Presence Of Aluminum Chloride Research Articles

Combination of AlCl3, Ionic Liquid, and Microwaves: An Efficient Method for Dehydration and 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition: An Unusual Observation in the Presence of Acrylonitrile

Use of a combination of ionic liquids in the presence of aluminium chloride and microwave irradiation was shown to be a very efficient and high-yielding method for the dehydration of aldoximes and also for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Surprisingly, the presence of acrylonitrile rendered an unusual formation of substituted amide.

Aluminum Chloride-Mediated Acylation of Methylenecyclobutanes. A Facile Synthetic Protocol for the Construction of Substituted Cyclopentenes

Reactions of methylenecyclobutanes (MCBs) with acyl chlorides produce the corresponding substituted cyclopentene derivatives in moderate to high yields via ring enlargement in the presence of aluminum chloride under mild conditions. A plausible mechanism has been proposed on the basis of control and deuterium labeling experiments.

Comparison of the structure and thermal properties of a poly(aryl ether ketone ether ketone naphthyl ketone) with those of poly(aryl ether ketone ether ketone ketone)

AbstractPoly(oxy-1,4-phenylene carbonyl-1,4-phenylene oxy-1,4-phenylene carbonyl-2,6-naphthalene carbonyl-1,4-phenylene) or 2,6-PEKEKNK is a polymer of the poly(aryl ether ketone) family differing from PEKEKK by the presence of a naphthyl group linked at positions 2 and 6 to the two ketone groups. It is synthesized by electrophilic precipitation polycondensation of 2,6- naphthalenedicarboxylic acid chloride with 4,4’-bis-(4-phenoxy) benzophenone in the presence of aluminium chloride. The dimensions of the orthorhombic unit cell determined from an initially amorphous, stretched film are: a = 0.778 nm, b = 0.613 nm, c = 5.52 nm. In contrast with PEKEKK no signs of polymorphism were found for 2,6 PEKEKNK. Its glass transition and melting temperatures are 20 °C and 2 °C above those of PEKEKK, respectively.

Conjugate Addition of Triallylaluminum to α,β‐Unsaturated Nitroalkenes to Produce 4,5‐Unsaturated Nitroalkenes

The reaction of aryl substituted α,β‐unsaturated nitroalkenes 1a–g with triallylaluminum 2 in ether solution at 0°C generated low to high yields of 4,5‐unsaturated nitroalkenes 3a–g after adding the nitronate to an ice‐cold solution of dilute hydrobromic acid. The yields of products 3h–j were increased substantially when the alkyl substituted α,β‐unsaturated nitroalkene 1h and the highly hindered α,β‐unsaturated nitroalkenes 1i and 1j reacted with 2 in the presence of aluminum chloride. The most important thing is triallylaluminum was prepared from allyl bromide and pure elemental Al, not from Grignard reagent.

Acylation of Alkylidenecyclopropanes for the Facile Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Ketone and Benzofulvene Derivatives with High Stereoselectivity

[reaction: see text] A variety of substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone and benzofulvene derivatives were readily prepared in good to excellent yields via the reaction of alkylidenecyclopropanes with various acyl chlorides in the presence of aluminum chloride. The stereochemistry of the acylation and cyclization is discussed.

The history, chemistry and modes of action of carmine and related dyes

Carmine has been used in biological staining to demonstrate selectively nuclei, chromosomes or mucins, depending on the formulation. Throughout its history in science, complaints and frustrations have been expressed about dye quality. Inconsistencies in dye quality or identity have prevented thorough understanding of staining mechanisms and have caused many stain solutions to behave unsatisfactorily. The aim of this review is to (1) detail causes of these problems, which are rooted in history, geography and production, (2) offer ways to minimize problems and (3) provide modern explanations for stain behavior. Carmine is a “semi-synthetic” dye, i.e., a complex of aluminum and the natural dye cochineal (carminic acid). Carmine shows considerable batch-to-batch variability. Geography, politics, history, agricultural practices and iconography all contribute to the variability of cochineal. In addition, widely divergent manufacturing methods are used to produce carmine. Also, confusion in terminology has led to mislabeling. Pressure from the food industry for a more satisfactory colorant for acidic foods led to the introduction of a new dye, aminocarminic acid, which could enter the biological market inadvertantly. Improved methods of analysis should help the certification process by the Biological Stain Commission. Further standardization could be achieved by replacing most of the methods of solubilizing carmine. The majority of these methods use heat, which is likely to damage the dye molecule. Fortunately, carmine is readily dissolved by raising the pH of the aqueous solvent above 12, and a new form of the dye, now available commercially, is soluble in water without the need for heat or pH adjustment. Chemical structures and physical properties of carminic acid, carmine, aminocarminic acid and kermesic acid are reviewed. A new configuration for carmine is proposed, as well as possible changes to carminic acid and carmine molecules as a result of decomposition caused by heating. Each of the major classes of carmine-based stains is described as are possible mechanisms of attachment to specific substrates. Glycogen binds carmine through hydrogen bonding, and it is here that carmine decomposed by heat could have the greatest detrimental impact. Nuclei and chromosomes are stained via coordination bonds, perhaps supplemented by hydrogen bonds. Finally, acidic mucins react ionically with carmine. Specificity in the latter case may be due to unique polymeric carmine molecules that form in the presence of aluminum chloride.

Reactions of organochlorosilanes with chloro-and organogermanes in the presence of aluminum chloride

The effect of substituents at the silicon and germanium atoms in reactions of organochlorosilanes with chloro-and organogermanes in the presence of aluminum chloride was studied. The only occurring process is the exchange of the chlorine atoms at Ge for the phenyl groups from Si; an increase in the number of methyl groups or chlorine atoms at Si promotes formation of phenyltrichlorogermane, and an increase in the number of phenyl groups or replacement of the chlorine atom at the Si atom by hydrogen leads to the formation of di-and triphenylchlorogermanes. Neither phenyl nor other radicals are transferred back from Ge to Si in the course of reactions of phenylgermanes with methylchlorosilanes in the presence of aluminum chloride; the only occurring processes are the exchange of the phenyl or methyl radicals bonded to Ge for the Cl atom bonded to Al and the disproportionation of phenylchlorogermanes.

Novel Synthesis of 2-(Trifluoromethyl)- and 2-(Perfluoroalkyl)-2-hydroxy-2H-chromenes and Their Regiospecific Reaction with Silyl Enol Ethers

The synthesis of substituted 2-(trifluoromethyl)- and 2-(perfluoroalkyl)-2-hydroxy-2H-chromenes 2a-o was achieved in good yields by intramolecular cyclization of 3-(perfluoroalkyl)-3-phenoxypropenals 1 in the presence of aluminum chloride. Then a Lewis acid mediated nucleophilic reaction with silyl enol ethers 3 proceeded with complete regiospecificity to afford 4-functional 2-(trifluoromethyl)- and 2-(perfluoroalkyl)-4H-chromenes 4a-p with high yields.

Synthesis and characterization of new ketooximes and their complexes

The starting point of the research was the reaction of chloroacetyl chloride with biphenyl in the presence of aluminum chloride. 4-Biphenylhydroximoyl chloride (HL) was obtained by reacting synthesized 4-(chloroacetyl)biphenyl with alkyl nitride. Four new substituted 4-(alkylaminoisonitrosoacetyl)biphenyles (ketooximes) were prepared by reacting 4-biphenylhydroximoyl chloride with corresponding amines in EtOH. The following amines were used for ligands: p-toluidine, p-chloroaniline, pyrrolidine, and 4-aminoacetophenone. Mononuclear complexes with a metal-ligand ratio of 1: 2 were prepared using cadmium(II), cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II), lead(II), and zinc(II) salts. These compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, AAS, infrared spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The ligands have been further characterized by 1H NMR. The results suggest that the ketooximes act as bidentate ligands which bond metal ions through the oxime and carbonyl oxygen.

Microwave-Assisted One-Pot Synthesis of 1-Indanones from Arenes and α,β-Unsaturated Acyl Chlorides

A series of 1-indanones were synthesized in good yields via tandem Friedel-Crafts acylation and Nazarov cyclization of arenes and alpha,beta-unsaturated acyl chlorides in the presence of aluminum chloride under microwave irradiation.

A boron–boron linked large metallacarborane cluster: Characterization and X-ray structure of 8,9′-[ closo-{3-Co(η 5-C 5H 5)-1,2-C 2B 9H 10}] 2

The 8,9′-[ closo-{3-Co(η 5-C 5H 5)-1,2-C 2B 9H 10}] 2 ( 1) species, in which two large closo-CoC 2B 9 sub-clusters are connected by a B–B bond, is unexpectedly obtained from the reaction of closo-[3-Co(η 5-C 5H 5)-1,2-C 2B 9H 11] with sulfur in the presence of aluminium chloride under reflux conditions. The solid state conformation of 1 seems to be the result of a pair of intramolecular C–H⋯H–B dihydrogen bonds between the protonic H atoms of the C 5H 5 fragment of a sub-cluster and the hydridic H atoms of the C 2B 9H 11 fragment in the other sub-cluster in 1.

Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides and Sulfones Using n‐Butyltriphenylphosphonium Dichromate (BunPPh3)2Cr2O7 in the Presence of Aluminum Chloride in Solution and under Microwave Irradiation.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Selective Oxidative Cleavage of Benzylic and Allylic Oximes to Their Carbonyl Compounds with Strontium Manganate in the Presence of Aluminum Chloride in Solution and under Solvent‐Free Conditions.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides and Sulfones Using n -Butyltriphenylphosphonium Dichromate (Bu n PPh3)2Cr2O7 in the Presence of Aluminium Chloride in Solution and Under Microwave Irradiation

A wide variety of sulfides are efficiently oxidized to their corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones in excellent yields using n-butyltriphenylphosphonium dichromate (BTPPDC) in the presence of aluminium chloride in acetonitrile solution and under microwave irradiation. In addition, selective oxidation of sulfides in the presence of functional groups such as a carbon–carbon double bond, ketone, oxime, aldehyde, ether, and acetal can be considered as a noteworthy advantage of this method.

Selective Oxidative Cleavage of Benzylic and Allylic Oximes to Their Carbonyl Compounds with Strontium Manganate in the Presence of Aluminium Chloride in Solution and under Solvent-Free Conditions

However,some of these methods suffer from disadvantages such aslong reaction times, low yields of the products and tediouswork up. Also many of the reports either do not describe thedoeximon oi at do al f ximes o girveow y l dsel ofali de hyd orsen o i t a d i x o e iv ect l e S . zed i d i ox er e ov s ar e d y h e d ald te a r e b i l e thof benzylic and allylic oximes in the presence of aliphaticoximes and other derivatives such as semicarbazones,phenylhydrazones and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones is ofpractical importance and only a few reports are available inthe literature for this purpose.

Preparation of 1,5‐Fused Tetrazoles under Solvent‐Free Conditions.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Coumarin Ethylenes/Propylenes)

ABSTRACT Poly(coumarin ethylenes/propylenes) were prepared by reacting 4-methyl-7-hydroxy- and 4-phenyl-7-hydroxy-coumarins with 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,3-dibromopropane in the presence of aluminum chloride under Friedel-Crafts reaction conditions by varying molar proportion of the catalyst, neat reaction and use of solvent. All poly (coumarin ethylenes/propylenes) were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectral studies, number average molecular weight determination by non-aqueous conductometric titration, viscosity studies, and thermogravimetry.

A Convenient, Highly Selective Iodination Method for Alcohols Using Cesium Iodide/Aluminum Chloride

A variety of allyl and benzyl alcohols are converted into their corresponding iodides using cesium iodide (CsI) in the presence of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in acetonitrile under mild conditions. Keywords: Iodination, alcohols, cesium iodide, aluminium chloride

Reaction of Germanium Tetrachloride with Chloro(phenyl)silanes in the Presence of Aluminum Chloride

The effect of the quantity of aluminum chloride on the direction and depth of reaction of germanium tetrachloride with chloro(phenyl)silanes of the general formula PhnSiCl4−n (n = 1 – 3) was studied to show that radical exchange between germanium and silicon is initiated only if the mixture contains no less than 2.5–5 wt % of aluminum chloride. With trichloro(phenyl)silane, the radical exchange is initiated at 5 wt % of aluminum chloride and results in exclusive formation of trichloro(phenyl)germane. The reactions of GeCl4 with dichlorodiphenylsilane and chlorotriphenylsilane in the presence of 2.5–7.5 wt % of aluminum chloride give dichlorodiphenylgermane as the major product, and at AlCl3 concentrations of above 10 wt % the major product becomes to be trichloro(phenyl)germane.

Facile Synthesis of Regio Isomeric Naphthofurans and Benzodifurans.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.