Prerequisite Condition Research Articles

Mussel-inspired monomer – A new selective protease inhibitor against dentine collagen degradation

ObjectivesTo evaluate the inhibitory effect of a novel mussel-inspired monomer (N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)methacrylamide (DMA) on the soluble and matrix-bound proteases. MethodsThe inhibitory effect of DMA (0, 1, 5, and 10 mM) and 1 mM chlorhexidine (CHX) dissolved in 50% ethanol/water on soluble recombinant human matrix metalloproteinases (rhMMP-2, −8, and −9), as well as cysteine cathepsins (B and K) were evaluated using both fluorometric assay kits and molecular docking. The effect of CHX and DMA on matrix-bound proteases was examined by in situ zymography, and the fluorescence intensity and relative area were calculated by Image J software. All data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test (α = 0.05). ResultsThe anti-proteolytic ability of DMA increased in a dose-dependent manner except that of rhMMP-9. Inhibitory effect of 1 mM DMA against rhMMP-2, − 8, − 9, as well as cathepsin B and K was all significantly lower than 1 mM CHX (p < 0.05). The molecular docking analysis was in good agreement with the experimental results, that the binding energy of DMA was lower than CHX for all proteases. In situ zymography revealed that all DMA- and CHX-treated groups significantly inactivated the matrix-bound proteases, with a dramatic reduction of the fluorescence intensity and relative area compared with the control group (p < 0.05). SignificanceUnder the prerequisite condition that the overall inhibitory performance on matrix-bound proteases was comparable by DMA and CHX, the more selective property of DMA could avoid inducing potential negative effects by suppressing MMP-9 when applied in dental treatment compared with CHX.

Impact of the Tengiz Oil Field on the State of Land Cover

Abstract The study of the transformation of natural complexes in areas with a developed infrastructure for oil subsurface use is a prerequisite condition for solving the environmental problems of oil-producing regions. Located in the territory of the Atyrau Region in Western Kazakhstan, the Tengiz oil field is one of the largest oil fields in the world. The field has been under intensive development for more than 40 years and is characterised by a large volume of anthropogenic load, which contributes to a significant transformation of the landscape complex. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamics of landscape changes in the territory of the Tengiz field and to assess its ecological condition. Based on the materials from many years of research, the features of the Tengiz field and the main technogenic sources affecting the landscape complex were identified. Several quantitative indicators characterising the anthropogenic load were calculated based on satellite images. On the basis of Landsat – 5 TM, 7 ETM+ and 8 OLI and Sentinel-2A (S2A) data, the vegetation index of land cover was calculated using normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), demonstrating the dynamics of landscape changes in the period from 1990 to 2020. The obtained results show that the areas of some landscape components continue to deteriorate. For example, the area of open soil in 2020 decreased due to the withdrawal of these areas for industrial facilities, which increased by 2.2 times by 2020 due to intensive field development. This study demonstrates the importance of monitoring and studying desert landscape complexes under active anthropogenic impact to ensure the sustainable development of territories.

Influence of (0.19HfO2-0.81ZrO2) ceramics filler content on structural and dielectric properties of PVDF polymer

The rapid evolution of modern technology for the sustainable development of human beings demands eco-friendly, flexible, cost-effective, and lightweight smart materials. Ceramics-polymer composites are those novel materials with improved features, which fulfill the prerequisite conditions for application in flexible devices. Pristine PVDF is one of such electroactive flexible polymers which exhibits good dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. But, its functional properties in the perspective of device application still need improvement and this can be achieved by adding filler to the pure PVDF. In this communication, we have reported the influence of Hafnia-Zirconia (HZ) ceramics (0.19HfO2-0.81ZrO2) filler on structural, microstructural, dielectric, and electrical properties of pure PVDF matrix. The polymer-ceramics flexible composites are synthesized by an eco-friendly and cost-effective method i.e., solution casting method. The phase formation of flexible composites is confirmed from the room temperature XRD spectra. The degree of crystallinity increases with an increase in filler content. The degree of β-phase crystallinity is found to be maximum for 5 wt% of the ceramics filler. An enhanced dielectric constant of ~53 and 20 was observed (as expected) for 5 and 10 wt% of HZ ceramics filler respectively at 100 Hz due to the enrichment of polar β-phase for these two ceramics-polymer composites. The influence of filler content on the dielectric properties was explained based on the percolation model. Relaxation and conduction mechanisms of flexible composites are analyzed from the impedance spectroscopy and ac conductivity study, respectively.

Variability in treatment outcomes from a housing intervention for young mothers misusing substances and experiencing homelessness by sexual identity

Sexual minority (SM) youth have twice the risk of experiencing homelessness compared to their heterosexual peers. Further, SM youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) report greater depression symptoms and substance use compared to heterosexual YEH. Housing First is an intervention that provides scattered-site individual apartments, without any prerequisite conditions for eligibility, and additional services to support long-term housing sustainment; however, few studies have examined the effectiveness of this approach for SM youth. The current study utilized data from a RCT that provided housing to young mothers experiencing homelessness to examine if treatment effects varied by mothers’ sexual identity. Mothers were randomly assigned to services as usual (i.e., provided a referral sheet of all services available in the community; SAU), Housing only (i.e., three months of utility and rental assistance; Housing), or housing and supportive services (integrates independent housing, Strengths-Based Outreach and Advocacy (SBOA), HIV prevention, and substance use/mental health counseling; Housing + SS). Latent growth curve models were estimated to assess how substance use and depression symptoms changed over the 12 months. SM mothers receiving SAU or Housing did not experience a significant change in substance use or depression symptoms. All groups of heterosexual mothers and SM mothers receiving Housing + SS had less substance use and depression symptoms at twelve months, with SM mothers in Housing + SS evidencing a steeper decline in substance use and depression symptoms. This study provides some of the first evidence that Housing First can mitigate the mental health and substance use concerns of SM YEH. Given SM’s higher rates of homelessness, substance use, and depression symptoms, Housing First should be further explored as an intervention to address their unique needs.

A quality improvement project reducing adverse events and improving adherence to guidelines surrounding VRIII usage

Variable rate intravenous insulin infusions (VRIII) are frequently used in hospitals and incorrect use can lead to electrolyte imbalance, hypoglycaemia and adverse outcomes. The Joint British Diabetes Societies (JDBS) published...

Comparison of outcomes and side effects for neoadjuvant chemotherapy with weekly cisplatin and paclitaxel followed by chemoradiation vs. chemoradiation alone in stage IIB\u2013IVA cervical cancer: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundCurrently, the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer is concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT). The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced cervical cancer is controversial. Studies have shown that the addition of a weekly regimen of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by CCRT may be superior to a thrice-weekly regimen of NACT and CCRT. Among patients who had not received prior cisplatin, a cisplatin and paclitaxel (TP) regimen resulted in longer overall survival than other regimens. This study aims to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of NACT with weekly TP followed by CCRT.MethodsThis is a prospective, randomized, open-labeled, multicentered phase III study. Based on a 65% of 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate in the CCRT group and 80% of that in NACT followed by CCRT group, and on prerequisite conditions including an 8% loss to follow-up, a two-sided 5% of type I error probability, and an 80% of power, a total of 300 cases were required for enrollment. Patients with IIB–IVA cervical cancer will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to one of two intervention arms. In the study arm, patients will receive dose-dense cisplatin (40 mg/m2) and paclitaxel (60 mg/m2) weekly for 4 cycles followed by CCRT (45 Gy in 5 weeks concurrent with cisplatin 40 mg/m2 weekly) plus image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGBRT). In the control arm, patients will undergo CCRT treatment. The primary endpoint of the study is 2-year disease-free survival (DFS); the secondary endpoints are 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), the response rate 3 months after treatment completion, grade III/IV adverse effects, and quality of life, and potential biomarkers for predicting treatment response will also be studied.DiscussionThe data gathered from the study will be used to determine whether NACT with weekly TP followed by CCRT may become an optimized treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1900025327. Registered on 24 August 2019. medresman.org.cn ChiCTR1900025326

Characteristics and influencing factors of Cretaceous reservoir in eastern depression of North Yellow Sea basin

Cretaceous is the key exploration target layer in the eastern depression of North Yellow Sea basin, which has a good prospect for oil and gas exploration. Its huge oil and gas resource potential has attracted great attention from petroleum geologists. In this study, the main rock types, reservoir space types, petrophysical characteristics and main controlling factors of Cretaceous reservoir are studied through core observation, thin section identification, petrophysical analysis and scanning electron microscope observation. The results indicate that the main rock types of Cretaceous reservoir in the eastern depression of North Yellow Sea basin are lithic arkose, feldspar lithic sandstone, some feldspar sandstone and a small amount of lithic sandstone. The average porosity is 6.9%, and the average permeability is 0.46 × 10−3 μm, so Cretaceous reservoir in the study area has poor petrophysical characteristics and belongs to low porosity and low permeability reservoir. Cretaceous reservoirs in the study area mainly develop in secondary pores, which are dominated by dissolution pores (including intragranular pores, intercrystalline pores and cleavage pores), followed by fractures. The main factors affecting petrophysical characteristics of Cretaceous reservoir in the study area are provenance properties, sedimentation, diagenesis (including compaction, cementation and dissolution) and tectonism. The provenance properties and sedimentation are the prerequisite conditions affecting petrophysical characteristics. Petrophysical characteristics of feldspar sandstone of Cretaceous reservoir in the study area and lithic arkose are better than that of feldspar lithic sandstone. Both compaction and cementation reduce the porosity and permeability of Cretaceous reservoir in the study area and make petrophysical characteristics become poor, whereas the dissolution and tectonism play an important role in improving petrophysical characteristics of Cretaceous reservoir.

Heterologous Expression and Purification of GPCRs.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in a variety of human physiological processes and are attractive targets for treating various diseases. Yet, despite the importance as therapeutic targets, only 97 unique GPCR structures have been determined to date. A key challenge in their structural biology study is to obtain adequate protein samples because GPCRs usually have the low expression in native tissues. The in vitro recombinant expression provides the possibility to obtain large quantities of high-quality proteins suitable for three-dimensional structure determination by crystallography or single particle cryo-EM methods. For GPCR protein production, eukaryotic expression systems, such as baculovirus system and mammalian system, are the most widely used. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the methodological approaches on GPCRs expression and purification optimization using insect cells and mammalian cells, which is the prerequisite conditions for structural biology studies.

Observation of the extreme Doppler shift of acoustic rotating waves in the time domain

When a rotating wave carrying orbital angular momentum undergoes an extreme Doppler shift, the observed frequency will become negative. The negative frequency is the prerequisite condition for rotational superradiance, which is principally in connection with the black hole radiance. This condition has been observed in a published experiment using two rotating microphones, which mainly obtained the spectral results. However, the experiment showed a few graphical details of the wave shape. We propose a numerical method not only to demonstrate the Doppler shift of the observed frequency but also to show the formation of the acoustic rotating waves in the time domain. The numerical model adopts a circular array of momentum sources to generate the rotating waves and an array of static monitoring points to simulate the rotating microphones. The time domain observation shows that a negative frequency can be explained with either the handedness reversal of orbital angular momentum or the time reversal of the signal. This point of view has never been reported. The proposed method is not only instructive for designing an experiment with static microphones which are more easily assembled than rotating microphones but also useful in exploring the physical insight of the supperadiance phenomenon.

A Geological-Geophysical Prospecting Model for Deep-Seated Gold Deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China

The North China Craton is one of China’s major gold-producing areas. Breakthroughs have been continually made in deep prospecting at depths of 500–2000 m in the Jiaodong Peninsula, and geophysical methods have played an important role. Given that the geophysical signals of deep-seated gold deposits are difficult to detect, due to their thick overburden layers, conventional geophysical methods are not suitable for deep prospecting. Therefore, this study upgrades the geological-geophysical prospecting model, which is based on the deep metallogenic model and geophysical method of large exploration depths. Based on the analysis of the metallogenic geological factors of the altered-rock-type gold deposits in the fracture zones of the Jiaodong Peninsula, this study proposes that the gold deposits are controlled by large-scale faults, generally occur near the contact interfaces between the Early Precambrian metamorphic rock series and Mesozoic granitoids, and exhibit a stepped metallogenic model. This model then becomes the prerequisite and basic condition for deep prospecting by geophysical methods. For this reason, the traditional geophysical model, which focuses on the exploration of shallow mineralization anomalies, is transformed into a comprehensive multi-parameter geological-geophysical qualitative prospecting model highlighting the exploration of ore-controlling structural planes. The model adopts various frequency domain methods (e.g., CSAMT, AMT, WFEM), reflection seismology, and other methods to detect the deep geological structure. The characteristics of parameters such as gravity and magnetism, resistivity, polarizability, and the seismic reflection spectrum are applied to identify the ore-controlling fault location and dip angle change, and to estimate the ore-bearing location according to the stepped metallogenic model. The prospecting demonstration of deep-seated gold deposits in the Shuiwangzhuang mining area indicates the effectiveness of the comprehensive model. The comprehensive deep prospecting model effectively solves the problem of deep prospecting of gold deposits controlled by faults, promotes the great breakthrough of deep prospecting in the Jiaodong Peninsula, and provides an important technology demonstration for deep prospecting throughout China.

A Comparative Study on Adjustment Levels among Female College Students

In psychology, Adjustment is that condition of a person who is able to adapt with his physical occupational and social environment. And in other words, adjustment refers to the behavioural process of balancing conflicting needs, or needs challenged by obstacles in the environment. Humans and animals regularly adjust to their environment. Successful adjustment is crucial to having a high quality of life. Those who are unable to adjust well are more likely to have clinical anxiety. For living a happy and prosperous life adjustment is a pre-requisite condition. In every sphere of life, starting from birth till death we need healthy adjustment. We conducted the present study with the purpose to compare adjustment of Indian and Foreign Female Students of Nizam College.

2D High-Entropy Hydrotalcites.

High-entropy materials (HEMs) with unique configuration and physicochemical properties have attracted intensive research interest. However, 2D HEMs have not been reported yet. To find out unique properties of combining 2D materials and HEMs, a series of 2D high-entropy hydrotalcites (HEHs) is created by coprecipitation method, including quinary, septenary, and even novenary metallic elements. It is found that the fast synthetic kinetics of coprecipitation process conquers the thermodynamically solubility limitation of different elements, which is the prerequisite condition to form HEHs. As the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts, HEHs show significantly decreased apparent activation energy compared with low-entropy hydrotalcites (LEHs) due to the lattice distortion induced by the multimetallic character of HEHs. This work opens up a new avenue for the development of 2D HEMs, which broadens the family of HEMs and presents a most promising platform for exploring the unknown properties of HEMs.

The 22nd Convention of the Media Ecology Association

The 22nd Convention of the Media Ecology Association

An Empirical Analysis on the Effects of Corruption, International Trade, and National Income on Inward Foreign Direct Investment

Purpose - The study centers on how corruption, national income, and international trade volume can give an impact on a nation’s performance in terms of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Design/Methodology/Approach - We used the data of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) using Corruption Perception Index(CPI) from 217 countries and inward FDI using Panel Regression Analysis such as the Fixed Effect Panel Model and the deviation from mean model. Findings - As the empirical results of this study, the members of the OECD and EU corruption did not give the significant impact on their inbound FDI. However, there were correlations between corruption and FDI for the developing nation in ASEAN and UNASUR. In further development of globalization, corruptions of each nation are no longer domestic issues but are rather shared by the world, including neighboring countries. Research Implications - Global investors are calling for a higher level of transparency from investment destinations. Nowadays, the developing country’s effort to root out corruption has become a prerequisite condition to beef up its economy.

Components of contributing conditions to strengthen health system management and leadership capacity building: a systematic review and decision making framework.

The purpose of this study is to identify components of contributing conditions to strengthen leadership and management capacity in the health system. A systematic search was undertaken in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and local resources of Scientific Information Database and Magiran in January 2020. Two independent researchers checked the research process, screening of articles and quality assessment. The quality of the studies was assessed by JBI critical appraisal tools for qualitative studies. The components of the dimensions of health system management and leadership capacity were categorized according to the WHO conceptual framework using a content analysis approach. A total of 17 articles were included in this study. In total, 16 categories of components include human resource information system (n = 5); criteria, plans and procedures for selection and appointment (n = 5); development of education system (n = 11); skills (n = 39); knowledge (n = 8); attitudes (n = 6); behaviors (n = 10); resource and critical management system (n = 7); performance and processes management (n = 3); operational planning for critical systems (n = 4); establish control systems (n = 2); inputs and outputs of organizations (n = 2); accountability and responsibility to customers and stakeholders (n = 4); legal authority and requirements to play the role of managers (n = 9); external and internal environment management (n = 7); establish a system of appreciation and encouragement (n = 6). Each of these categories also contains subcategories. Identifying prerequisite conditions are necessary for building leadership and management capacity in health systems. Therefore, extracted components provide a simple but coherent framework that can be adapted or modified for use in local situations. The components have a variety of uses, including mapping current activities, needs assessment, planning leadership and management development strategies and monitoring and evaluation.

Exploring the Impact of Cenomanian Paleogeography and Marine Gateways on Oceanic Oxygen

AbstractThe Cenomanian‐Turonian period recorded one of the largest disruptions to the oxygen and carbon cycles, the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2, 94 Ma). This event is global, yet paleo‐reconstructions document heterogeneous ocean oxygenation states and sedimentary carbon contents, temporally and spatially, suggesting that several mechanisms are at play. To better understand the long‐term controls on oceanic oxygen and the initial oxygenation conditions prevailing at the beginning of OAE2, we perform numerical simulations of the Cenomanian using the IPSCL‐CM5A2 Earth System Model, which includes a marine biogeochemistry component. We examine the control of the biogeochemical states of the global and Central Atlantic oceans by the depth of the Central American Seaway (CAS). The simulations show that a vigorous ocean circulation existed during the Cenomanian before OAE2 and that dysoxia/anoxia was caused by paleogeography rather than by ocean stagnation. The existence of restricted basins, disconnected from the deep global circulation and supplied with oxygen‐depleted waters from Oxygen Minimum Zones of the surrounding basins, played a key role in the development of dysoxic/anoxic regions. A comparison with redox‐proxy data suggests that a deep connection existed between the Pacific and Central Atlantic prior to OAE2. A shallowing of the CAS may have contributed to the establishment of enhanced anoxia in the Central Atlantic, but cannot be the only OAE2 triggering factor. The paleogeographic configuration and that of gateways appear as major factors controlling the oceanic circulation and oxygen distribution, leading to extended low‐oxygenated oceanic areas as prerequisite conditions necessary for the OAE2 to occur.

Рецензия на книгу: Злыгостев В.А. Герои «Сок­ровенного сказания»

Research objectives: This article analyzes a new book by independent historian, Valery Zlygostev, written in the historical, biographical genre. The book is dedicated to outstanding figures in the medieval history of the Mongols, their allies, and opponents, as have been preserved in written sources. It discusses the territories eventually covered by the Mongol Empire, stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Pacific Ocean, during the period from the eighth to thirteenth century. Zlygostev traced the process of the establishment of Mongolian statehood, the formation of the Mongol Empire, and the expansion of its borders until the end of the era of conquests in the 1270s. The author reconstructs the biographies of all the characters of this period on the basis of the Mongol chronicle of c. 1240, traditionally called the “Secret History,” alongside other sources. The scholarly novelty of the research lies in the presentation of the secondary and tertiary heroes of Mongolian history and their role in various military and political events that culminated in the creation of the greatest world empire in history. Particular attention is paid to the so-called “dark” period in the history of the Mongols stretching until the middle of the twelfth century, that is, the period of Chinggis Khan’s birth. This period is still insufficiently analyzed in historiography and yet is very important for clarifying the prerequisite conditions which brought about the subsequent unification of Mongolia and the conquests of Chinggis Khan and his successors in Asia and Europe. The author has done a tremendous job of analyzing all available sources and identi­fying all possible details of the biography of certain heroes. The book is recommended for everyone interested in the medieval history of Eurasia.

Capsular genotype distribution of Group B Streptococcus colonization among at-risk pregnant women in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

BackgroundVaccines in development against Group B Streptococcus (GBS) should contain the most prevalent capsular genotypes screened in the target population. In low- and middle-income countries epidemiological data on GBS carriage among pregnant women, a prerequisite condition for GBS neonatal sepsis, is needed to inform vaccine strategies. ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of different GBS capsular genotypes that colonizes at-risk pregnant women in a private maternity hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. MethodsGBS strains isolated in routine maternity procedures from at-risk pregnant women from 2014 to 2018 were confirmed by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) with subsequent DNA extraction for identification of capsular genotype through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Demographic and gestational data were analyzed. ResultsA total of 820 Todd-Hewitt broths positive for GBS were selected for streptococcal growth. Recovery and confirmation of GBS by MALDI-TOF were possible in 352. Strains were processed for determination of capsular genotype by PCR. From the total of 352 GBS isolates, 125 strains (35.5%) were genotyped as Ia; 23 (6.5%) as Ib; 41 (11.6%) as II; 36 (10.2%) as III; 4 (1.1%) as IV; 120 (34.1%) as V and 1 strain (0.3%) as VIII. Two isolates (0.7%) were not genotyped by used methodology. No statistically significant correlation between gestational risk factors, demographic data and distribution of capsular genotypes were found. ConclusionsGBS capsular genotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, and V were the most prevalent isolates colonizing at risk pregnant women in the present study. The inclusion of capsular genotypes Ia and V in the composition of future vaccines would cover 69.6% of capsular genotypes in the studied population. No statistically significant differences were observed between capsular genotype and gestational and demographic data and risk factors.

Efficient and modified 2-NBDG assay to measure glucose uptake in cultured myotubes

Under type-2 diabetes, insulin resistance develops in skeletal muscles as a key defect and to study the disorder, its manifestation, and possible solution, measurement of glucose uptake is a fundamental necessity. Of various approaches (i.e. scintillation counting, flow cytometry, fluorometry and spectrophotometry) fluorescent labelled glucose analogue, 2-NBDG solution is the most popular one. Although 2-NBDG based assay is the most widely used approach in various cells including skeletal muscle, even then all available protocols possess huge variability which impacts the overall data reproducibility. Moreover, starvation (use of glucose/serum free medium), one of the prerequisite condition for glucose uptake assay, itself induces stress specifically during longer pre-incubation periods and alters muscle cell metabolism and morphology, but the fact has not been duly considered. Therefore in the present article, using specific skeletal muscle cells i.e. C2C12 myotubes, we have re-established the conditions like pre-incubation time period, concentrations of insulin, glucose and serum/BSA while maintaining the cultured myotubes in morphologically healthy state. Our lab standardized protocols were observed to be effective in studying insulin resistance condition induced by diverse stresses (oxidative & inflammation) in myotubes. Comparative study conducted with already established protocols demonstrates that the present method is more efficient, effective and better improvised for studying glucose uptake in C2C12.

A New Cache Update Scheme Using Reinforcement Learning for Coded Video Streaming Systems.

As the demand for video streaming has been rapidly increasing recently, new technologies for improving the efficiency of video streaming have attracted much attention. In this paper, we thus investigate how to improve the efficiency of video streaming by using clients’ cache storage considering exclusive OR (XOR) coding-based video streaming where multiple different video contents can be simultaneously transmitted in one transmission as long as prerequisite conditions are satisfied, and the efficiency of video streaming can be thus significantly enhanced. We also propose a new cache update scheme using reinforcement learning. The proposed scheme uses a K-actor-critic (K-AC) network that can mitigate the disadvantage of actor-critic networks by yielding K candidate outputs and by selecting the final output with the highest value out of the K candidates. The K-AC exists in each client, and each client can train it by using only locally available information without any feedback or signaling so that the proposed cache update scheme is a completely decentralized scheme. The performance of the proposed cache update scheme was analyzed in terms of the average number of transmissions for XOR coding-based video streaming and was compared to that of conventional cache update schemes. Our numerical results show that the proposed cache update scheme can reduce the number of transmissions up to 24% when the number of videos is 100, the number of clients is 50, and the cache size is 5.