Prerequisite Condition Research Articles

Điều kiện thúc đẩy sự ra đời tiền kỹ thuật số của Ngân hàng Trung ương: Đề xuất khung khổ lý thuyết hai giai đoạn

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) emerges as a novel form of fiat currency, exerting diverse influences on the monetary system, market dynamics, and the entire economy. By synthesizing existing literature through comparative analysis and theoretical evaluation, this study presents a novel framework outlining the preconditions for CBDC successful implementation and widespread adoption. They are categorized into two phases: (i) Phase 1 encompasses four prerequisite conditions, namely: clear policy objectives, a robust legislative framework, broad stakeholder engagement, and sound technological capabilities; (ii) Phase 2 addresses the critical challenge of market feasibility, mirrored through end-user acceptance of CBDC. Our proposed two-phase theoretical model serves as a valuable guide for central banks in formulating policies and plans, aiding commercial banks in implementing CBDC related technical solutions and infrastructure, and fostering awareness among end users, both individuals and businesses.

Evaluation of students’ performance in elective mathematics: The effect of high school students’ perceived difficulty of the subject

Perception has been attributed as a major cause of students' weakness in mathematics. Hence, this study evaluates its effect on student’s performance in the area of mathematics as an elective subject in some selected Senior High School (SHS) in Ghana. Mixed method research design that employed questionnaire with closed-ended and open-ended items were used in the collection of the data. Stratified sampling technique was used in selecting 300 students as sample for the study. Descriptive statistics and Multiple regression were used to analyse the quantitative data. Again, thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. The findings showed that, SHS students perceived elective mathematics as a difficult subject. Nonetheless, they perceived the teacher-learner activities employed by their teachers in elective mathematics classroom as motivating. Further, they perceived as constructive, the teaching methods used by their elective mathematics teachers. In addition, the study revealed that students’ performance in elective mathematics was not significantly influenced by their perceived difficulty of elective mathematics, teacher motivation and teaching methods although the students expressed favourable dispositions towards these attributes. Thus, the need for Heads of High Schools, to do background check of students’ prior performance, interest and motivation in mathematics as a prerequisite condition for students to pursue elective mathematics is implied in this study. This could stem the tide in the students’ abysmal performance in elective mathematics. Implications for policy, practice and further research are discussed.

Optimization of molecular dynamics in hydrogen production through phenol gasification in supercritical water

Phenol serves as a crucial intermediate in the biomass conversion process, and its solubility or conversion rate in the aqueous phase is a determining factor for the prerequisite conditions and rate of biomass gasification for hydrogen production. In this study, we utilized the ReaxFF reactive force field in conjunction with density functional theory to investigate the optimized molecular dynamics of phenol gasification for hydrogen production in supercritical water. The research systematically explored phenol gasification for hydrogen production in supercritical water under varying reaction temperatures, residence times, and relative concentrations, comprehensively analyzing the gasification mechanisms. Results indicate that under conditions of 4000 K, 0.4644 g mL−1, and 750,000 steps residence time, the hydrogen gasification rate reaches a maximum of approximately 80 %. The reaction temperature exhibits a positive correlation with gasification efficiency, while residence times and relative concentration also impact hydrogen yield. Furthermore, phenol in supercritical water predominantly exhibits two ring-opening pathways: one involves the initial dehydrogenation by removing a hydrogen atom connected to phenol itself, followed by subsequent ring-opening; the other entails the prior removal of a hydrogen atom attached to the hydroxyl group, leading to eventual ring-opening. The energy disparity for the final ring-opening in these pathways is not significant, both approximately at 880 Ha. In this system, H2O not only serves as the reaction medium but also provides essential free radical ions for the reaction, ultimately resulting in hydrogen gas generation. This study offers theoretical guidance for enhancing hydrogen production in biomass supercritical water processes.

Dependency-aware action planning for smart home.

How can a smart home system control a connected device to be in a desired state? Recent developments in the Internet of Things (IoT) technology enable people to control various devices with the smart home system rather than physical contact. Furthermore, smart home systems cooperate with voice assistants such as Bixby or Alexa allowing users to control their devices through voice. In this process, a user's query clarifies the target state of the device rather than the actions to perform. Thus, the smart home system needs to plan a sequence of actions to fulfill the user's needs. However, it is challenging to perform action planning because it needs to handle a large-scale state transition graph of a real-world device, and the complex dependence relationships between capabilities. In this work, we propose SmartAid (Smart Home Action Planning in awareness of Dependency), an action planning method for smart home systems. To represent the state transition graph, SmartAid learns models that represent the prerequisite conditions and operations of actions. Then, SmartAid generates an action plan considering the dependencies between capabilities and actions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that SmartAid successfully represents a real-world device based on a state transition log and generates an accurate action sequence for a given query.

Can the concentration of elements in wild-growing mushrooms be deduced from the taxonomic rank?

The mineral composition of wild-growing mushroom species is influenced by various environmental factors, particularly the chemical properties of the soil/substrate. We hypothesised that element uptake might also correlate with taxonomic classification, potentially allowing us to predict contamination levels based on mushrooms within the same taxonomic rank. This study compared the mineral composition (Ag, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) of 16 saprotrophic mushroom species from 11 genera across 4 families and 2 orders. Among these were 13 edible and 3 inedible mushrooms, all collected from natural, wild stands in a forest in central-western Poland between 2017 and 2020.Phallus impudicus exhibited the highest mean content of Ba (together with Phallus hadriani) (6.63 and 8.61 mg kg−1, respectively), Ca (with Paralepista gilva and Stropharia rugosoannulata) (803, 735 and 768 mg kg−1, respectively), Cd (with Lycoperdon perlatum) (3.59 and 3.12 mg kg−1, respectively), Co (0.635 mg kg−1), and Fe (with P. hadriani and S. rugosoannulata) (476, 427 and 477 mg kg−1, respectively), while Macrolepiota mastoidea showed the highest content of Ag (1.96 mg kg−1), As (with Coprinus comatus) (1.56 and 1.62 mg kg−1, respectively) and Cu (with Macrolepiota procera and Chlorophyllum rhacodes) (192, 175 and 180 mg kg−1, respectively). Comparing the content of the analysed elements in the genera represented by at least two species, a similarity was observed, the same as the mean concentration in soil under these species.Soil characteristics could be a superior factor that overshadows the impact of the mushroom genus on the elements accumulation, obscuring its role as a determinant in this process. The results are not definitive evidence that belonging to a particular taxonomic rank is a prerequisite condition affecting the accumulation of all elements. A closer focus on this issue is needed.

Student’s Learning Readiness For Communication Arabic Subject In Higher Education System

Learning readiness is the prerequisite condition for the effective learning process among learners. Understanding the factors influencing students' readiness to learn a language is crucial for educators and institutions aiming to facilitate effective language acquisition. The interplay of interest, motivation, and prior knowledge significantly shapes the receptivity of learners to the language learning process. This study aims to assess student’s learning readiness in in these key dimensions (interest, motivation and prior knowledge) towards the specific context of Arabic Language for Communication at UiTM Cawangan Johor. By examining these factors, educators can gain valuable insights that inform tailored instructional strategies, ultimately enhancing the overall language learning experience for students. This study employs quantitative research whereby the data was collected from 116 part one students using an online questionnaire. The raw data was analyzed by using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) in order to get the frequency, percentage mean and interpretation of the data. The positive results indicate that students are moderately prepared in terms of interest and motivation to learn the Arabic Communication subject. The result also shows that the students are ready in terms of Arabic language prior knowledge towards the learning. It is hoped that this research can be used as guidance for Arabic educators, especially the UiTM Arabic lecturers, to design the best and appropriate teaching approaches and methods, especially based on the students' existing knowledge, while seeking to optimize their teaching methodologies.

Determinants of Values of Integrity in Bhutanese Youth: An Empirical Study

The study primarily examined the various factors that contribute towards instilling values in the youth. Values are those principles or standards that help improve quality of life and forms the basis of character and personality development. Values can be love, compassion, sympathy, empathy, tolerance, etc. They lay the foundation for externally practiced values like integrity, honesty, discipline, punctuality, and loyalty. The study also assessed the effectiveness of the Integrity Club. The integrity clubs instituted in the schools’ advocated integrity, trust, respect, ownership, leadership, teamwork, and patriotism to students and staff through various activities. The study, using the data from the Youth Integrity Assessment (YIA) 2022 conducted by the Anti-Corruption Commission of Bhutan (ACC) found that factors, such as, positive social influence, being accountable for one’s actions, and believing in ethical conduct formed the prerequisite conditions for leading a successful life. Hence, these critical factors significantly engendered positive values in the youths. Moreover, having an Integrity Club in the schools made a positive influence on the youths particularly in understanding the ethical way of living. Also, in general, the females and the mature youths in the schools with Integrity Club portrayed of possessing more values in comparison to the youths in the schools without Integrity Club. The study's findings could assist policy-makers in designing and implementing programs and initiatives to create a conducive environment for the youth to imbibe positive values.

The importance of creating the right conditions for group intervision sessions among medical residents– a qualitative study

BackgroundThe burnout rates among residents urge for adequate interventions to improve resilience and prevent burnout. Peer reflection, also called group intervision sessions, is a potentially successful intervention to increase the resilience of young doctors. We aimed to gain insight into the perceived added value of intervision sessions and the prerequisite conditions to achieve this, according to residents and intervisors. Our insights might be of help to those who think of implementing intervision sessions in their institution.MethodsAn explorative, qualitative study was performed using focus groups and semi-structured interviews with both residents (n = 8) and intervisors (n = 6) who participated in intervision sessions in a university medical center in the Netherlands. The topic list included the perceived added value of intervision sessions and factors contributing to that. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded using NVivo. Thematic analysis was subsequently performed.ResultsAccording to residents and intervisors, intervision sessions contributed to personal and professional identity development; improving collegiality; and preventing burn-out. Whether these added values were experienced, depended on: (1) choices made during preparation (intervisor choice, organizational prerequisites, group composition, workload); (2) conditions of the intervision sessions (safety, depth, role of intervisor, group dynamics, pre-existent development); and (3) the hospital climate.ConclusionsIntervision sessions are perceived to be of added value to the identity development of medical residents and to prevent becoming burned out. This article gives insight in conditions necessary to reach the added value of intervision sessions. Optimizing preparation, meeting prerequisite conditions, and establishing a stimulating hospital climate are regarded as key to achieve this.

Systematic review with expert consensus on use of extracorporeal hemoadsorption in septic shock: An Indian perspective.

Septic shock is a severe form of sepsis characterised by deterioration in circulatory and cellular-metabolic parameters. Despite standard therapy, the outcomes are poor. Newer adjuvant therapy, such as CytoSorb® extracorporeal haemoadsorption device, has been investigated and shown promising outcome. However, there is a lack of some guidance to make clinical decisions on the use of CytoSorb® haemoadsorption as an adjuvant therapy in septic shock in Indian Setting. Therefore, this expert consensus was formulated. To formulate/establish specific consensus statements on the use of CytoSorb® haemoadsorption treatment based on the best available evidence and contextualised to the Indian scenario. We performed a comprehensive literature on CytoSorb® haemoadsorption in sepsis, septic shock in PubMed selecting papers published between January 2011 and March 2023 2021 in English language. The statements for a consensus document were developed based on the summarised literature analysis and identification of knowledge gaps. Using a modified Delphi approach combining evidence appraisal and expert opinion, the following topics related to CytoSorb® in septic shock were addressed: need for adjuvant therapy, initiation timeline, need for Interleukin -6 levels, duration of therapy, change of adsorbers, safety, prerequisite condition, efficacy endpoints and management flowchart. Eleven expert members from critical care, emergency medicine, and the intensive care participated and voted on nine statements and one open-ended question. Eleven expert members from critical care, emergency medicine, and the intensive care participated and voted on nine statements and one open-ended question. All 11 experts in the consensus group (100%) participated in the first, second and third round of voting. After three iterative voting rounds and adapting two statements, consensus was achieved on nine statements out of nine statements. The consensus expert panel also recognised the necessity to form an association or society that can keep a registry regarding the use of CytoSorb® for all indications in the open-ended question (Q10) focusing on "future recommendations for CytoSorb® therapy". This Indian perspective consensus statement supports and provides guidance on the use of CytoSorb® haemoadsorption as an adjuvant treatment in patients with septic shock to achieve optimal outcomes.

Anomalously bright single-molecule upconversion electroluminescence

Efficient upconversion electroluminescence is highly desirable for a broad range of optoelectronic applications, yet to date, it has been reported only for ensemble systems, while the upconversion electroluminescence efficiency remains very low for single-molecule emitters. Here we report on the observation of anomalously bright single-molecule upconversion electroluminescence, with emission efficiencies improved by more than one order of magnitude over previous studies, and even stronger than normal-bias electroluminescence. Intuitively, the improvement is achieved via engineering the energy-level alignments at the molecule−substrate interface so as to activate an efficient spin-triplet mediated upconversion electroluminescence mechanism that only involves pure carrier injection steps. We further validate the intuitive picture with the construction of delicate electroluminescence diagrams for the excitation of single-molecule electroluminescence, allowing to readily identify the prerequisite conditions for producing efficient upconversion electroluminescence. These findings provide deep insights into the microscopic mechanism of single-molecule upconversion electroluminescence and organic electroluminescence in general.

Sticky and Strain-Gradient Artificial Epineurium for Sutureless Nerve Repair in Rodents and Nonhuman Primates.

The need for the development of soft materials capable of stably adhering to nerve tissues without any suturing followed by additional damages is at the fore at a time when success in postoperative recovery depends largely on the surgical experience and/or specialized microsuturing skills of the surgeon. Despite fully recognizing such prerequisite conditions, designing the materials with robust adhesion to wet nerves as well as acute/chronic anti-inflammation remains to be resolved. Herein, a sticky and strain-gradient artificial epineurium (SSGAE) that overcomes the most critically challenging aspect for realizing sutureless repair of severely injured nerves is presented. In this regard, the SSGAE with a skin-inspired hierarchical structure entailing strain-gradient layers, anisotropic Janus layers including hydrophobic top and hydrophilic bottom surfaces, and synergistic self-healing capabilities enables immediate and stable neurorrhaphy in both rodent and nonhuman primate models, indicating that the bioinspired materials strategy significantly contributes to translational medicine for effective peripheral nerve repair.

Cause analysis of secondary explosion accident in Hushan Gold Mine, Shandong Province, China based on HFACS-CM model

Explosion accidents often occur during mining, especially sudden secondary explosions, which pose a serious threat to the life and property safety of employees. Based on the development process and consequences of typical secondary explosion accidents in Hushan Gold Mine, Qixia City, Shandong Province, China, this paper uses accident analysis model and cone measurement calculation method to determine the direct cause of secondary explosion accidents. The main conclusions are as follows: The HFACS-CM model is used to analyze the causes of secondary explosion from five aspects: external environment, organizational influence, unsafe leadership, the prerequisite conditions of unsafe behavior and unsafe behavior. It is found that the CO ignition explosion in the mining process is the direct cause of secondary explosion. Then, combined with the experimental data of the cone measuring instrument, the field CO amount was calculated, and the MCO ≥ 101.4 m3 was obtained, indicating that the CO production did reach the condition of explosion range, and the analysis results of the model were verified. Through HFACS-CM model analysis and calculation verification, the key causes of secondary explosion accidents in such mines are found and lessons are learned, which provides an effective reference for the effective prevention of deflagration accidents in the field of mine safety.

Sustainable recovery of metallic Al and reuse of molten salt in Al dross: Salt flux erosion and super-gravity separation

Al dross is a hazardous solid waste produced in the smelting of electrolytic Al and contains amounts of metallic Al droplets encapsulated by dense oxidized films. The conventional Al recycling processes from Al dross are either inefficient or prone to producing harmful gases and salt cake. In this study, equimolar amounts of KCl and NaCl were employed to attack and erode the solid oxidized films and the metallic Al and molten salt were recovered simultaneously via super-gravity separation. The erosion behavior of salt flux on Al dross indicated that the Al–Al2O3 interface structure was changed, and the cracks and fractures were formed on the oxidized films, which provided the prerequisite conditions for the movement of Al liquid. On this basis, the metallic Al and molten salt were efficiently recovered from Al dross by the enhanced separation of super-gravity with recovery ratios of 98.51 % and 99.03 %, respectively, preventing the production of hazardous gases and unmanageable salt cake. The recovered molten salt was reused in the process of erosion on oxidized films and Al separation from Al dross, where the recovery ratios of metallic Al and molten salt were also up to 94.87 % and 98.58 % after five cycles of recycling. The final residue can also be utilized in appropriate ways and further provides a sustainable method for Al recovery and resource recycling from Al dross.

Relationships of modern sexism and misogyny to feminist attitudes and engagement in China

According to previous research, sexism is associated with feminist attitudes in Western nations. The current study examined whether implicit sexism (i.e., modern sexism) is related to feminist nonsupport, and in turn, to low feminist activity engagement intention in Chinese population. Furthermore, we investigated whether the association between modern sexism/feminist nonsupport and engagement intention is exacerbated by individual's entrenched and overt prejudices against women (i.e., misogyny). One hundred and sixty-nine cisgender women and two hundred and eighty-six cisgender men completed measures of modern sexism, feminist attitudes, misogyny, and a self-adapted feminist activity engagement intention scale. The mediating role of feminist attitudes on the association between modern sexism and feminist activity engagement intention, and whether the paths were moderated by misogyny were tested via a latent moderated mediation model. Feminist attitudes significantly mediated the association between modern sexism and feminist activity engagement intention. For men, the association between feminist support and engagement was stronger when individuals endorsed lower levels of misogyny. These findings highlight the determinative/overwhelming role of misogyny on feminist activity engagement intention. Reducing misogyny is one of the prerequisite conditions of promoting feminist activity engagement intention via enhancing feminist attitudes.

Hydrothermal synthesis, response surface study, and interfacial tension evaluation of modified nanotube

Modification of pure Halloysite nanotube (pHNT) with organic and inorganic materials for various applications have been reported, but inadequately addressed in the area of enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This work for the first time employed Design-Expert Software tool to systematically modify the surface of the pHNT with Cerium and Silver nanoparticles to achieve optimum product yield; modified HNT (m-HNT). The influence of reactants on m-HNT yield were analysed via a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Central composite design at 5-levels was deployed in determining the loading of the pHNT (1–5 g), Cerium Nitrate (Ce; 1–2 g) and Silver Nitrate (Ag; 0.5–2.5 g). The synthesis was accomplished by a Hydrothermal reflux method using a Teflon-lined Stainless-Steel Autoclave. The FTIR, FESEM, XRD and TGA were used to characterize the m-HNT. Subsequently, a spinning drop equipment was used to investigate the interfacial tension (IFT) reduction effect of the optimized m-HNT at different concentrations in comparison with the pHNT. Results have shown that the surface modification was successful after establishing improvements in terms of wave numbers, crystallography, morphology, and thermal stability in the m-HNT. In RSM analysis, the ANOVA demonstrates an adequate R2 of 99.5 %, signifying good data correlation. Thus, each of the pHNT, Ce and Ag is significant to the m-HNT yield (P < 0.05). At optimum conditions, experimental yield was found to be 92.4 % against the model predicted the yield of 94.7 %. Consequently, at this condition, the formulation of the m-HNT had reduced the IFT of the baseline brine/oil system from 9.2 ± 1.1 mN/m to a range of 0.043–0.052 mN/m at 100 to 500 ppm. Moreover, in comparison with the pHNT, about 17 to 41 % reduction effects were achieved by m-HNT at different concentrations. The study reveals that modifying the pHNT with Ce/Ag could improve its chemical properties and significantly offers good IFT reduction effect as parts of prerequisite conditions in enhanced oil recovery (EOR).

Design of a Solar Powered Water Supply System for Kagadi Model Primary School in Uganda

The presence of water is a prerequisite condition for the existence and sustainability of life on the planet. Adequate supply of clean water is even more significant for a primary school as it ensures hydration, sanitation, hygiene leading to a general wellbeing of the pupils. This research work successful designed a solar powered water supply system for Kagadi Model Primary School (KMPS) and its environs. The research design takes into account the population of the students, total daily water demand, water source potential in terms of quality and quantity and insolation potential of the study area which formed the bed bedrock of the suitable location of the designed system. This developed system will help to distribute water fairly to the KMPS and its environ at very a cheap and steady manner for the pump will be powered with solar energy. The solar water pump will be energized using solar energy system to pump water into the storage facility (reservoir) before distributing it by the help of gravitational force to various locations for consumption. This designed solar powered energy system when implemented will curb the problem of water scarcity, provide clean water and reduce unhygienic nature of the environment as it in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study recommends the implementation of this design to provide clean and steady water supply for the residents of the study area.

Forecasting of Resin Yield and Number of Blazes of Naturally Regenerated Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii Sargent) in Himachal Pradesh by Using Single Exponential Smoothing Method

The present investigation entitled “Forecasting of resin yield and number of blazes of naturally regenerated chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sargent) in Himachal Pradesh by using single exponential smoothing method” was carried out during the year 2020-2022. The secondary information was collected regarding the resin yield and number of resin blazes w.e.f. 2005 to 2022 from Himachal Pradesh State Forest Department. Exponential smoothing is a particular moving average technique applied to time series data and to produce smoothed data to make forecast. In exponential smoothing, one or more smoothing parameters are to be determined explicitly and those choices determine the weights assigned to the observations. Forecasting with the help of various linear and non-linear models is on the assumption that the series is stationary. Often time series is found to be non-stationary which means they are integrated and can be made stationary by differencing the time series. To check the stationarity of the number of blazes and resin yield, Augmented Dickey Fuller test was used. The results indicated that data was not approaching stationarity even after taking third difference. So, the prerequisite condition of ARIMA model is that the data should be stationary and if the time series data does not contain trend and seasonal components, Single Exponential Smoothing model was used. The Single Exponential Smoothing model was found to be best fit for the prediction of number of blazes and resin yield as per the high value of , low value of MAPE and Normalized BIC.

Assessing the compatibility of choline-based deep eutectic solvents for the structural stability and activity of cellulase: Enzyme sustain at high temperature

As a new generation of ‘green solvents’ deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represents a promising alternative to the conventional solvents. Their environmental-benign nature and designer properties promote their utility in biocatalysis. Enzymes are marginally stable when exposed to physical/chemical disturbances. One such enzyme is cellulase which is a propitious catalyst for the depolymerization of cellulose under mild conditions. Therefore, their stability is a prerequisite condition to match demands of biorefineries. To address this issue of low stability, activity and thermal denaturation of cellulase, there is a need to find a sustainable and suitable co-solvent that is biocompatible with enzymes ultimately to facilitate their application in bio-industries. In this regard, we synthesized three choline-based DESs, choline chloride (ChCl)-glycerol, ChCl-ethylene glycol and ChCl-lactic acid and employed them to analyze their suitability for cellulase. The present study systematically evaluates the influence of the mentioned DESs on stability, activity and thermal stability of cellulase with the help of various spectroscopic techniques. The spectroscopic analysis revealed that the structural stability and activity of the enzyme were improved in presence of ChCl-glycerol and ChCl-ethylene glycol. The thermal stability was also very well maintained in both the DESs. Interestingly, the relative activity of cellulase was >80 % even after incubation at 50 °C after 48 h for both the DESs. This activity preservation behaviour was more pronounced for ChCl-ethylene glycol than ChCl-glycerol. Moreover, temperature variations studies also reveal promising results by maintain conformational intactness. On the other side, ChCl-lactic acid showed a deleterious effect on the enzyme both structurally as well as thermally. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis provides more specific information about the negative influence of ChCl-lactic acid towards cellulase native structure. This DES induces unavoidable alterations in the enzyme structure which leads to the unfolding of enzyme, ultimately, destabilizing it. Overall, our results present a physical insight into how the enzyme stability and activity depend on the nature of DES. Also, the findings will help to facilitate the development and application of DESs as biocatalytic process.

Camera Trap Methods and Drone Thermal Surveillance Provide Reliable, Comparable Density Estimates of Large, Free-Ranging Ungulates.

Camera traps and drone surveys both leverage advancing technologies to study dynamic wildlife populations with little disturbance. Both techniques entail strengths and weaknesses, and common camera trap methods can be confounded by unrealistic assumptions and prerequisite conditions. We compared three methods to estimate the population density of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virgnianus) in a section of Pilot Mountain State Park, NC, USA: (1) camera trapping using mark-resight ratios or (2) N-mixture modeling and (3) aerial thermal videography from a drone platform. All three methods yielded similar density estimates, suggesting that they converged on an accurate estimate. We also included environmental covariates in the N-mixture modeling to explore spatial habitat use, and we fit models for each season to understand temporal changes in population density. Deer occurred in greater densities on warmer, south-facing slopes in the autumn and winter and on cooler north-facing slopes and in areas with flatter terrain in the summer. Seasonal density estimates over two years suggested an annual cycle of higher densities in autumn and winter than in summer, indicating that the region may function as a refuge during the hunting season.

Agricultural exports: Systematic literature review on determinants and export-led growth relationship across developing nations

The present descriptive article intends to systematically review the list of researches that defines the determinants of agricultural exports across various developing nations and also to made an extensive survey of Agri-exports and economic growth association in several countries during the period of 2000 to 2020. This study is descriptive in nature and has used random sampling technique to select the literature on given sample variables. The data has been collected from various sources such as Research Gate, Science Direct, Sage, Springer, Scopus and National Digital library etc. The findings reveal that the variables; production, producer price, domestic price, export price, real exchange rate and real interest rate have a significant positive impact on exports of agricultural commodities from developing nations. The present study reveals that agriculture export development is a prerequisite condition for overall growth of industry and economy while, some researches accumulate mixed or conflicting evidences that there exhibits the lack of conformity on the potential effect of Agri-exports on economy. This meta-survey of literature will illuminate the academician, researchers and scholars to understand the Agri-exports determinants and their relationship with economic growth and so on to government policy makers.