Presence Of Anterior Open Bite Research Articles

Analyzing effects on anterior open bite in twins by PLS-SEM and sobel test

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the different pathways between predictor factors such as zygosity, atypical swallowing, mouth breathing, breastfeeding and bottle feeding related to anterior open bite (AOB) in twins.MethodsThe study was conducted in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin children aged 3–15 years. AOB, atypical swallowing, mouth breathing, feeding type, duration of bottle use, and mouth opening status during sleep were recorded during oral examination. Partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) and sobel tests were performed to assess the total and indirect effects among the variables on AOB.ResultsA total of 404 children (29.2% MZ;70.8% DZ) participated in this study. The effect of zygosity on mouth breathing in the PLS-SEM model was statistically significant. Conversely, it was determined that mouth breathing effected that atypical swallowing (p = 0.001). Atypical swallowing triggered AOB (p = 0.001). The atypical swallowing has a mediation effect between AOB and mouth breathing (p = 0.020). Mouth breathing causes atypical swallowing and therefore indirectly increases the likelihood of AOB. While breastfeeding decreases AOB incidence (p = 0.023), bottle feeding increases AOB incidence (p = 0.046). The sobel tests show that the fully mediator variable feature of mouth breathing is statistically significant in the negative relation between zygosity and atypical swallowing.ConclusionThe PLS-SEM model showed that mouth breathing triggers atypical swallowing and atypical swallowing triggers AOB. As a result of this chain of relationships, an indirect effect of zygosity on AOB was observed. According to sobel tests, zygosity has an indirect effect on atypical swallowing through mouth breathing, while mouth breathing has a positive indirect effect on AOB through atypical swallowing.Clinical relevanceThis study identified the relationships between different factors and the presence of AOB. The findings of this study demonstrate in detail the relationships between AOB and zygosity, atypical swallowing, mouth breathing, breastfeeding and bottle feeding. Brestfeeding has a reducing effect on the frequency of AOB. Among the nutritional forms, breastfeeding ensures the proper development of the stomatognathic system by working the oro-facial muscles.

Prevalence of malocclusion in early childhood and its associated factors in a primary care service in Brazil.

to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and its associated factors of children cared for by a PHC Service in Porto Alegre, Brazil. a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort, carried out in 12 Health Care Practices. Of the 414 children in the cohort examined, 268 were assessed for malocclusion. The presence of anterior open bite, posterior and anterior crossbite was evaluated by the criteria of Foster and Hamilton. Socioeconomic variables, breastfeeding habits and pacifier use information were collected through a standardized questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using a hierarchical approach by Poisson Regression with robust variance. out of the total 268 evaluated, 135 (50.4%) were boys, and the average age was 28.6 (± 11.9) months. Out of the 143 (53.4%) cases of malocclusion, 113 were anterior open bite, 16 were anterior crossbite, 27 were posterior crossbite, and 38 had increased overjet. In the final analysis, it was observed that there was a higher prevalence of malocclusion in children who never breastfed (PR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.00-2.08) and who always used a pacifier to sleep (PR = 1.81; 95%CI 1.14-2.86). the prevalence of malocclusion in this population was high and was associated with behavioral habits, such as the use of pacifier and not breastfeeding.

Prevalence of anterior open bite in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Anterior open bite is defined by the lack of incisal contact between the teeth in centric relation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anterior open in children and adolescents. This systematic review included a search in the databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. The acronym PECOS was considered: (P) children and adolescents, (E) presence of anterior open bite, (C) not applicable, (O) prevalence, and (S) observational studies. The risk of bias assessment was carried out using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. The prevalence meta-analyses were performed using MedCalc® software. The certainty of the evidence was determined with the GRADE approach. 26 studies were included. Eleven studies were judged at low, seven at moderate, and eight at high risk of bias. The overall prevalence of anterior open bite was 16.52% (95% CI 12.34-21.17) in children and adolescents. The prevalence was 19.38% (95% CI 13.77-25.69) in South America. The prevalence of anterior open bite was 22.67% (95% CI 16.56-29.43) among females and 16.99% (95% CI 11.77-22.94) among males. The prevalence of anterior open bite was 18.84% (95% CI 13.88-24.38) in the primary dentition, and 14.26% (95% CI 7.67-22.46) in the mixed dentition. The overall certainty of the evidence was very low. The overall prevalence of anterior open bite was 16.52% in children and adolescents aged 2-16years. Giving the limitations of a prevalence meta-analysis, the extrapolation of the results should be cautious. CRD42020183162, 10 July 2020.

Pathways to anterior open bite after changing of pacifier sucking habit in preschool children: A cohort study.

Pacifier use is a major cause of anterior open bite (AOB), which negatively impacts the quality of life of children affected. To assess the direct and indirect pathways related to pacifier sucking habit and AOB in preschool children. This 2-year cohort study evaluated a random sample of preschool children (2-5years of age) from Southern Brazil. Caregivers answered a questionnaire addressing socio-economic and behavioural characteristics. Anterior open bite was recorded following the criteria recommended by Foster and Hamilton. Structural equation model was performed to assess the direct and indirect pathways among variables at baseline (T1) to predict the AOB at follow-up (T2). Regarding the AOB, 407 children were evaluated at T1 and 187 at T2. The prevalence of AOB was 32.9% at baseline and 16.0% at follow-up. The presence of AOB at follow-up was directly affected by the change in pacifier sucking habit from T1 to T2. Considering the indirect paths, the AOB at T1 influenced the AOB in T2 via a change of pacifier sucking habit. These findings suggest that the non-habit of sucking pacifiers is a fundamental strategy for the prevention of AOB as well as the promotion of health in childhood.

Influence of non-nutritive sucking habits on anterior open bite

Aim: To evaluate the clinical behavior of sucking habits in children between 2 to 6 years old in a private (A1) and a public school (A2) in the state of Piauí. Methods: It was cross-sectional and quantitative study in 340 participants, 169 in A1 and 171 in A2. The researchers asked the children evaluated to keep their teeth occluded while analyzing whether there was no contact between the anterior teeth and no lip sealing, characterizing the anterior openbite for G1 or if there was contact between the incisors, with lip sealing, characterizing the control group (G2). Results: There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding bottle feeding at main meals (χ2 = 3.03; p = 0.08). However, regarding the use of a pacifier, there was a statistically significant association (χ2 = 17.99; p <0.01) between pacifier use and the presence of anterior openbite. Such association was also observed between digital sucking habit and malocclusion (χ2 = 8.99; p = 0.01). Only the parents of the children with anterior openbite noticed the disharmony in the occlusion. It can be deduced that there was an awareness of parents /guardians about the disharmony generated by non-nutritive sucking habits. Conclusion: Nonnutritive sucking habits influenced the appearance of the anterior open bite in children with deciduous dentition. Nonnutritive sucking habits, such as digital sucking and pacifiers, are significantly associated with the presence of anterior open bite. Breastfeeding is important in preventing this malocclusion.

Severe traumatic dental injuries and oral health related quality of life of preschool children

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of severe traumatic dental injuries on the Oral Health related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of preschool children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with children aged 2 to 5 years and their mothers, in Pelotas/ Brazil Southern. The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was applied to assess the perception of mothers about children’s OHRQoL. Oral examination included dental trauma, categorized as absent/mild (enamel fracture only) or severe, the number of decayed, missing or restored primary teeth (dmft), and presence of anterior open bite. The impact of severe dental trauma on OHRQoL was evaluated using logistic regression analysis (P<0.05). Results: A total of 599 preschool children were included and 7.4% had severe dental trauma. Of these 73.3% showed negative impact on OHRQoL (p= 0.044). After adjustments, children with severe dental trauma had an impact in OHRQoL 110% higher than those without/with mild trauma (OR: 2.10, 95% CI 1.01-4.35). Severe dental injuries caused negative impact on the oral symptoms (OR: 2.13, 95% CI 1.10-4.14), psychological (OR: 2.13, 95% CI 1.10-4.13) and family function (OR: 2.79, 95% CI 1.17-6.61) domains. Conclusion: The presence of severe dental trauma impacts the OHRQoL of preschool children and their families.

Assessment of Intraoral Findings of Neonates, Born in and around Meerut City.

ABSTRACTAimThe aim of this study is to evaluate the occlusal relationships between the gum pads of neonates and to record intraoral findings in neonates and compare with the existing findings.Materials and methodsThe oral cavities of 1,000 healthy neonates from birth to 1 month of age were examined to evaluate the occlusal relationships between the gum pads and to record other intraoral findings in neonates and compare with the existing findings. Oral findings recorded were oral mucosal cysts, Fordyce's spot, Epstein's pearls, Bohn's nodules, ankyloglossia, natal or neonatal teeth and attachment of the upper midline frenum. Relationship between the alveolar ridges was also recorded. Obtained data were evaluated and statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 and Epi-info version 3.0.ResultsThe maxillo-mandibular relationship of gum pads in approximately 97% cases, the mandible was found distal and lingual to maxilla. The presence of anterior open bite was observed in 9.1% cases. The most common intraoral finding in examined neonates was an oral mucosal cyst, 61.2%. The presence of Epstein's pearls was the next most common finding 38.3%. Fordyce's spots were found only in 1.2% of cases, while the presence of natal/neonatal teeth was only in 0.6% of cases. Ankyloglossia was present in only 0.5% neonates. Maxillary frenum was present in 79.1% of cases and it was attached on the alveolar crest.ConclusionThe results of the present study were in accordance with the pre-existing data. However, anterior open-bite was seen in significantly less percentage of the population.How to cite this articleNiranjan MM, Srivastava N, Rana V, et al. Assessment of Intraoral Findings of Neonates, Born in and around Meerut City. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(1):48–52.

Lingual function in children with anterior open bite: A case-control study

To determine the association between the position of the tongue and phonation among individuals with normal vertical overbite (NVO) and anterior open bite (AOB). This was a case-control study of 132 students with AOB and 132 controls with NVO between the ages of 8 and 16years old. The presence of AOB was determined during a clinical examination using a Boley gauge, phonation (speech) was assessed with an articulation test, which was analysed using a classification table of Spanish consonants spoken in Colombia, and tongue contact during swallowing was determined with the Payne test. Associations were determined between AOB and the position of the tongue upon swallowing and during speech (Chi2 test of independence, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitey U test, P<0.005). Finally, a logistic regression model was performed, with AOB as the dependent variable. We found associations between AOB and the presence of lingual interposition, distortion, lingual thrust, protrusion of the tongue, contact with palatine rugae, and type of dentition (P<0.05). According to the logistic regression model, the presence of lingual thrust (odds ratio (OR): 0.067; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.009-0.518) and contact with the palatine rugae (OR: 0.420; 0.216-0.818) behave as protective factors associated with the presence of AOB, and the presence of distortion was found to be a risk factor (OR: 10.751; 95%CI: 5.658-20.427). Lingual thrust, interposition, and protrusion are associated with AOB. Lingual thrust and contact of the tongue with the palatine rugae behave as protective factors, and the presence of distortion acts as a risk factor.

The Influence of Feeding Methods on the Development of Nonnutritive Sucking Habits and Anterior Open Bite

Background: Breast milk is a highly nutritious food for children which affects the craniofacial development. Breastfeeding also plays a significant role in muscle function and alignment of the teeth in dental arch. Given the resources in determining the evaluation of malocclusion and harmful oral habits, in this study we aimed to determine the effect of child feeding methods on non-nutritive sucking habits and anterior open bite. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 191 children aged 3 to 6 years from different kindergartens of Hamadan city were studied. Data were based on the questionnaires that were answered by parents. Then children were classified into the following 4 groups based on the history of breast-feeding: G1- bottle fed, G2- breast fed for less than 6 months, G3- breast fed for 6 to 12 months, G4- breast fed for more than 12 months. Children were examined for the presence of anterior open bite. Data were collected and analyzed by statistical tests. Pearson chi-squared test, logistic regression and Fisher exact tests were used. Results: The statistical analyses showed that demographic characteristics such as children’s age and birth order, maternal education, employment, and family income had no impact on child feeding methods and there was no significant relationship between them. Moreover, no meaningful relationship was found between non-nutritive sucking habits and feeding methods. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between feeding methods and incidence of anterior open bite. Conclusions: Feeding methods affect the prevalence of anterior open bite, and by increasing the duration of breast-feeding, prevalence of anterior open bite can be reduced.

Prevalence of traumatic dental injuries and associated factors among 8 to 12-years-old schoolchildren in Diyarbakir, Turkey.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of traumatic injuries of the permanent incisors in public primary schoolchildren from 8 to 12 years old in South-Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Additionally, the relationship between traumatic dental injuries, parents' education level, family income, size of incisal overjet and the presence of anterior open bite were examined. Data were collected through oral examinations and structured interviews, and included socio-economic indicators. A total of 2907 children of both genders (1498 boys, 1409 girls) were included in the study. The response rate was 97%. The prevalence of dental injuries was 4.6% (n = 135). The highest frequency of trauma in permanent teeth was observed at the age of 12 (8%). Boys experienced more dental injuries than girls, 5.9% and 3.3% (p = 0.001), respectively. The most commonly reported cause of injuries to the permanent incisors was falls (71.8%), followed by collision with objects or people (17.8%). Maxillary central incisors were the most affected by dental injuries (154, 84.6%). The most common crown fracture was in enamel only (67.58%) followed by crown fracture of enamel and dentin (22.52%). Socio-economic indicators and parents' level of education were not statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of traumatic dental injuries. Factors associated with increased risk of dental injuries in permanent teeth were age, gender, having an incisal overjet greater than 5mm and anterior open bite.

Anterior Open Bite In 27 Months Old Children after Use of a Novel Pacifier - A Cohort Study.

The aim of the present cohort study was to evaluate the influence of a novel pacifier on the first formation of malocclusion, the anterior open bite in children. 129 newborn children whose parents had decided to use pacifiers were randomly attributed to two experimental groups (D=Dentistar, n=56, Novatex, Pattensen, Germany; N=NUK, n=73, Mapa, Zeven, Germany). Children (n=42) who did not use a pacifier were not randomized and served as reference (C). Primary outcome was the presence of anterior open bite. It was hypothesized that D would result in lower incidence when compared to N. At the age of 27 months the children were examined with respect to anterior open bite. Fisher's exact test served to detect significant differences between groups D and N (SPSS 22.0). 121 children with a mean age of 26.7 months were included in the final analysis (D: n=45; N: n=42; C: n=34). In group D three children (6.7%) showed an anterior open bite. The respective values were 21 (50.0%) for N and 0 for C. The results for group D compared to N were significantly different (chi(2)-test, p<0.001). In comparison to a commonly used pacifier the novel one causes significantly less anterior open bites.

Oral health status in victims of child abuse: a case-control study.

Few studies have evaluated the oral health status of children with a history of maltreatment. This case-control study evaluated oral health in children who were victims of abuse and in child protective services in Curitiba, Brazil. One hundred twenty-two children who were victims of abuse and 240 children with no history of abuse (mean ages, 8.56 and 8.24 years, respectively) were included in the study. Dental caries were assessed according to the Decayed, Missing, or Filled Teeth index (dmft index and DMFT index) by two calibrated examiners. The presence of anterior open bite and posterior crossbite was recorded. Data were analyzed using bivariate and adjusted odds ratios using a multivariate logistic regression model analyses. In the case group, we found a higher DMFT index (P < 0.001) and a significantly higher prevalence of missing primary teeth (P = 0.04), untreated decayed permanent teeth (P < 0.001), filled permanent teeth (P < 0.001), and anterior open bite (P = 0.04). Children who were victims of abuse presented an odds ratio of 6.48 (95% CI: 3.52-11.95) for caries in permanent teeth and an odds ratio of 2.28 (95% CI: 1.04-4.99) for open bite. Victims of child abuse had a worse oral health status, demonstrating the need to establish special policies for oral healthcare for this population.

Association between oronasopharyngeal abnormalities and malocclusion in Northeastern Brazilian preschoolers.

Objective: Evidence is contradictory regarding the association between oronasopharyngeal abnormalities and malocclusion. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between oronasopharyngeal abnormalities and malocclusion (anterior open bite and posterior crossbite) in preschoolers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 732 preschoolers aged 3-5 years old selected randomly from private and public preschools. Anterior open bite (AOB) and posterior crossbite (PC) were evaluated through a clinical exam. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic indicators and oronasopharyngeal issues. Statistical analysis involved descriptive analysis and Poisson regression (p < 0.05). Results: The prevalences of AOB and PC were 21.0% and 11.6%, respectively. Being three years old (PR = 1.244; 95% CI = 1.110-1.394; p < 0.001), being four years old (PR = 1.144; 95% CI = 1.110 - 1.394; p = 0.015), absence of allergy (PR = 1.158; 95% CI = 1.057 - 1.269; p = 0.002), not having undergone nose surgery (PR = 1.152; 95% CI = 1.041 - 1.275; p = 0.006) and having a sore throat more than five times in the same year (PR = 1.118; 95% CI = 1.011 - 1.237; p = 0.030) were significantly associated with AOB. The absence of asthma (PR = 1.082; 95% CI = 1.012 - 1.156; p = 0.020), not having undergone throat surgery (PR = 1.112; 95% CI = 1.068 - 1.158; p < 0.001) and not having undergone nose surgery (PR = 1.114; 95% CI = 1.069 - 1.160; p < 0.001) remained associated with PC. Conclusion: Significant associations were found between oronasopharyngeal-reported abnormalities and the presence of AOB and PC in preschoolers.

Trends in the prevalence of traumatic crown injuries and associated factors in Brazilian preschool children: 10-year observational data.

To assess trends in the prevalence of traumatic crown injuries (TCI) in children aged 1-4 years living in Diadema city (Brazil) and to investigate whether TCI were associated with socio-demographic and clinical variables. Six cross-sectional surveys with representative samples were carried out from 2002 to 2012 following the same criteria and methodology. A total of 6389 children were evaluated and systematically selected on the National Children's Vaccination day. Calibrated examiners performed the children's oral examination for TCI according to Andreasen's criteria. Chi-square test for trends was used to perform comparative analysis. Poisson regression was used to associate TCI to socio-demographic and clinical variables. The prevalence of TCI in 2002 for preschool children aged 1, 2, 3 and 4 years was 4.5%, 11.4%, 14% and 13.9%, respectively, and the prevalence in 2012 for the same age groups was 10.4%, 15.9%, 25.7% and 28.1%, respectively. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of TCI for all age groups and for the total sample (P < 0.05). Children's age was associated with TCI in all the surveys. Male gender, presence of anterior open bite and inadequate lip coverage were associated with TCI in some surveys along the years (P < 0.05). This study has shown an increase of TCI prevalence in Brazilian preschool children in the last 10 years and its association with children's age, male gender, presence of anterior open bite and inadequate lip coverage. However, this increase does not seem to be relevant to decisions on public policy.

Impact of malocclusion on oral health-related quality of life of preschool children

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the relationship of dental malocclusion with COHRQoL considering socioeconomic backgrounds and clinical factors. METHODS: A survey was carried out in Santa Maria, Brazil, during the National Children's Vaccination Day. The sample comprised 478 children aged 12 to 59 months. Fifteen trained and calibrated examiners evaluated the presence of anterior malocclusion traits (AMT) - anterior open bite, overjet and sealing lip. COHRQoL was measured through overall scores of the Brazilian version of ECOHIS (Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale). The assessment of association used adjusted Poisson regression models. RESULTS: The unadjusted assessment observed age, untreated dental caries and anterior open bite as the main covariates of the overall ECOHIS score. After the adjustment, the presence of anterior open bite had a negative impact on COHRQoL. There was no association between overjet and sealing lip with COHRQoL. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, anterior open bite present a negative impact on COHRQoL.

Assessing individual and neighborhood social factors in child oral health-related quality of life: a multilevel analysis.

It has been suggested that subjective measures of oral health are influenced by both individual and contextual characteristics. This study assessed the relationship between neighborhood and individual social networks and child oral health-related quality of life (COHRQoL). This study followed a cross-sectional design using a multistage sample of 478 children aged 1-5 years old. Caregivers completed the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and answered questions related to socioeconomic status and social network. The dental examination provided information on the prevalence of dental caries, dental trauma, and occlusion. Contextual social determinants included the presence of cultural community centers and of workers' association in the neighborhood. Data analysis considered the total ECOHIS scores as the outcome and neighborhood/individual social networks as the independent variables. A multilevel Poisson regression model was used to investigate the association among individual and contextual characteristics and COHRQoL. Total ECOHIS scores ranged from 0 to 41 (possible range 0-52). The mean ECOHIS score was low (mean = 1.8, SD = 3.9), and the functional domain presented the highest mean impact on COHRQoL (mean = 0.5, SD = 1.4). Following adjusted analysis, low household income, visiting a neighbor less than once a month, the presence of anterior open bite, dental trauma, and dental caries were identified as individual determinants of negative impact on a child's quality of life. These variables remained associated with the outcome even after adding the contextual-level variables in the model. At the contextual level, the presence of community cultural centers was associated with overall mean ECOHIS score; higher impacts on COHRQoL were observed in those living in neighborhoods without cultural community centers. There is a significant association between individual and contextual social determinants and COHRQoL; unfavorable social conditions and poor socioeconomic status have a negative impact on caregiver reports of children's oral health-related quality of life.

Evaluation of hyoid bone movements in subjects with open bite: a study with real-time balanced turbo field echo cine-magnetic resonance imaging

ObjectiveTo assess the position and movements of the hyoid bone during deglutition in patients with open bite.MethodsThirty-six subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the presence of anterior open bite. The open bite group (OBG) and control group each comprised 18 patients with a mean overbite of -4.9 ± 1.9 mm and 1.9 ± 0.7 mm. The position of the hyoid bone during the 4 stages of deglutition was evaluated by measuring vertical and horizontal movement of the bone.ResultsInteractions of group and stage showed no significant effect on the measurements (p > 0.05). However, when group and stage were evaluated individually, they showed significant effects on the measurements (p < 0.001). In OBG, the hyoid bone was more inferiorly and posteriorly positioned, and this position continued during the deglutition stages.ConclusionsThe hyoid bone reaches the maximum anterior position at the oral stage and maximum superior position at the pharyngeal stage during deglutition. Open bite does not change the displacement pattern of the bone during deglutition. The hyoid bone is positioned more inferiorly and posteriorly in patients with open bite because of released tension on the suprahyoid muscles.

Prevalência de mordida aberta anterior e protrusão dentária em pré-escolares da cidade do Recife (PE, Brasil)

The objective of this work was to verify the prevalence of malocclusions (anterior open bite, overjet) and its association with age, gender and type of school with a sample of 2,651 preschool children in the city of Recife, PE, Brazil. The children were seated in school chairs in the room of the day care/school for the clinical exam, children aging two years or less were assisted in the system knee-knee, through natural and artificial illumination. The dental protrusion was verified when the overjet was larger than 3 mm through periodontal probe in millimeters. The presence of anterior open bite was detected when there was no contact with the anterior teeth and the posterior ones stayed in occlusion. t was also registered in clinical record a combination of the two malocclusions types, in other words, open bite and of dental protrusion. The data were analyzed at Qui-square and the association among the events was the odds ratio. The prevalence of protrusion was 66.1% and previous open bite 19.8%. There was association among this malocclusions, age and type of school, however there was not significant statistical association between malocclusion and gender. It was concluded that the prevalence of malocclusion in preschoolers was high and it was associated to the age and school type.

Anterior Open Bite and Speech Disorders in Children with Down Syndrome

To estimate the prevalence and to determine if there is an association between anterior open bite and the presence of speech disorders in a group of Mexican children with Down syndrome (DS). The subjects were a group of Mexican children with Down syndrome (DG) and a control group (CG) of Mexican pediatric patients without disabilities matched by age. The children in both groups came from families having children with anterior open bite and children without it. A parental questionnaire, dental study casts, and a speech test were used to measure the studied variables. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test (chi(2) test), and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey post hoc test. Prevalence of anterior open bite was 31.6% in the DG and 22.8% in the CG. The total speech errors by omissions, substitutions, distortions, and additions indicated that there were significant differences between both groups (F = 31.68, P < .001). In general, no significant difference in speech disorders was observed between the DG and the CG regardless of the presence of anterior open bite. No association existed between speech disorders and anterior open bite in the samples studied.

Dynamic MRI Evaluation of Tongue Posture and Deglutitive Movements in a Surgically Corrected Open Bite

Tongue thrust usually develops in the presence of anterior open bite in order to achieve anterior valve function. In the literature, tongue thrust is described both as the result and the cause of open bite. If it is an adaptation to malocclusion, then tongue posture and deglutitive tongue movements should change after treatment. In this case report, an adult who had skeletal open bite and Class II malocclusion caused by mandibular retrusion was treated surgically. The mandible was advanced in a forward and upward direction with a sagittal split osteotomy. The open bite and Class II malocclusion were corrected and an increase in the posterior airway space (PAS) was observed. Pretreatment and posttreatment dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed that tongue tip was retruded behind the incisors and contact of the tongue with the palate increased. It was also determined that the anterior and middle portions descended, whereas the posterior portion was elevated at all stages. Advancement of the mandible, correction of open bite, and an increase in PAS affected not only the tongue posture and deglutitive movements, but also the breathing pattern of the patient.