%). Standard loop method gave false positive rates of 4/35 (11.4%) and false negative rates of 4/36 (11.1%). The standard loop was found to have a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 88.9% and identical results in 76.3% of the samples. To reduce bacteriuria and consequently prevent UTIs, it is necessary to take the precautions by doing regular routine check-ups and appropriate treatment. For large scale urine surveys the method chosen should be reasonably accurate, fast and simple to use. The materials required should be minimal, stable and easily transported. It is recommended that the method of choice for most laboratories is the standard loop method.

YELLOW RoUTIne prospective cohort study protocol: insight in the dynamics of bacteria in the elderly bladder

BackgroundAsymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) – the presence of bacteria in urine without urinary tract infection (UTI) related signs & symptoms (S&S) – is common in the elderly bladder and is not considered pathogenic for UTI. We hypothesise that colonisation with non-uropathogenic bacteria could protect the bladder from invasion of more harmful bacteria. The exact role and dynamics of bacteriuria in the relation to the development of a UTI is still unknown. We aim to provide insight into the course of bacteriuria in the elderly bladder and its relation to UTI in frail older adults.Methods and analysisA prospective observational cohort study is being conducted in Dutch nursing homes (NHs) between February 2024 and December 2025. Urine samples and case report forms (CRF) on UTI-related S&S will be collected from each consenting NH resident every 3 months for a follow-up period of 18 months. Whenever a UTI-suspicion occurs in between the 3 monthly time points, additional data and a urine sample will be collected. Urine samples undergo several urinalyses (e.g. dipstick and bacterial culture). Additional molecular analysis will be conducted on a selection of cultured Escherichia coli (E. coli) for virulence genes.Primary analyses will be conducted between residents with and without ASB at each time point. The primary outcome is UTI incidence during follow-up. In secondary analyses we will also take into account the low versus high presence of virulence genes of the E. coli.DiscussionThe combination of high ASB prevalence and a reduced ability of frail older adults to express UTI-related S&S may lead to UTI misdiagnosis and inappropriate antibiotic use. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the dynamics and role of bacteriuria in the elderly bladder and their potential protective effect on the development of UTI.The study findings with comprehensive analysis of epidemiological, clinical and molecular data could set the fundamental base for future guidelines and studies, and contribute to improving prevention, diagnosis and treatment of UTI in frail older adults, in addition to contributing to antibiotic stewardship in NHs.

Epidemiological Study and Clinical Presentation of Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an immune response of the urothelium to bacterial invasion, bacteriuria (presence of bacteria in urine) and pyuria (presence of white blood cells in urine) are characteristic indicators of UTI. Prompt and effective management of UTIs is crucial to prevent complications, such as kidney infections and recurrent infections, and to alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and minimize antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, antibiotic resistance, medical treatment, causative agents, diagnosis, and prevention of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Sulaymaniah city. A total of 60 patients from Sulaymaniah Teaching Hospital were included in the study. The most commonly diagnosed conditions were acute pyelonephritis and cystitis. Various evaluations were conducted, including history taking, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Mid-stream urine samples were collected for culture and sensitivity analysis.The duration of symptoms such as dysuria, fever, and frequency varied, ranging from 1 to 3 days. During medical examinations, suprapubic tenderness was the most commonly observed finding. Dysuria was reported as the predominant symptom by 19 patients. The majority of patients fell within the age range of 21-40 years. The study findings indicated a higher prevalence of UTIs among females. The most frequently identified causative microorganism was Escherichia coli (E. coli), which accounted for approximately 90% of cases. Gentamycin emerged as the most commonly used antibiotic due to its effectiveness against E. coli. The high prevalence of antibiotic resistance among other pathogens necessitates ongoing surveillance and appropriate antibiotic stewardship to combat UTIs effectively. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the incidence, antibiotic resistance, and management of UTIs in Sulaymaniah city. It emphasizes the need for tailored treatment approaches considering the prevalent causative agents and their susceptibility patterns.

Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Pregnant Women Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western India

Introduction: Asymptomatic bacteriuria refers to the presence of bacteria in urine having overall incidence during pregnancy ranges between 2%-10%. The study was conducted to assess prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. The study also aimed to find out the most common Pathogenic organism isolates from urine sample.
 Methodology: Pregnant women with varying gestational periods attending the tertiary care hospital without any symptoms of UTI were included in the study. Their urine was tested for routine microscopy, culture, and certain biochemical testing.
 Results: Prevalence rate of asymptomatic bacteriuria was seen 13.8% in pregnant women. Proportion of asymptomatic bacteriuria is highest 14.70% in age group 26-30 year, 23.33% in first trimester. Both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria were isolated, but gram-positive cocci isolates were higher comparatively gram-negative bacilli. Organisms recovered in order of frequency were E. coli, Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CONS), S. aureus, Klebsiella spp, Acinetobacter spp, Citrobacter spp and Enterobacter spp.
 Conclusion: High prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria demands routine bacteriological screening of pregnant women. This will help in early treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria which will help in prevention of acute and chronic pyelonephritis.

Diagnostic stewardship for urinary tract infection: A snapshot of the expert guidance.

The urine culture, the cornerstone for laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI), is associated with a high frequency of false-positive and false-negative results, and its diagnostic threshold is debated. Urine culture takes days to result, and antibiotics are often initiated while awaiting final culture readings. Further, asymptomatic bacteriuria-the presence of bacteria in urine in the absence of UTI symptoms-generally does not warrant treatment. The authors review current expert guidance on the use of urine culture, including approaches to ordering, processing, and reporting of urine cultures, with the goal of reducing unnecessary antibiotic use and misdiagnosis of UTI.

Prevalence of bacteriuria in cats with neurogenic bladder

Urinary tract infections are defined as the adherence, multiplication, and persistence of an infectious agent within the urogenital system, causing an associated inflammatory response and clinical signs; instead, the presence of bacteria in urine as determined by positive bacterial culture (PUC) from a properly collected urine specimen, in the absence of clinical signs, is defined subclinical bacteriuria. Limited information on the prevalence of PUC in spinal cord injury cats affected by neurogenic bladder (NB) is available. On contrary, in NB dogs and humans the prevalence of bacteriuria is well documented. Moreover, whilein humans information about bacteriemia associated with NB is already available, this aspect has never been studied in NB cats. The aim of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of PUC in cats with NB, compared toanimals affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) and healthy cats. Furthermore, the prevalence of bacteriemia in cats with NB was evaluated. Fifty-one cats met the inclusion criteria: 12 cats were affected by NB, 22 had CKD and 17 were healthy. The prevalence of PUC was 58.33% and 18% in NB and CKD cat populations, respectively. All blood cultures were negative. The incomplete bladder emptying and the decreased resistance in the bladder wall could be considered predisposing elements to PUC in the NB feline population. The results of this study highlight, for the first time, an high prevalence of PUC in cats affected by NB, which was not found to be associated with bacteriemia.

Microbiomes of Urine and the Prostate Are Linked to Human Prostate Cancer Risk Groups

BackgroundBacteria play a suspected role in the development of several cancer types, and associations between the presence of particular bacteria and prostate cancer have been reported. ObjectiveTo provide improved characterisation of the prostate and urine microbiome and to investigate the prognostic potential of the bacteria present. Design, setting, and participantsMicrobiome profiles were interrogated in sample collections of patient urine (sediment microscopy: n = 318, 16S ribosomal amplicon sequencing: n = 46; and extracellular vesicle RNA-seq: n = 40) and cancer tissue (n = 204). Outcome measurements and statistical analysisMicrobiomes were assessed using anaerobic culture, population-level 16S analysis, RNA-seq, and whole genome DNA sequencing. Results and limitationsWe demonstrate an association between the presence of bacteria in urine sediments and higher D’Amico risk prostate cancer (discovery, n = 215 patients, p < 0.001; validation, n = 103, p < 0.001, χ2 test for trend). Characterisation of the bacterial community led to the (1) identification of four novel bacteria (Porphyromonas sp. nov., Varibaculum sp. nov., Peptoniphilus sp. nov., and Fenollaria sp. nov.) that were frequently found in patient urine, and (2) definition of a patient subgroup associated with metastasis development (p = 0.015, log-rank test). The presence of five specific anaerobic genera, which includes three of the novel isolates, was associated with cancer risk group, in urine sediment (p = 0.045, log-rank test), urine extracellular vesicles (p = 0.039), and cancer tissue (p = 0.035), with a meta-analysis hazard ratio for disease progression of 2.60 (95% confidence interval: 1.39–4.85; p = 0.003; Cox regression). A limitation is that functional links to cancer development are not yet established. ConclusionsThis study characterises prostate and urine microbiomes, and indicates that specific anaerobic bacteria genera have prognostic potential. Patient summaryIn this study, we investigated the presence of bacteria in patient urine and the prostate. We identified four novel bacteria and suggest a potential prognostic utility for the microbiome in prostate cancer.

Estimation of IL-6 and IL-8 in the Urine and Serum of Children with Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the presence of bacteria in urine along with symptoms of infection.UTIs occurs in 1.1% of girls and 1.4% of boys in the first year of life. The aim of the study was to assessthe usefulness of measurement of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 and IL -8 concentrations in the urineand serum of children with UTI. A total of Eighty serum sample and seventy tow urine sample have beencollected from children with urinary tract infection, Their age ranged between 33days- 12 years old, fifty sixchildren of the same age collected as controls .Urine and serum IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations of both groupswere measured and compared. Urine and serum concentrations of IL -8 were significantly higher in childrenwith UTI compared with controls group (P = 0.0001, P = 0.0002) respectively, while there was no significantdifferent in urine and serum concentration of IL-6 of children with UTI and controls group(P = 0.1199 , P=0.572) respectively. The results demonstrate that IL-8 is a good biomarker for urinary tract infection, whileIL-6 is not.

Evaluation of a Novel Light Scattering Methodology for the Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria in Urine.

Urine culture, the gold standard for detecting and identifying bacteria in urine, is one of the highest volume tests in many microbiology laboratories. The inability to accurately predict which patients would benefit from culture leads not only to monopolization of laboratory resources, but also to unnecessary antimicrobial exposure as patients receive empirical treatment for suspected or presumed urinary tract infections (UTI) while awaiting culture results. A common approach to decrease unnecessary urine culture is screening samples using urinalysis (UA) parameters to determine those that should proceed to culture (reflex). In this study, we compared the performance of a novel uropathogen detection method to urinalysis for purposes of UTI screening. Urine specimens submitted for culture (n = 194) were evaluated by urinalysis and a novel light scattering device (BacterioScan 216Dx UTI System) capable of detecting the presence of bacteria in urine. Sensitivity and specificity for prediction of a positive urine culture by UA and 216Dx were determined relative to urine culture results. A positive urine culture was defined as growth in culture of one or two uropathogens at concentrations of ≥50,000 CFU/mL. 194 urine samples were evaluated by UA, 216Dx, and urine culture. The 216Dx demonstrated a 100% [95%CI: 88.43%-100.0%] sensitivity and 81.71% [95%CI: 74.93%-87.30%] specificity for the detection of bacteriuria, vs UA with a sensitivity of 86.67% [95%CI 69.28%-96.24%] and specificity of 71.95% [95%CI: 64.41%-78.68%] when compared to urine culture (diagnostic reference method). BacterioScan allows for an alternative method of screening with satisfactory sensitivity and improved specificity that may facilitate a reduction of unnecessary cultures. Additional studies are required to determine if a concomitant decrease in inappropriate antibiotic use can be realized with the 216Dx technology.

BAKTERIURIA BEZOBJAWOWA U KOBIET W CIĄŻY

Bacteriuria is a presence of bacteria in urine. It may remain asymptomatic or elicit acute, symptomatic urinary tract infection. In pregnancy, due to physiological changes in the woman organism it increases risk of serious infectious and obstetric complications and therefore requires a different approach than in general population.

Subclinical bacteriuria in a mixed population of 179 middle-aged and elderly cats: a prospective cross-sectional study.

Subclinical bacteriuria (SBU) is the presence of bacteria in urine with no clinical evidence of lower urinary tract disease. The aims of this study were to investigate if being overweight and/or obesity predispose cats to SBU, to investigate previously reported risk factors and to determine the prevalence of SBU in a prospectively sampled cohort of middle-aged and elderly cats. Cats aged ⩾6 years presenting to the University Hospital for Companion Animals in Copenhagen from 2015-2019 for causes unrelated to the lower urinary tract were eligible for enrolment. Body condition scoring was performed on a 9-point scale. Overweight was defined as a body condition score (BCS) ⩾6 and obese as a BCS ⩾8. The correlation between SBU and the variables of sex, healthy/diseased, age, BCS and comorbidities (chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hepatic disorders and gastrointestinal disease) were analysed by binominal logistic regression. In total, 179 cats ranging from 6-20 (median 10) years of age were included. SBU was identified in 11/179 cats (6.1%). Being overweight was not a significant risk factor (overweight/obese odds ratio [OR] 0.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06-1.6, relative risk [RR] 0.3 [95% CI 0.05-1.3] vs lean; P = 0.2) and neither was obesity compared with lean and overweight cats (P = 0.99). Female sex (OR 6.2 [95% CI 1.3-30], RR 4.7 [95% CI 1.5-12] vs male; P = 0.02) and the presence of hepatic disease (OR 7.5 [95% CI 1.4-39], RR 5.3 [95% CI 1.3-12]; P = 0.02) were significant risk factors. The prevalence of SBU in cats is low, and being overweight/obese was not identified as a predisposing factor. The increased risk associated with hepatic disease has not been previously reported, and further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

No. 276-Management of Group B Streptococcal Bacteriuria in Pregnancy.

To provide information regarding the management of group B streptococcal (GBS) bacteriuria to midwives, nurses, and physicians who are providing obstetrical care. The outcomes considered were neonatal GBS disease, preterm birth, pyelonephritis, chorioamnionitis, and recurrence of GBS colonization. Medline, PubMed, and the Cochrane database were searched for articles published in English to December 2010 on the topic of GBS bacteriuria in pregnancy. Bacteriuria is defined in this clinical practice guideline as the presence of bacteria in urine, regardless of the number of colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL). Low colony counts refer to <100 000 CFU/mL, and high (significant) colony counts refer to ≥100 000 CFU/mL. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and relevant observational studies. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to February 2011. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. Recommendations were quantified using the evaluation of evidence guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table). The recommendations in this guideline are designed to help clinicians identify pregnancies in which it is appropriate to treat GBS bacteriuria to optimize maternal and perinatal outcomes, to reduce the occurrences of antibiotic anaphylaxis, and to prevent increases in antibiotic resistance to GBS and non-GBS pathogens. No cost-benefit analysis is provided.

Incidence of Bacteriuria after Urodynamic Study with or without Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Women with Urinary Incontinence.

Introduction The presence of bacteria in urine is called bacteriuria, which may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. The manipulation of the urinary tract during urodynamic study (UDS), which is an invasive procedure, can result in urinary tract infection (UTI). Studies on the use of prophylactic antibiotics for UDSs are contradictory. Some investigators concluded that they were valuable and others did not. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before UDS. This is a placebo-control randomized double-blind study. Methods Two-hundred and seventeen women affected by urinary incontinence were eligible for this study. All patients had presented negative urine culture previous to the UDS. They were randomized in four groups: group A received placebo, group B received 500 mg of levofloxacin, group C received 80 mg trimethoprim and 400 mg sulfamethoxazole and group D received 100 mg of nitrofurantoin. A urine culture was performed 14 days after the UDS. Results We observed asymptomatic bacteriuria after the UDS in five patients in group A, one in group B, one in group C and one in group D. Only one patient on group A had symptomatic bacteriuria. We didn't observe statistical difference between the groups. When we recategorized the patients in two groups, the incidence of bacteriuria was significantly higher in the placebo group compared with the antibiotic group. Conclusion The conclusion is that antibiotic prophylaxis before the UDS did not reduce the incidence of UTI in women within the target population.

Prevalence, aetiology and antibiotic sensitivity profile of asymptomatic bacteriuria isolates from pregnant women in selected antenatal clinic from Nairobi, Kenya.

IntroductionAsymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is the presence of bacteria in urine without apparent symptoms of urinary tract infections. The importance of asymptomatic bacteriuria lies in the insight it provides into symptomatic infections. To determine prevalence, bacterial isolates and Antibiotic Sensitivity Profile of asymptomatic bacterial urinary tract infection in pregnant women in selected clinics in Nairobi.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving women attending antenatal clinic at selected clinics of Nairobi County. The women who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The midstream urine samples of these women were subjected to microscopy, culture and sensitivity.ResultsA total of 1020 of women on their first antenatal clinic visit participated in the study; 219 of them had ASB, giving a prevalence of 21.5 % at 95% confidence level. Escherichia coli were the common organism isolated at 38.8%. The majority of the organisms were sensitive to imipenem and gentamycin.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of ASB among pregnant women included in the study from the Nairobi county clinics. Therefore, routine ASB screening of pregnant women is recommended among the women attending antennal clinics in Nairobi county clinics.

Correction: The Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Iranian Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158031.].

Genome Sequences of 12 Bacterial Isolates Obtained from the Urine of Pregnant Women.

The presence of bacteria in urine can pose significant risks during pregnancy. However, there are few reference genome strains for many common urinary bacteria. We isolated 12 urinary strains of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Citrobacter, Gardnerella, and Lactobacillus. These strains and their genomes are now available to the research community.

The Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Iranian Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BackgroundAsymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is defined as the presence of bacteria in urine without having signs and symptoms. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the overall prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among Iranian pregnant women.MethodsMajor national and international databases were searched up to November 2015, including Scientific Information Database, MagIran, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct and Ovid. The checklist of the STROBE statement was used for evaluating the quality of reporting. The extracted data were analyzed and the results were reported using a random-effects model with 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsFrom 3709 obtained studies, 20 included in the meta-analysis, which involved 15108 pregnant women. The overall prevalence of ASB was 0.13 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.17). The prevalence of ASB in the northern and southern regions of Iran was 0.13 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.18) and 0.11 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.16), respectively.ConclusionPrevalence of ASB among Iranian pregnant women is considerable. Due to the complications of ASB for pregnant women and their children, preventative planning and control of ASB among pregnant women in Iran is necessary.

The Basics of Bacteriuria: Strategies of Microbes for Persistence in Urine.

Bacteriuria, the presence of bacteria in urine, is associated with asymptomatic, as well as symptomatic, urinary tract infection (UTI). Bacteriuria underpins some of the dynamics of microbial colonization of the urinary tract, and probably impacts the progression and persistence of infection in some individuals. Recent molecular discoveries in vitro have elucidated how some key bacterial traits can enable organisms to survive and grow in human urine as a means of microbial fitness adaptation for UTI. Several microbial characteristics that confer bacteruric potential have been identified including de novo synthesis of guanine, relative resistance to D-serine, and catabolism of malic acid. Microbial characteristics such as these are increasingly being defined through the use of synthetic human urine (SHU) in vitro as a model to mimic the in vivo environment that bacteria encounter in the bladder. There is considerable variation in the SHU model systems that have been used to study bacteriuria to date, and this influences the utility of these models. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of bacteruric potential with a focus on the specific mechanisms underlying traits that promote the growth of bacteria in urine. We also review the application of SHU in research studies modeling UTI and discuss the chemical makeup, and benefits and limitations that are encountered in utilizing SHU to study bacterial growth in urine in vitro.

Study of clinical profile and risk factors associated with febrile urinary tract infection in preschool children

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a term applied to a variety of clinical conditions ranging from asymptomatic presence of bacteria in the urine to severe infection of the kidney with resultant sepsis. According to The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines, urinary tract infection is defined by a combination of clinical features and the presence of bacteria in urine. The risk factors of UTI are age, gender, constipation, lack of circumcision, not taking anthelmintic and lack of toilet training. Methods: This was across sectional study conducted on febrile preschool children, aged 3 to 6 years, who attended the outpatient department of Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur. Children with symptoms suggestive of UTI were enrolled, and a written informed consent was obtained from the parents. They were then interviewed using structured questionnaire for UTI. Results: Out of 194 febrile preschool children, 21 cases were diagnosed to have UTI. Of the 194 cases, 102 (52.6%) were females and 92 (47.42%) were male. Out of 21 urine culture positive cases 14 (66.6%) were females and 7 (33.33%) were males. Occurrence of UTI was 7.6% in febrile males, 13.72% in febrile females and had the estimated overall occurrence is 10.8%. Fever was present in all the cases. Besides fever, 47.62% children had increased frequency, 42.86% had excessive crying while micturition and 38.10% had chills and rigors. Foul smelling urine was present in 33.33% of children while 23.81% had abdominal pain. Out of 92 male children studied 16 (17.39%) males had phimosis, of which 2 (12.5%) developed urinary tract infections. Constipation was seen in 3 (14.29%) children with UTI. Worm infestation was seen in 5 (23.81%) children with UTI. Conclusions: Children with urinary tract infections usually present with nonspecific symptoms and signs and hence a urine analysis and culture should always be part of an initial diagnostic evaluation of urinary tract infections. Female sex, constipation, not taking anthelmintic, lack of toilet training and phimosis are significant risk factors for febrile urinary tract infection in children.

Pattern of Antibiotic prescription in Urinary tract Infection

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very commonly noted entity in clinical practice. UTI is defined as the presence of bacteria in urine along with symptoms of infection. Antimicrobials are used commonly for urinary tract infection. But if they are used irrationally then it increase chances of resistance of bacteria as well as increase in duration of morbidity and total cost of therapy. This study was conducted to see the antibiotics utilization pattern. Material and Methods: Case sheets diagnosed with UTI were collected from medical records department (MRD). The demographic data and prescription pattern of each case sheet were evaluated. The data obtained was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using Microsoft excel. Result: Out of 47 cases studied all were females. The age of the patient in the present study ranged from 20 - 88 years. Out of the 47, 15 were pregnant women. Culture and sensitivity was done in only 3 (6.38%) cases of UTI and Ecoli was isolated in two patients and in one was sterile. Out of the total case records analyzed, antibiotics were not prescribed in 3 (6.39%) cases. Rest received antibiotics (93.61%). The World Health Organization (WHO) indicators (utilization in defined daily doses (DDD); DDD/1000inhibitant/day) were used and the ATC/DDD method was implemented. Conclusion: The DDD/1000inhabitant/day of ceftriaxone was the highest (7.74), followed by cefotaxime (3.7). All the pregnant women received 3rd generation cephalosporin’s, which can be safely used during pregnancy