Presence Of Bacteria In Urine Research Articles

Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Ante-Natal Clients in a Large Teaching Hospital in Ghana.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria, the presence of bacteria in urine without symptoms of acute urinary tract infection, predisposes pregnant women to the development of urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis, with an attendant pregnancy related complications. To measure the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among ante-natal clients at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana and its' associated risk factors. A cross-sectional study involving 274 antenatal clients was conducted over a period of 4 weeks. A face to face questionnaire was completed and midstream urine collected for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 5.5%. It was associated with sexual activity during pregnancy (Fisher's Exact 5.871, p-value 0.0135), but not with sexual frequency. There were no significant associations with educational status, parity, gestational age, marital status and the number of foetuses carried. The commonest organism isolated was Enterococcus spp (26.7%) although the enterobacteriaceae formed the majority of isolated organisms (46.7%). Nitrofurantoin was the antibiotic with the highest sensitivity to all the isolated organisms. The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among ante-natal clients at this large teaching hospital in Ghana is 5.5%, which is lower than what has been found in other African settings. Enterococcus spp was the commonest causative organism. However, due to the complications associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria, a policy to screen and treat- all pregnant women attending the hospital, is worth considering.

Smartphone-based, sensitive µPAD detection of urinary tract infection and gonorrhea.

The presence of bacteria in urine can be used to monitor the onset or prognosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) and some sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhea. Typically, bacteria's presence in urine is confirmed by culturing samples overnight on agar plates, followed by a microscopic examination. Additionally, the presence of Escherichia coli in a urine sample can be indirectly confirmed through assaying for nitrite (generated by reducing nitrate in urine), however this is not sufficiently specific and sensitive. Species/strains identification of bacteria in a urine sample provides insight to appropriate antibiotic treatment options. In this work, a microfluidic paper analytical device (µPAD) was designed and fabricated for evaluating UTI (E. coli) and STD (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) from human urine samples. Anti-E. coli or anti-N. gonorrhoeae antibodies were conjugated to submicron particles then pre-loaded and dried in the center of each paper microfluidic channel. Human urine samples (undiluted) spiked with E. coli or N. gonorrhoeae were incubated for 5 min with 1% Tween 80. The bacteria-spiked urine samples were then introduced to the inlet of paper microfluidic channel, which flowed through the channel by capillary force. Data confirms that proteins were not filtered by μPAD, which is essential for this assay. Urobilin, the component responsible for the yellow appearance of urine and green fluorescence emission, was filtered by μPAD, resulting in significantly minimized false-positive signals. This filtration was simultaneously made during the μPAD assay and no pretreatment/purification step was necessary. Antibody-conjugated particles were immunoagglutinated at the center of the paper channel. The extent of immunoagglutination was quantified by angle-specific Mie scatter under ambient lighting conditions, utilizing a smartphone camera as a detector. The total μPAD assay time was less than 30s. The detection limit was 10 CFU/mL for both E. coli and N. gonorrhoeae, while commercially available gonorrhea rapid kit showed a detection limit of 10(6) CFU/mL. A commercially available nitrite assay test strip also had a detection limit of 10(6) CFU/mL, but this method is not antibody-based and thus not sufficiently specific. By optimizing the particle concentration, we were also able to extend the linear range of the assay up to 10(7) CFU/mL. The proposed prototype will serve as a low-cost, point-of-care, sensitive urinalysis biosensor to monitor UTI and gonorrhea from human urine.

Urinary Tract Infection Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance A Retrospective Study in Basra Governorate, Iraq

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) is one of the most common infectious diseases, due to presence of bacteria in urine together with symptoms, and sometimes signs, of inflammation like frequent micturation, dysuria, pyuria, nucturia, fever, and haematuria, most commonly occurring in women. Antimicrobial agents are among the most frequently prescribed drugs for UTIS, in other hand the high consumption of often inappropriately prescribed antibiotics combined with crowding, multiple pathology and frequent uses of invasive devices are the major factors contributing to high level resistance.This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of microorganisms in UTIs and the pattern of antimicrobial utilization and their susceptibility also the risk of difference in sex on UTIs in Basra, Iraq.The study was conducted at the urology wards in Al-Basra General Hospital, Al- Fayhaa General Hospital, Alsader Teaching Hospital and Al-Mowani General Hospital in Basra, Iraq, where the data collected after getting approval from the institutional ethical committee. Ninety patients were included and accepted. The sensitivity results from the files were further confirmed by reviewing the hospital laboratory archives.This study showed a high prevalence of UTIs in female compared to male. Among the culture positive, patients had E. coli (higher percent) and remaining had Pseudomonas Spp.,Proteus Spp., Klebsiella Spp, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus Spp. infections.Regarding antibiotic sensitivity pattern, the pathogens showed more sensitivity to imipenem followed by amikacin and less frequency to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and amoxiclave,while the lowest sensitivity were shown in co-trimoxazole and cefotaxime. In conclusion E.coli is the most important cause of UTIs in Basra, Iraq with highprevalence ratio in females. Imipenem and amikacin are the first line drugs irrespective of the causative agent for UTIs., while cefotaxime and co-trimoxazole resistance are very high.

Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnant Women

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is the significant presence of bacteria in urine of an individual without symptoms. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. This study was a prospective study conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. The duration of the study was six months from January to June 2012. A total of 600 pregnant women were enrolled. All women were clinically identified to have no signs and symptoms of UTI. Clean catch midstream urine sample was collected from each patient into a sterile vial. The urine samples were examined for microscopic and culture sensitivity test. Out of 600 pregnant women, 52 were positive for significant bacteriuria with a prevalence rate of 8.7%. There was a significant difference in prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria with respect to trimester (p=0.005). Age did not show any significant difference in the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (p=0.807). There was not any significant difference in the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria with respect to parity (p=0.864) and booking status (p=0.397). Escherichia coli (35%), Acinetobacter species (15%), Enterococcus species (12%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%) were the common isolates. Most of the isolates were sensitive either to Nitrofurantoin, Norfloxacin or Amikacin. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in pregnancy. Urine culture sensitivity should be carried out routinely on all pregnant patients in order to prevent the dangerous complications associated with it.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria: prevalence rates of causal microorganisms, etiology of infection in different patient populations, and recent advances in molecular detection

Bacteriuria, or the presence of bacteria in urine, is associated with both asymptomatic and symptomatic urinary tract infection and underpins much of the dynamic of microbial colonization of the urinary tract. The prevalence of bacteriuria in dissimilar patient groups such as healthy adults, institutionalized elderly, pregnant women, and immune-compromised patients varies widely. In addition, assessing the importance of 'significant bacteriuria' in infected individuals represents a diagnostic challenge, partly due to various causal microorganisms, and requires careful consideration of the distinct etiologies of bacteriuria in different populations and circumstances. Recent molecular discoveries have revealed how some bacterial traits can enable organisms to grow in human urine, which, as a fitness adaptation, is likely to influence the progression of bacteriuria in some individuals. In this review, we comprehensively analyze currently available data on the prevalence of causal organisms with a focus on asymptomatic bacteriuria in dissimilar populations. We evaluate recent advances in the molecular detection of bacteriuria from a diagnostic viewpoint and briefly discuss the potential benefits and some of the challenges of these approaches. Overall, this review provides an update on the comparative prevalence and etiology of bacteriuria from both microbiological and clinical perspectives.

Management of Group B Streptococcal Bacteriuria in Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo provide information regarding the management of group B streptococcal (GBS) bacteriuria to midwives, nurses, and physicians who are providing obstetrical care. OutcomesThe outcomes considered were neonatal GBS disease, preterm birth, pyelonephritis, chorioamnionitis, and recurrence of GBS colonization. EvidenceMedline, PubMed, and the Cochrane database were searched for articles published in English to December 2010 on the topic of GBS bacteriuria in pregnancy. Bacteriuria is defined in this clinical practice guideline as the presence of bacteria in urine, regardless of the number of colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL). Low colony counts refer to < 100 000 CFU/mL, and high (significant) colony counts refer to ≥ 100 000 CFU/mL. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and relevant observational studies. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to February 2011. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology assessment-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. ValuesRecommendations were quantified using the evaluation of evidence guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table). Benefits, Harms, and CostsThe recommendations in this guideline are designed to help clinicians identify pregnancies in which it is appropriate to treat GBS bacteriuria to optimize maternal and perinatal outcomes, to reduce the occurrences of antibiotic anaphylaxis, and to prevent increases in antibiotic resistance to GBS and non-GBS pathogens. No cost-benefit analysis is provided.

Evaluation of chlorhexidine in the detection of bacteriuria in pregnancy

Context : Urine culture is the gold standard for diagnosing bacteriuria in pregnancy, which is a very serious condition with a lot of consequences to both mother and foetus. Several chemical tests can equally be used to detect presence of bacteria in urine. Objective : The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of chlorhexidine solution in detecting significant bacteriuria in pregnancy Methods :This was a cross- sectional study in which patients with urinary tract infection had their urine samples tested with chlorhexidine and bacteriological method. The predictive value method was used to compare both methods. Results : A total of seventy-five (75) patients had clinically diagnosed urinary tract infection. Of these, only twelve (16%) were confirmed by bacteriology. Chlorhexidine detected all of these patients with laboratory- confirmed urinary tract infection and also detected other patents with abnormal components in their urine. Sensitivity was 100%, accuracy 40% and a specificity of 28.5% . The low specificity was due to the fact that chlorhexidine solution cross-reacts with bacteria and other major components of urine when present in significant amount. Conclusion : The Chlorhexidine Reaction is of little value in detecting bacteriuria per se, but it is useful for detecting other anomalies such as the presence of epithelial cells, crystals and pus cells. The test is however recommended for use as a screening tool for urinary tract infection in pregnancy because of its high sensitivity, cost effectiveness and its ease of performance. Keywords : evaluation, chlorhexidine, bacteriuria, pregnancy Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol. 23(1) 2006: 14-16

Molecular pathogenesis of urinary tract infections.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection of the human body. It has been estimated that there are as many as 8 million visits a year to physicians’ offices for treatment of the symptoms of UTI and more than 100 000 hospital admissions for serious infections (US Department of Health and Human Services 1990). In addition, the urinary tract is usually the most common source of bacteremia in hospitals and nursing homes. The presence of bacteria in urine (bacteriuria) alone is not necessarily indicative of a UTI; significant bacterial counts (> 105 cfu/ml) and pyuria are the classic signs of UTI. Infections can range from mild, asymptomatic episodes of bladder infection (cystitis) to more severe, life-threatening complications of the kidney, such as acute pyelonephritis.KeywordsUrinary Tract InfectionProteus MirabilisAcute PyelonephritisUroepithelial CellWildtype StrainThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Electrochemical method for the early detection of urinary-tract infections.

A method for detecting the presence of bacteria in urine based on measuring a change in potential between two electrodes was tested in a clinical microbiology laboratory. Initial tests were conducted with 13 bacteria commonly associated with urinary-tract infections; all of the test organisms were detected within 2--9 hours. A linear relationship was established between inoculum size and the time an increase in voltage was observed on a strip-chart recorder. No response was seen with sterile urine, but urine samples inoculated with Escherichia produced the expected positive response. One hundred twenty-eight urine specimens from hospitalized persons were simultaneously tested by the electrochemical detection method (ECDM) and by conventional bacteriologic procedures. Ninety-four per cent of 49 positive samples with counts of 10(5) organisms per ml. or more were detected within 4 hours and 100% at 10 hours with the ECDM. Twenty-nine specimens with counts less than 10(5) cells per ml. were detected in 3.5 to 9 hours; two samples (8%) in this group were positive within 4 hours. Fifty samples were negative for bacterial growth, and no increase in voltage was found with these samples.