Audio Presentation Research Articles

Persepsi iklan Lifebuoy Pencegah Covid-19 di Kelurahan Tempel Rejo Rejang Lebong

This study aims to determine public perceptions of advertising to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 virus. To describe this perception, the researcher focused on several sub-categories, namely applications through the sense of sight and sense of hearing so as to produce people's perceptions of messages in advertisements. The research method in this study used a qualitative approach, namely descriptive analysis. The subjects in this study were 3 people. Data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation and internet searching. The results of the study illustrate that, the application of perception through the sense of sight is very positive, where people consider the visuals displayed in this advertisement to be very attractive so that people do not get bored seeing it. The application of perception through the sense of hearing is also very good, because the audio presentation displayed in this advertisement uses language that is easy to understand and is accompanied by music. The public's perception of this message as a whole is positive. The conclusion of this research is the public's perception is that this advertisement attracts people's attention and changes people's behavior to follow the contents of the message in the advertisement, namely steps to protect themselves from the spread of the Covid-19 virus.

Assessment of YouTube as an educational tool in teaching thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy.

YouTube has become the preferred resource for trainees to learn and prepare for surgical cases. This study evaluated the educational quality of YouTube videos detailing thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. YouTube was systematically searched using 11 terms related to thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. Four independent clinical reviewers assessed the videos using Laparoscopic Surgery Video Educational Guidelines as well as modified Laparoscopic Surgery Video Educational Guidelines subgroup tools. Sixty-five videos were identified and evaluated. Overall Laparoscopic Surgery Video Educational Guidelines score was 8.58 ± 3.85 (mean subgroup score, 5.67 ± 2.40). Twenty-eight of 65, 25 of 65 and 12 of 65 videos were deemed medium, low and high quality, respectively. Inter-rater reliability was good for both attending surgeons and residents. Presence of audio or visual commentary had a positive correlation with total Laparoscopic Surgery Video Educational Guidelines scores (R2=0.38). Videos produced by otolaryngologists and US-based physicians scored higher on total scores compared to non-otolaryngology and non-US based physicians. Some YouTube videos on thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy exhibit high educational value. Future efforts should increase the number of high-quality YouTube videos containing both audio and visual commentary or create an online repository of videos for medical students and residents to augment their surgical training.

161. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Safety Program for Improving Antibiotic Use: Antibiotic Stewardship Intervention in 389 United States Ambulatory Practices during the COVID-19 Pandemic

BackgroundThe AHRQ Safety Program for Improving Antibiotic Use aimed to improve antibiotic use by engaging clinicians and staff to incorporate antibiotic stewardship (AS) into practice culture, communication, and decision making. We report on changes in visits and antibiotic prescribing in AHRQ Safety Program ambulatory practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThe Safety Program used webinars, audio presentations, educational tools, and office hours to engage clinician champions and staff leaders to: (a) address attitudes and culture that pose challenges to judicious antibiotic prescribing and (b) incorporate best practices for the management of common infections into their workflow using the Four Moments of Antibiotic Decision Making framework. Total visits (in-person and virtual), acute respiratory infection (ARI) visits, and antibiotic prescribing data were collected. Using linear mixed models to account for random effects of participating practices and repeated measurements of outcomes within practices over time, data from the pre-intervention period (September-November 2019) and the Ambulatory Care Safety Program (December 2019-November 2020) were compared.ResultsOf 467 practices enrolled, 389 (83%) completed the program, including 162 primary care practices (42%; 23 [6%] pediatric), 160 urgent care practices (41%; 40 [10%] pediatric), and 49 federally-supported practices (13%). 292 practices submitted complete data for analysis, including 6,590,485 visits. Visits/practice-month declined March-May 2020 but gradually returned to baseline by program end (Figure 1). Total antibiotic prescribing declined by 9 prescriptions/100 visits (95% CI: -10 to -8). ARI visits/practice-month declined significantly in March-May 2020, then increased but remained below baseline by program end (Figure 2). ARI-related antibiotic prescriptions decreased by 15/100 ARI visits by program end (95% CI: -17 to -12). The greatest reduction was in penicillin class prescriptions with a reduction of 7/100 ARI visits by program end (95% CI: -9 to -6). ConclusionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, a national ambulatory AS program was associated with declines in overall and ARI-related antibiotic prescribing.Disclosures Pranita Tamma, MD, MHS, Nothing to disclose Sara E. Cosgrove, MD, MS, Basilea (Individual(s) Involved: Self): Consultant Jeffrey A. Linder, MD, MPH, FACP, Amgen (Shareholder)Biogen (Shareholder)Eli Lilly (Shareholder)

Examining the influence of perspective and prosody on expected emotional responses to irony: Evidence from event-related brain potentials.

Ironic language is typically more difficult to process and interpret than a literal equivalent, hence is assumed to serve several social and emotional functions not achieved by literal communication (such as politeness or introducing humor). Several factors may influence emotional responses to irony, such as the perspective from which the utterance is encountered (e.g., speaker vs. target) and the tone of voice (prosody) used. To examine these issues, we conducted two event-related brain potential (ERP) studies in which participants listened to scenarios describing emotional responses to either literal criticism or ironic criticism. Ironic criticism was delivered with either natural or ironic prosody. Scenarios either described an emotional response the speaker expected to elicit from the target (speaker perspective), or the target's actual emotional response (target perspective). Expected or actual emotional responses were described as either "amused" (Experiment 1) or "hurt" (Experiment 2). ERPs were calculated time-locked to the end of the ironic or literal statements, and to the audio presentation of the critical emotion words. Results showed a significant effect of perspective for amused conditions, reflected by a larger late posterior positivity for the target than speaker conditions, indicating amused responses are more expected from speaker than target perspective. This effect was not seen for hurt conditions, suggesting these are equally expected from target and speaker perspectives. The data also revealed a more negative-going ERP waveform specifically for ironic criticism delivered with ironic prosody, reflecting prosodic processing. This suggests prosody may be able to speed the identification of irony. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Automation of binaural headphone audio calibration on an artificial head

In studies with auralisation of audio stimuli over headphones, accurate presentation of headphone audio is critical for replicability and ecological validity. Audio stimuli levels are usually calibrated by placing studio quality headphones on an artificial head and torso simulator. Manual adjustment of audio tracks becomes laborious when the number of stimuli is large, especially for applications with large datasets. To increase reliability and productivity, we devised a stimulus-agnostic, automated calibration procedure for headphone audio via an artificial head and torso simulator, with a LabVIEW implementation available at doi:10.21979/N9/0KYIAU.•The procedure uses a National Instruments NI-9234 data acquisition module and works with any ITU‑T P.58:2013 and ANSI/ASA S 3.36:2012 compliant artificial head measurement systems.•The procedure works by an adjustment to a generic guess, followed by a modified binary search, wherein the audio stimuli are calibrated to within a user-specified tolerance level.•Each stimulus in a validation run to calibrate 250 stimuli to 65.0 ± 0.5 dB was played back an average of 2.22 ± 0.92 times before successful calibration, thus demonstrating the robustness and efficiency of our proposed method.

Using real patients in e-learning: case-based online training in child and adolescent psychiatry.

Objectives: In undergraduate medical education and in the subject of child and adolescent psychiatry, examining young patients face-to-face is a key element of teaching. With the abrupt shutdown of face-to-face teaching caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a case-based online training program integrating audio and video of real patients was developed.Methods: The blended learning platform CaseTrain guides medical students in their final year through real child-psychiatric patient cases, such as anorexia, autism, or attention deficit disorder, through presentation of video and audio of real patients and parents. The teaching format complements lectures on child psychiatric topics, comprising asynchronous elements (self-study using the digital material) as well as synchronous elements (web-conferences with a specialist). Learning objectives for students were set to develop knowledge of the spectra of psychiatric disorders that affect children and to recognize approaches how to assess and manage common psychiatric problems of childhood and adolescence.Results: The feedback from medical students through oral and written evaluation was positive. They appreciated getting to know ‘real-world patients’ in times of such a pandemic, to learn explorative techniques from role models, and to be in close contact with the supervising specialist. In consequence of critical feedback on the length of some video sequences, these training units will undergo revision.Conclusions: Case-based online training may continue to be a useful option in a post-pandemic future as integral part of medical education, complementing face-to-face lectures and training in (child) psychiatry.

Cardiovascular Effects of Listening to Fast Speech and Normal Speech

Background: Some previous works on the psychological impact of speech on the cardiovascular system have mainly focused on the speaker as the individual in whom clinical outcomes are being measured. There is limited data on the effects of listening to the fast speech on cardiovascular responses.
 Aim: The aim of the study was to comparatively examine blood pressure and heart rate changes upon listening to normal and fast speeches.
 Method: A total of 88 (22 females and 66 males) normotensive adults were recruited for the study from a university population. All subjects were made to listen to two different 13-minutes audio recordings of normal speech (news commentary) and fast speech (a radio sports presentation). Blood pressure and pulse rate changes were taken at 4-minutes time intervals during listening to the audio recordings. Based on the enthusiasm and patronage of the sports program, participants were classified as ‘‘Regular’’ listeners and ‘‘Non-regular’’ listeners. Blood pressure and pulse rate changes were calculated as the mean net area under the curve response and differences were analysed with analysis of variance.
 Results: Systolic, diastolic and pulse rate responses were significantly higher in both the Regular and Non-Regular listener groups during listening to the fast-speech audio presentation as compared to the News Commentary presentation.
 Conclusion: Although there is limited data, listening to fast speech itself may act as a psychosocial stressor that predisposes to an increased cardiovascular response manifested as higher blood pressure and heart rate.

Persuasiveness and sensitivity to witnessing conditions depend on how testimony is presented

SummaryThe present experiment examined the persuasiveness (measured primarily by proportions of guilty verdicts) of the testimony of a single eyewitness as a function of witnessing conditions and method of presenting the testimony–via a Video or Audio recording or a written Transcript or Summary. Proportions of guilty verdicts showed little variation across presentation methods when witnessing conditions were relatively good, but were higher for Video and Audio presentations than for Transcript and Summary presentations when witnessing conditions were relatively poor. These results combined to show a decrease in sensitivity to witnessing conditions for Video and Audio presentations relative to Transcript and Summary presentations. These results were accounted for by a simple weighted cues model.

Assessment of YouTube as an Educational Tool in Teaching Key Indicator Cases in Otolaryngology During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Neck Dissection

ObjectivesYouTube has become the preferred resource for trainees in otolaryngology to prepare for surgery. This study aimed to compare the evaluation by 2 attending physicians and 2 resident physicians of the quality of videos on YouTube on neck dissection, a key indicator case in head and neck surgery. The authors aimed to assess the quality and quantity of YouTube videos available for development of a virtual surgical educational curriculum for trainees in otolaryngology.MethodsUsing the YouTube search feature, the top 10 videos by relevance and view count were compiled using the following search terms: radical neck dissection, selective neck dissection, modified radical neck dissection, lateral neck dissection, levels I-III neck dissection, levels II-IV, left neck dissection, right neck dissection, cervical nodal dissection, and supraomohyoid neck dissection. A total of 37 videos on neck dissection were identified and analyzed using the LAP-VEGaS criteria as well as author-specific modified LAP-VEGaS criteria.ResultsThe mean comprehensive LAP-VEGaS score was 8.74 (SD 3.10). The majority of videos (24/37) were designated as medium quality; 10 of 37 videos were low quality and 3 of 37 videos were high quality. In the total group analysis, there was excellent inter-rater reliability between attending physicians (Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.84) and good inter-rater reliability between resident physicians (Cohen's kappa coefficient of 0.58). There was no correlation between total view count, video age, or number of likes/dislikes and the overall LAP-VEGaS score. The presence of audio or written commentary had a moderate positive correlation with LAP-VEGaS score (adjusted R2 of 0.36). There was no statistically significant difference in video quality between videos posted by US and non-US based physicians (95% confidence interval −0.10 to 4.10; p = 0.06). However, videos made by an otolaryngology-trained physician had a LAP-VEGaS score that was 3.93 points higher (95% confidence interval 2.34-5.52; p < 0.001) than that of videos made by a nonotolaryngology-trained physician.ConclusionsOnline videos of neck dissection represent an increasingly ubiquitous and appropriate resource for trainees in learning otolaryngology key indicator cases. While free-to-access video repositories, such as YouTube, have become increasingly popular among trainees as a primary resource for learning and preparing for surgical cases, they lack consistent quality and as such, global efforts should be taken to improve the breadth and depth of educational video content in otolaryngology.

The perception of the stereo effect in bilateral and bimodal cochlear implant users and its contribution to music enjoyment.

ObjectivesIn this clinical study, stereo perception of music samples and its contribution to music enjoyment in CI users is investigated. It is studied in free field as well as direct audio presentation.Methods20 bilateral and 9 bimodal CI users performed stereo detection tests and music enjoyment ratings. Music was presented either in mono or in stereo in free field or with direct audio presentation. Stereo detection was assessed with a 3-AFC paradigm. Music enjoyment was studied with scale ratings.ResultsFor bilateral CI users, stereo detection increased from 52% correct in free field to 86% with direct audio presentation. Increased music enjoyment with improved stereo detection was obtained. Bimodal CI users could not identify stereo sounds. Music enjoyment did not increase for stereo presentations in bimodal subjects.DiscussionFor bilateral CI users, improved stereo detection might increase music enjoyment with direct audio presentation, which is likely due to bypassing the room acoustics. In bimodal CI users, no clear improvement was found, which is likely attributed due to the different hearing losses and therefore individually different interaural frequency overlaps between the hearing aid and the cochlear implant.ConclusionDirect audio presentation is an efficient method to improve music enjoyment in bilateral CI users.

Effects of the aural and visual experience on psycho-physiological recovery in urban and rural environments

This study examined the effects of aural and visual experience on psycho-physiological recovery in simulated environments. Laboratory experiments were conducted with 32 participants. Ten horror videos were used as stressor clips, while five videos depicted urban or rural settings as recovery clips. The videos were presented via VR (head-mounted display) and on a monitor screen. The effect of the audio presentation was tested by presenting the stimuli with or without sound. Psychological recovery was assessed using a set of questions (e.g., perceived preference). Physiological recovery was measured with five physiological responses (e.g., fEMG and HR) monitored throughout the experiment. It was found that the rural setting led to a better psycho-physiological recovery than the urban setting when the stimuli were presented both in the VR and Screen conditions. In particular, the rural setting with water features evoked the greatest recovery. The rural setting presented with water sound showed significant differences in psychological recovery between Audio-Visual and No-Audio conditions. Compared to the Screen condition, stimuli presented in the VR condition did not have any main effect on the psychological recovery; however, it showed main effects on some of the physiological responses. The audio presentation had significant impacts on all psychological recovery ratings but it showed an impact on only one physiological response, fEMG of the zygomatic muscle.

Film Costume as a Visual Narrative Element

This research is an attempt to try to define the semiotic elements of film costumes that result with certain final feelings of the viewer. Looking through the semiotic theory of both Roland Barthes and Walter Benjamin and the specifics of (theatre and) film costume as a means of influencing the viewer and his/her thoughts, feelings and overall catharsis, the identity of a certain film has been set through an analysis of various elements. Furthermore, it has been noticed that psychological results by one observing a film can be various and lean more on known philosophical and psychological tendencies i.e. Freud’s theories or the ones of M. Merleau-Ponty or Lacan. To make it less verbatim, the example for the analysis that has been chosen is the 1982 science fiction film Bladerunner directed by Ridley Scott. With surreal messages and multi-layered meanings of its visual and audio presentation, it seemed like a perfect starting point for the research of the subconscious mind of the viewer. Finding a non-invasive approach to viewer’s impression, the costume itself could be observed both independently and in correlation with other film elements. By combining the results of all film levels via a visual psychological test by Robert Plutchik, known as Plutchik’s wheel of emotions, it is plain to see that a final impression still lies in a personal analysis. We find a prevalence of certain thoughts that lead the viewer to change his/her perception and, ultimately, to catharsis.

YOUNG LEARNERS’ PROCESSING OF MULTIMODAL INPUT AND ITS IMPACT ON READING COMPREHENSION

AbstractTheories of multimedia learning suggest that learners can form better referential connections when verbal and visual materials are presented simultaneously. Furthermore, the addition of auditory input in reading-while-listening conditions benefits performance on a variety of linguistic tasks. However, little research has been conducted on the processing of multimedia input (written text and images) with and without accompanying audio. Eye movements were recorded during young L2 learners’ (N = 30) processing of a multimedia story text in reading-only and reading-while-listening conditions to investigate looking patterns and their relationship with comprehension using a multiple-choice comprehension test. Analysis of the eye-movement data showed that the presence of audio in reading-while-listening conditions allowed learners to look at the image more often. Processing time on text was related to lower levels of comprehension, whereas processing time on images was positively related to comprehension.

Filtering Films: An Empirical Study of What Consumers Would Mute and Excise from Hollywood Fare if Only They Could

In 2016, the technology startup VidAngel offered a movie streaming service that empowered users to mute potentially offensive audio and cut potentially offensive video from Hollywood films. Copyright litigation forced VidAngel’s service offline in December of that year. But, in the preceding eleven-and-a-half months, VidAngel manage to transmit roughly four million filtered streams and, for each of them, recorded not only which filters were applied, but also how many minutes of the resulting films each user then in fact watched. In this Article, we use the VidAngel data to study the market for filtered motion picture content. Among our findings, we find that video filters were primarily used to filter scenes involving intimacy, rather than those related to violence; and that, while the most common filtered audio was the word “f*ck,” users were even more likely to mute the words “Christ” and “dink” if they were uttered in a film. Overall, even the most cautious viewers used filters as scalpels, not sledgehammers, muting and excising only a tiny fraction of a film’s content. And, perhaps most surprisingly, despite the imperfections inevitably introduced by unscripted interruptions in a movie’s audio and video presentation, users who watched filtered films turned out to enjoy them to roughly the same degree as did users who watched the corresponding unedited equivalents.

Prezentacja nagrań audio i wideo w Internecie przez archiwa państwowe wobec wybranych problemów wynikających z poszanowania praw autorskich i praw pokrewnych. Kilka uwag środowiska akademickiego

Online presentation of audio and video recordings by the state archives versus the issues related to respecting copyright and the related rights. Several comments of the academia This paper focuses on signalling the most important problems related to sharing the special group of archive materials consisting of sound and image recordings in the context of the information needs of users, including school and university students. The author lists specific possibilities that archives have in the light of the existing legislation, including the Law on Archival Fonds and Archives (as amended) and the Copyright and Related Rights Law. He also draws attention to the need to adapt the existing solutions in the area of sharing audiovisual materials to the actual needs of users and suggests abandoning the solutions that come down to sound and image presentation (i.e. descriptions only) in favour of improving the appeal of the existing websites and, first and foremost, interacting with users. The author also presents the services offered by national archives in terms of reprography of sound and image materials, and he addresses the inconsistency between such offering and the declaration to provide them. The author addresses the use of audiovisual materials by national archives, arriving at a conclusion that this special type of archive materials receives relatively poor promotion. He also identifies the most urgent legislative changes required to allow archives to use sound and image in order to perform their statutory tasks of sharing and promoting archival fonds and building a positive image of archives.

Find and Seek

Web designers use visual cues such as layout and typography to make pages easier to navigate and understand. Yet, screen readers generally ignore these features and present page information in a linear audio stream. We investigate whether transcoding the visual semantics of grid-based layouts to tables supports better navigation. In a controlled experiment, participants navigated re-written pages significantly faster when doing data synthesis tasks and more accurately when looking up information meeting multiple criteria. Participants rated their table navigation experience better in terms of effort, memorization, ease of navigation, understanding of page information, and confidence in submitted answers. Participants attributed these gains to the table structure’s support for (1) predictable audio presentation, (2) adopting an appropriate search strategy, and (3) making sense of page content. Contrary to the established belief that tables are inaccessible, our results show that tables can facilitate navigation when users need to synthesize across page content.

Rule based intelligent system verbalizing mathematical notation

An adaptive and adaptable multi-purpose math-to-speech translation system is proposed in the paper. Along with the detailed presentation and design approach for the core math-to-speech translation system, exemplary output and tests are discussed. A scripting extension, providing flexibility of the system and enabling the user to adjust the output translations to his/hers preferences is incorporated into the presented solution. Some unit-tests and adaptable versions of translation rule sets are elaborated and evaluated by means of standard measures of machine translation quality. Designed as a flexible self contained solution, the presented system may be applied for various purposes such as e-learning audio presentation systems, educational tools for non-native speakers or visually impaired people, and may be easily adjusted to different national languages.

Comparing Coordinated Networks Across the Brainstem and Spinal Cord in the Resting State and Altered Cognitive State.

Resting-state (RS) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to investigate networks of activity within the brain, as well as the brainstem (BS) and spinal cord (SC). While previous research has shown coordinated resting state networks (RSNs) in the BS/SC, their function is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of RSNs across these regions, by examining how these networks change when participants are experiencing different cognitive states (RS, listening to an audio presentation, or watching a video). RS blood oxygenation-level dependent fMRI data were obtained from the human cervical SC and BS in 20 healthy participants (14 women, 6 men), at 3 tesla, with T2-weighted single-shot fast spin-echo imaging. Functional connectivity was investigated within the entire three-dimensional region by means of temporal correlations between anatomical regions and by structural equation modeling (SEM). Both correlational analyses and SEM showed extensive connectivity within and across BS and SC regions, and 37% to 40% of significant connections were consistent across study conditions. However, significant differences in connectivity between specific regions of the BS and SC were also identified which depended on the study conditions. The results indicate that connectivity across the RS SC/BS is influenced by a person's cognitive/emotional state. The known anatomical functions of the regions involved support the conclusion that this RS network may play a role in the integration of homeostatic autonomic functions.

Can kiwis and koalas as cultural primes induce perceptual bias in Australian English speaking listeners?

The presence of culturally significant objects has been shown to induce biases in speech perception consistent with features of the dialect relevant to the object. Questions remain about the transferability of this effect to different dialect contexts, and the efficacy of the task in inducing the effect. This paper details an Australian-context experiment modelled on Hay and Drager’s (2010) New Zealand-context stuffed toy study. Seventy-five listeners heard spoken Australian English (AusE) phrases with phrase-final monosyllabic words containing either kit, dress, or trap vowels. Each phrase was followed by audio presentation of a six-step synthesized vowel continuum, from New Zealand English (NZE)-like to exaggerated AusE-like tokens. Listeners attempted to match one of the synthesized variants to the speaker’s realization of the target vowel. Listeners were exposed to one of two priming conditions, established by stuffed toy kiwis (New Zealand) and stuffed toy koalas (Australia), or a control condition (no toy). Contrary to Hay and Drager (2010), token selections did not differ significantly between the New Zealand and Australian priming conditions. However, reversing the order of continuum presentation did significantly affect token selection for kit vowels, raising questions about the task design itself. Results suggest that the influence of regional primes on speech perception may be more limited than previously thought.

Effects of the Simultaneous Presentation of Corresponding Auditory and Visual Stimuli on Size Variance Perception.

To overcome limitations in perceptual bandwidth, humans condense various features of the environment into summary statistics. Variance constitutes indices that represent diversity within categories and also the reliability of the information regarding that diversity. Studies have shown that humans can efficiently perceive variance for visual stimuli; however, to enhance perception of environments, information about the external world can be obtained from multisensory modalities and integrated. Consequently, this study investigates, through two experiments, whether the precision of variance perception improves when visual information (size) and corresponding auditory information (pitch) are integrated. In Experiment 1, we measured the correspondence between visual size and auditory pitch for each participant by using adjustment measurements. The results showed a linear relationship between size and pitch—that is, the higher the pitch, the smaller the corresponding circle. In Experiment 2, sequences of visual stimuli were presented both with and without linked auditory tones, and the precision of perceived variance in size was measured. We consequently found that synchronized presentation of audio and visual stimuli that have the same variance improves the precision of perceived variance in size when compared with visual-only presentation. This suggests that audiovisual information may be automatically integrated in variance perception.