Preparations For Plant Protection Research Articles

Secondary metabolites from tobacco and different natural herbs, extracted by maceration with polar solvents

Tobacco (N. tabacum L.) is an annual plant belonging to the family Solanaceae, genus Nicotiana. The first information of the use of tobacco as a medicinal plant data back to 1492. After the isolation of the alkaloid nicotine from tobacco leaves in 1828 and the establishment of its addictive effect, the medical world ceased to use tobacco as a treatment. Several centuries later, scientific research has resumed and it is again directed towards a detailed study of the biologically active substances in tobacco and its alternative use in medicine, bio-engineering and biotechnology. Organic tobacco is a new industrial plant product that is grown on certified bio fields, without using conventional fertilizers and plant protection preparations. The nicotine content is significantly lower than that of tobacco grown under conventional conditions. It is of interest to study the quantitative and qualitative composition of some secondary metabolites in organic tobacco extracts, like total phenolic content, obtained by maceration with different polar solvents, and the comparison with selected medicine plants extracts - thyme, hawthorn, horsetail, nettle, and dandelion. Our research found that bio tobacco has a high content of phenolic acids close to the content of phenolic acids in thyme and is higher than that of the medicinal plants horsetail, dandelion, hawthorn and nettle. Bio tobacco extracts have high antioxidant activity determined by ABTS, DPPH, HPSA, FRAP, CUPRAC methods, similar to that of thyme extracts activty. Bio tobacco extracts have significantly higher antioxidant activity than hawthorn, nettle, horsetail and dandelion extracts.

Effect of chemical plant protection products on yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia

Relevance. The use of phytosanitary means to ensure high and stable yields of winter wheat is one of the tasks of growing winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka” in the central non-chernozem zone of the Moscow region.Methods. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of various plant protection preparations on the productivity and quality of winter wheat varieties by intensity levels: basic (the purpose of using the biological potential of the variety by more than 50%), intensive (involving the use of intensive varieties and the creation of conditions for a more complete realization of their biological potential) and high–intensity (a set of measures aimed at ensuring the realization of the potential of the variety is more than 85%). Treatments included fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in various combinations and concentrations. Results. Three varieties of winter wheat were studied: Nemchinovskaya 85, Moskovskaya 40 and Moskovskaya 27. Insecticides (Picus 1.0 l/t, Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vantex 60 ml/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vincit forte 1.5 l/t and Picus 0.7 l/t + Vantex 50 ml/ha), fungicides (Impact Exclusive 0.75 l/ha, Alto Super 0.5 l/ha, Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha + Consul 1.0 l/ha and Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha), herbicides (Aton 0.06 kg/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Exactly Extra 35 g/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha, Tandem 0.03 kg/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Tandem 30 g/ha + Foxtrot Extra 0.4 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha and Lintur 180 g/ha) have confirmed their effectiveness. Nemchinovskaya 85 increased yield by 1.14–3.10 t/ha, Moscow 27 — by 0.64–3.62 t/ha, Moscow 40 — 0,71–3,21 t/ha.

A COLLECTION OF INDUSTRIALLY VALUABLE CULTURES OF MICROORGANISMS FOR AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGY

The Engineering and Technological Institute "Biotechnic" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine has collected and preserve the viable collection of microorganisms, which was formed on the basis of expediency and efficiency in the biologization of agriculture. The microbial gene pool of the Collection bacterial and fungal strains of microorganisms that are used in biotechnologies for the production of plant protection products and their quality control. Microbiopreparations with fungicidal, entomocidal, phosphate-mobilizing, nematicidal, cellulolytic, and growth-stimulating properties have been created on the basis of collection microorganisms. The Collection also preserve strains that influenced on the atmospheric nitrogen fixation processes. The great interest present the microorganisms isolated from natural sources of different regions of Ukraine (author's strains), most of which are in studying and accumulating information about them. To determine the biological activity of fungicides, the Collection supports fungal test objects that are the causative agents of diseases of vegetable, grain, fruit and berry crops. The Collection of non-pathogenic microorganisms was created for working in the field of plant protection, as well as for teaching students of biology, biotechnologies, and agronomists. The collection is specialized, therefore the preservation of such unique objects is a priority task, since the losts of collection microorganisms can have negative consequences for the further improvement and development of biotechnology, in particular, the production of microbiological preparations for plant protection using the potential of the Collection. Taking into account all of the above, on November 4, 2022, the collection was entered into the State Register of Scientific Objects, which constitute national property (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ukraine of November 4, 2022, No. 1243).

Improvement of the Technology of Aapplication of Biological Preparations for Plant Protection

The issues of improving the quality of application of fungal and bacterial biological products when applying the flow rates of working fluid up to 20 l/ha are considered. Along with the traditional methodology for assessing the quality of applying the working fluid of biological products to the treated surface, a new method for evaluating the effectiveness of applying biological products was also used, which consisted in selecting a certain area of the potato leaf surface by plant tiers 1 day after processing to determine the viability of fungal and bacterial preparations with low-volume (LV) and ultra-low-volume (ULV) technologies spraying. It is shown that when applying the technology of spraying up to 10 l/ha, despite the high coating density, the cells of microorganisms fall on the leaf surface with an insufficient amount of liquid for their active reproduction on the treated surface. In addition, at low humidity, due to the rapid evaporation of droplets from the surface of the treated leaves, microorganisms do not multiply and are carried away by the wind when drying. The conducted research tests of the use of the mushroom biological preparation Trichocin at a consumption rate of 20 l/ha on test objects (potato plants of the Galla and Riviera varieties) using especially pure glycerin and the moisture-retaining food additive sorbitol as antiparators showed that their use ensured the viability of the cells of the biological product and the high rate of their reproduction on the treated surface due to moisture retention.

THE EFFECT OF ECOLOGICAL AND CONVENTIONAL CULTIVATION METHODS ON MORPHOLOGICAL ANDCHEMICALPROPERTIES OFPEPPER (CAPSICUMANNUUM)

Organic farmingisaproductionsystemthatmaintainsthehealthofland, ecosystems,andpeople. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions,instead of using resources with side effects as in conventional production. Crop management inorganic agriculture differs from conventional production primarily because synthetic preparationsfor plant protection, mineral fertilizers, and seeds of genetically engineered varieties may not beusedin organic production.The research aims to compare the effect of the method of pepper grow in the open field wherecompletely natural conditions prevail, with organic and conventional methods of cultivation andtoestablish how it affectsthe quality of thefruit.For the experimental work, the culture of pepper belonging to the top of the most sought-aftervegetables in Bosnia and Herzegovina was taken. The most important conclusions made after theresearch work results are: Fruit weight and yield are proportional to the method of cultivation,meaning the variety and hybrid had the highest values in conventional cultivation, as well as fruitlength.The fruit diameter and the pericarp thickness have approximate values between the twomethods of cultivation, the amount of vitamin C in the Amanda variety in organic farming istwice less than in conventional farming, while the Dimentio hybrid has a significantly highervalue of vitamin C, especially in conventional farming, Higher values of acids are recorded intheorganiccultivationmethod.Inthetestedsamples,thetotalamountofsugar(totalinvert)is lower or approximately equal to the natural invert (reducing sugars), and a higher value ofsugarwas recorded in conventional peppercultivation.

Influence of Biopesticides and Natural Preparations on the Regulation of Diseases and Pests in the Ecological Protection of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)

Organic agriculture is increasingly present on farms in response to environmental pollution and food safety. However, organic farmers have a big production risk due to frequent plant diseases. This research was conducted to compare the influence of preparations for plant protection allowed in organic agriculture and phytopharmaceutical preparations which are used in conventional agriculture and observe their effect in regulation of pests and diseases in tomato and cucumber production in an open field. The research included the tomato variety „Oxheart“, and the cucumber variety „Long green“. The time of research was four months from planting to harvest (period: May 2020. – August 2020.) until more than 70% of vegetation was completed. The tests were performed at a location in the rural part of the town of Živinice (Tupković) in an open field with an altitude of 250 m, during the vegetation period of 2020. The tests were performed on two separate plots. The plot where phytopharmaceutical (conventional) preparations were used, was physically separated from the plot where preparations allowed in organic agriculture were used. Temperature measurement was performed using a TFA Dostmann thermometer (-25ºC to + 50ºC) and it was set at a height of 2 meters in the open field. The amount of rainfall was monitored with the TFA Dostmann rain gauge. In the tests with organic plant protection, the nettle solution and preparation with active substance Bacillus thuringiensis for pests was used, and for plant diseases, the milk+soda solution and copper-oxide were used. In the tests with conventional protection, preparations with active substances acetamiprid and imidacloprid for pests were used, and the diseases were treated with mancozeb+copper and metalaxyl-M+mancozeb. After treatments, the onset of diseases was monitored. To conclude, the conventional insecticides gave better results in the regulation of pests in comparison to organic preparations, and in the case of organic preparations, the nettle solution had a better effect. Plant protection with copper-oxide gave the same results as using conventional preparations in disease regulation. This shows that plant protection is possible in organic production, but preparations must be applied more often and in a timely manner.

The efficiency of application of biological preparations with a fungicidal effect against the sunflower diseases in the central zone of the Krasnodar region

Diseases are one of the main factors limiting the reception of high sunflower yields. The use of biological preparations for plant protection will allow to fight diseases successfully and improve the products quality. The article presents the results of research on the efficiency of application of biopreparations under the trademarks of BSka-3 with active ingredient Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas koreensis, Bacillus subtilis and BFTIM with active ingredient Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against sunflower diseases. We conducted the experiments in 2018-2019 on the fields of the “Berezanskoye” farm in Korenovsky district of the Krasnodar region. We established that biofungicides effectively suppressed seed infection. In 2018-2019, dry rot of heads (Rhizopus spp.), bacterioses (Xanthomonas spp., Pseudomonas spp.) and Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) had the highest prevalence in the sunflower sowing: 49.75 %, 42.0 % and 47.0 %, respectively. The schemes of BSka-3 D + BFTIM I + BFTIM K and BSka-3 A + BFTIM B + BFTIM B showed the best biological efficacy against Rhizopus spp.: 37 and 38 %, respectively. The schemes of BSka-3 D + BFTIM I + BFTIM K and BSka-3 G + BFTIM Zh + BFTIM Z were the most effective against the bacterioses: 54 and 51 %, respectively; the standard and variant of BSka-3 B + BFTIM V + BFTIM G showed 32 and 31 % of efficiency, respectively, against Verticillium wilt. The schemes of BSka-3 A + BFTIM B + BFTIM B (2.65 t/ha) and BSka-3 + BFTMI I + BFTMI K (2.61 t/ha) showed the best economic effectiveness.

Solid Dispersions of Anthelmintics and Plant Protection Preparations

Because of the rapid development of nanotechnologies, materials, in particular, solid dispersions (SDs), which are actively introduced into the life of modern man, have been obtained. Special progress in this area is observed in industry and medicine. The use of SDs in agriculture is lagging far behind, despite the growing number of scientific papers on this topic. At the same time, the prospects for the introduction of SDs in the agro-industrial complex are obvious. The review presents the results of research on the development of innovative preparations based on SD to protect plants from diseases and pests of cultivated plants, as well as parasiticides to protect animal health based on modern achievements of nanotechnology. One of these technologies is the methods of mechanochemistry, which improve the properties of poorly soluble biologically active substances by their joint mechanical treatment with water-soluble polymers and auxiliary substances.

Plant protection preparations Tuareg and King Combi for spring barley’s root rot management

Plant protection preparations Tuareg and King Combi for spring barley’s root rot management

Plant Protection And Foliar Fertilizing Technology Of Apple (Malus Domestica Borkh)

The systematic use of foliar fertilizers during growing season is a relatively new agronomic practice in Central Russia and it is still not widely used in horticultural enterprises of the region. One of the main reasons for this is the relatively high cost of this method. Producers prefer soil fertilization which adversely affect the environment. A significant reduction in cost of foliar fertilizing could be obtained by combining foliar nutrition with plant protection. The number of plant protection treatments, as well as toxicity of some products, is increasing annually. The use of fertilizers and plant protection products negatively affect the environment. It is very important to find ways of decreasing this load on surroundings. Currently, many different biological preparations for plant protection exist which are suggested to replace chemicals. The problem is in their relative low effectiveness compared to traditional plant protection products. The authors have studied the most popular plant protection products (in a traditional protection system) and application of foliar fertilizers (in a mineral foliar fertilizer system) in comparison with ecologized plant protection system (based on bacterial and low-toxic preparations) in tank mixtures with seaweed extracts-based foliar fertilizers. The authors have considered yield, scab development, content of calcium in leaves and fruits as the main criteria of this study. The research was carried out in the irrigated orchard (1,480 trees/ha), planted in leached meadow-chernozem soil. The investigation was carried out in 2013-2015. The results of traditional plant protection system in tank mixtures with mineral foliar fertilizer application, as well as ecologized products with seaweed extracts-based preparations, have been compared. Traditional plant protection system in combination with mineral foliar fertilizers have ensured a higher content of calcium in leaves and fruits, less damage from scab and higher yields. We can consider two ways of replacing traditional plant protection and fertilizing approach: the development of new highly efficient ecologized products or increased financial support.

Energy effi ciency research of fermentation media agitation in manufacturing microbiological plant protection preparations

Energy effi ciency research of fermentation media agitation in manufacturing microbiological plant protection preparations

STRAINS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS WITH GROWTH-STIMULATING AND FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY

The article presents the results of the study of growth-stimulating and antifungal activity of strainsBacillus thuringiensisssp.fukuokaensisssp.morrisoni, ssp.toumanoffi, ssp.dakotaand ssp.amagiensis. The positive effect of all studied strains on morphometric parameters of spring rape and spring wheat seedlings was revealed. Treatment of spring rape seeds with spore-crystal mixtures ofB. thuringiensiscontributed to a significant increase in the length of roots by 1.93.4 times and sprouts – by 1.3-1.9 times, depending on the strain. Stimulation of plant growth was also observed in the inoculation of spring wheat seeds with suspension strains ofB. thuringiensis. However, a significant positive effect was revealed only in the variant with the use of the strain ofB. thuringiensisssp.fukuokaensis. There was a downward trend in the number of spring wheat seedlings affected with root rot when the seeds were treated with the strains ofB. thuringiensisssp.morrisoni,ssp.dakota,ssp.amagiensis. In the experiments with pure cultures it was found that all tested strains ofB. thuringiensisshowed a high degree of antagonistic activity to two types of phytopathogens. The inhibitory activity of the strains ofB. thuringiensison the 10th day of the experiment with regard toFusarium oxysporumranged from 68 to 83%,Alternaria alternata– from 71 to 89%. The analysis showed that all studied strains ofB. thuringiensisstimulated the growth of plants of spring rape and spring wheat and showed antifungal activity. The obtained data are of interest for further research in order to create multifunctional biological preparations for plant protection.

The biological preparations for plant protection in organic farming

Consider new directions for biotechnology, creating conditions for the development of chemical and biological plant protection, their rational levels and proportions. The article aimed to present the problems of plant protection in ecological agriculture, using the possibilities of modern biotechnology. Application traditional technologies demonstrate indispensable contradiction between the plant protection requirements condition and the need to preserve environment. The systemic approach of relations between crop and pests opens new possibilities in researching biocenotic relationships within ecosystems and halting spending growth trends directed to plant protection. Parting from the aggravation of ecological situation and taking into account the achievements in the field of biological plant protection, in the Republic of Moldova consistent measures have been undertaken in the direction of ecological agriculture promotion. For solving of plant protection problems were developed biotechnological processes of production and application of an impressive range of biological means, which is used for conventional and organic agriculture. The main legislative documents (Low No 115 from 2005 concerning the ecological agriculture, Government decision No 149 from 2006 concerning its implementation, a series of regulations) have been adopted. The results relative to production organization, processing and marketing of ecological products are being registered, but a series of the technological problems remains which are waiting their solution.

Effect of plant protection on assemblages of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in pea (Pisum L.) and lupine (Lupinus L.) crops

Background and Purpose : Various crop cultivation systems may affect field-dwelling organisms, representatives of both harmful and beneficial entomofauna. In this paper, attention was drawn to one of the factors which distinguishes organic and integrated farming, that is the application of chemical plant protection preparations. Materials and Methods : The experiment was conducted in Poland, at the Experimental Station IOR-PIB in Winna Gora near Środa Wielkopolska, on crop fields of lupine and pea. The experiment was composed of a block of organic fields (no chemical plant protection preparations) and another block, where a plant protection programme was carried out in line with the integrated agricultural production guidelines. Carabidae were caught into modified Barber traps, from May to the end of July in 2006, 2010 and 2014. Results and conclusions : As a result of our study, 8 848 specimens belonging to 67 species of Carabidae were collected. The most numerous species collected in the pea and lupine were: Poecilus cupreus , Pterostichus melanarius , Harpalus rufipes , Bembidion femoratum, Bembidion quadrimaculatum and Bembidion tetracolum . Overall, our results demonstrate that an application of chemical plant protection preparations decreases the abundance and species diversity of carabid beetles assemblages in studied crops and induces changes in particular life traits of carabids fauna. After the treatment, the abundance of large carabid beetles diminishes and their place is occupied by small zoophages. Furthermore, the forecrop could be one of the factors that influence assemblages of carabids on crop fields.

Скрининг штаммовбактерий рода Bacillus - активных антагонистов фитопатогенов бактериальной и грибной природы

Antagonistic activity 100 strains of Bacillus bacteria towards to museum and actual strains of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungy was defined. Relation between level of antagonistic activity to phytopathogenic bacteria and genus accessory of the last was shown. The medium level of antagonism to fungal phytopathogens at 30% of the studied strains of Bacillus bacteria was shown. 5 strains of Bacillus sp. with high and medium levels of antagonism to phytopathogens bacterial and fungy nature was selected and considered as perspective for creation of biological preparations for plant protection.

BIOPOLYMER COMPOSITES BASED ON GALACTOGLUCOMANNANS (GGMS) AND MICRYSTALINE CHITOSAN (MCCH)

s The article presents a method of extracting galactoglucomannas (GGMs) from softwood (spruce). GGMs were extracted using thermal and enzymatic treatment in an aqueous environment. The extracted GGMs, depending on the extraction method, were characterized by different composition of simple carbohydrates i.e. glucose, galactose and mannose, as well as by the average molecular weight. Evaluation of the composition of GGMs obtained was performed using GC/MS and SEC. Biopolymer composites were obtained by combining GGMs and microcrystalline chitosan (MCCh), which can be used as preparations for plant protection and growth stimulation. The studies were performed in order to evaluate biological activity of composites based on Petri dish test in which their ability to stimulate seed germination of selected plants was estimated. The effect of plant growth stimulation depended on GGMs composition of simple carbohydrates. GC/MS and SEC chromatographic tests and 13 C NMR analysis enabled to establish the composition and structural changes of the obtained GGMs and biocomposites.

PHYSICAL METHODS IN AGRO-FOOD CHAIN

Chemical additives (fertilizers and plant protection preparations) are largely used for improving the production yield of food produce. Their application often causes the contamination of raw materials for food production, which can be dangerous for the health of consumers. Alternative methods are developed and implemented to improve and ensure the safety of on-farm production. The substitution of chemical fertilizers and soil additives with alternative treatment methods, such as irradiation, ultrasound and the use of electromagnetic energy are discussed. Successful application of physical methods in different stages of food-preparation is recommended.

Analysis of grassland associations of Stara Planina mountain

Production of organic, biologically valuable food is a trend in the World today, and in our country it can be successfully realized in production of meat and milk from small ruminants, sheep and goats in hilly-mountainous region. Namely, grasslands in these regions are well preserved from the utilization of mineral fertilizers and chemical preparations for plant protection, therefore production of healthy food is still possible with minimum investments. The quality of plant mass is very important, i.e. presence of high quality plant species in the grassland, as well as possibility for increase of their percentage in the grassland. For this purpose, research was carried out and plant associations most present on Stara Planina Mountain on altitude of 650 to 1200 m were analyzed from the aspect of phytocenology. On these locations recordings were made and samples were taken for analysis in the period 2002-2005 and in year 2008. Total of 8 associations were analyzed, and two of them Agrostietum vulgarae Z. Pavl. 1955. sensu lato. and Festucetum vallesiacae Borisavljevic 1956. occurred repeatedly on several location and different time interval of analysis. Beside mentioned two associations the following were also analyzed: Arrhenatheretum elatioris Br.-Bl. 1925.senso lato, Festuco-Chrysopogonetum grylli Randj. 1977., Danthonietum calycinae Cinc. et Kojic 1958., Medicago falcata-Festucetum rubrae, Trifolio campestre- Agrostietum vulgaris i Festuco vallesiacae-Agrostieutum vulgaris Danon et Blaz.1978 on 17 locations. Number of species in analyzed associations was from 34 to 77. Beside number of plant species also their share categorized in categories of high qualiity grasses, high quality leguminous plants and useful species from other families, as well as harmful i.e. weed species. Main quality parameters were established in samples from all associations. Objective of analyses of natural grasslands was to establish share of high quality plant species, which is reflected directly through production and quality of plant mass grazed by small ruminants, sheep and goats.

Biological preparations with different mechanisms of action for protecting potato against fungal diseases

Mycological analysis throughout the vegetation period of potato (Solanum tuberosum) made it possible to study in detail the structure of micromycete community, to determine typical dominant (frequency, more than 60%), typical common (frequency, 30 to 60%), typical rare (frequency, 10 to 30%), and casual (frequency, less than 10%) species and to estimate changes in the microorganism community caused by plant protection preparations with different mechanisms of action. It was shown that, as a result of occurrence of resistant forms, synthetic preparations against fungal pathogens of potato (such as TMTD, Ridomil gold MC, and Cupricol) were only slightly more effective than biological preparations (Trichodermin and AgroChit), with the former considerably changing the natural saprophytic mycological community. An increase in the soil pool of Trichoderma harzianum as a result of application of a biological preparation based on this antagonistic fungus correlated with its effectiveness against the soil pathogen Fusarium sp., which causes root rots. A chitosan-based elicitor preparation more effectively suppressed the development of early (Alternaria sp. and Macrosporium sp.) and late (Phytophthora sp.) blights of leaves and had a weaker effect on the soil microflora.

Die Wirkung des chemischen Insektizids Fekamatribufon EC‐50 auf Pflanzenschutzpräparate auf basis bacillus thuringiensis

AbstractThere is treated the combined apply of chemical and biological plant protection preparations as well as their reciprocal effect. Purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of the chemical preparation Fekamatribufon EC‐50 (butylat‐0,0‐dimethyl‐II‐butyryloxy‐2,2,2‐trichlorethylester of phosphonic acid) on the spores of Bacillus thuringicnsis, var. dendrolimus and var. Berliner. The electronic‐microscopical investigations determine that the chemical insecticid Fekamatribufon EC‐50 accelerates the lysying of the spore structural elements of investigated Bacillus strains. The results of these investigations prove the incompatibility of the preparation Fekamatribufon EC‐50 in concentrations of 0.6–1.2% (Water solution) when it is combined with the microbial preparations Dendrobacillin and Türicid.The above mentioned results present that the combined apply of chemical in ecticids with microbial preparations as plant protection means have obligatory to be preseded bysexact determination of their reciprocal effect.