Strategy For Preparation Research Articles

A Review on the Process of Greenhouse Gas Inventory Preparation and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Reducing Carbon Footprint

Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing the Earth’s surface temperature to rise. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. Human activities are increasing greenhouse gas concentrations rapidly, which is causing global climate change. Global climate change is increasing environmental and public health problems. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it is necessary to identify where the emissions are coming from, develop a plan to reduce them, and then implement and monitor the plan to ensure that emissions are actually reduced. Anthropogenic global climate change has large and increasingly adverse economic effects. Cities emit the most greenhouse gas due to fossil fuel burning and power usage. The four major greenhouse gas emitters are energy, transportation, waste management, and urban land use sectors. Organizations should prepare action plans to lower their greenhouse gas emissions and stop the worst consequences of climate change. These action plans require companies and local authorities to submit their greenhouse gas emissions reports on a yearly basis. A greenhouse gas emissions management system includes several processes and tools created by organizations to understand, measure, monitor, report, and validate their greenhouse gas emissions. Two of the most widely adapted frameworks for greenhouse gases inventory reporting are ISO 14064 and the greenhouse gas protocol. This review paper aims to identify some of the key points of GHG inventory preparation and mitigation strategies.

Students’ Strategies to Overcome Public Speaking Anxiety

Public speaking anxiety (PSA) is a problem that often occurs in the language learning process therefore this study was conducted to find the strategies students use to overcome the public speaking anxiety they experience using the theory developed by Kondo and Ying Ling (2004). This study used a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The participants of this research were 40 students of the English education study program of FKIP at Universitas Tanjungpura. The results showed that relaxation strategy is the most chosen strategy by students as the strategy they use to overcome their public speaking anxiety with the percentage 83.2%, followed by the preparation strategy as the second strategy with the percentage 80.1%, then third is peer seeking strategy chosen by 80% students and the last is the positive thinking strategy as much as 78.2%. The limitations of this study are as follows: it does not provide data on students' levels of anxiety, lacks diversity in the tools used, focuses solely on students who have completed the course, and does not explore strategies beyond those suggested in the questionnaire.

Efficacy of intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) in coronary stenosis with severe calcification: A multicenter systematic review and meta-analysis.

With heavily calcified coronary and peripheral artery lesions, lesion preparation is crucial before stent placement to avoid underexpansion, associated with stent thrombosis or restenosis and patency failure in the long-term. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) technology disrupts superficial and deep calcium by using localized pulsative sonic pressure waves, making it to a promising tool for patients with severe calcification in coronary bed. The aim of the study is to systematically review and summarize available data regarding the safety and efficacy of IVL for lesion preparation in severely calcified coronary arteries before stenting. This study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. We systematically searched PubMed, SCOPUS, and Cochrane databases from their inception to February 23, 2023, for studies assessing the characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing IVL before stent implantation. The diameter of the vessel lumen before and after IVL, as well as stent implantation, were analyzed. The occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was assessed using a random-effects model. This meta-analysis comprised 38 studies including 2977 patients with heavily calcified coronary lesions. The mean age was 72.2 ± 9.1 years, with an overall IVL clinical success of 93% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 91%-95%, I2 = 0%) and procedural success rate of 97% (95% CI: 95%-98%, I2 = 73.7%), while the in-hospital and 30-days incidence of MACE, myocardial infarction (MI), and death were 8% (95% CI: 6%-11%, I2 = 84.5%), 5% (95% CI: 2%-8%, I2 = 85.6%), and 2% (95% CI: 1%-3%, I2 = 69.3%), respectively. There was a significant increase in the vessel diameter (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.77-3.17, I2 = 96%)and a decrease in diameter stenosis (SMD: -3.44, 95% CI: -4.36 to -2.52, I2 = 97.5%) immediately after IVL application, while it was observed further reduction in diameter stenosis (SMD: -6.57, 95% CI: -7.43 to -5.72, I2 = 95.8%) and increase in the vessel diameter (SMD: 4.37, 95% CI: 3.63-5.12, I2 = 96.7%) and the calculated lumen area (SMD: 3.23, 95% CI: 2.10-4.37, I2 = 98%), after stent implantation. The mean acute luminal gain following IVL and stent implantation was estimated to be 1.27 ± 0.6and 1.94 ± 1.1 mm, respectively. Periprocedural complications were rare, with just a few cases of perforations, dissection, or no-reflow phenomena recorded. IVL seems to be a safe and effective strategy for lesion preparation in severely calcified lesions before stent implantation in coronary arteries. Future prospective studies are now warranted to compare IVL to other lesion preparation strategies.

Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry Enabled One-Step Sample Preparation for Efficient Single-Cell Mass Spectrometry.

Single-cell mass spectrometry (MS) is significant in biochemical analysis and holds great potential in biomedical applications. Efficient sample preparation like sorting (i.e., separating target cells from the mixed population) and desalting (i.e., moving the cells off non-volatile salt solution) is urgently required in single-cell MS. However, traditional sample preparation methods suffer from complicated operation with various apparatus, or insufficient performance. Herein, a one-step sample preparation strategy by leveraging label-free impedance flow cytometry (IFC) based microfluidics is proposed. Specifically, the IFC framework to characterize and sort single-cells is adopted. Simultaneously with sorting, the target cell is transferred from the local high-salinity buffer to the MS-compatible solution. In this way, one-step sorting and desalting are achieved and the collected cells can be directly fed for MS analysis. A high sorting efficiency (>99%), cancer cell purity (≈87%), and desalting efficiency (>99%), and the whole workflow of impedance-based separation and MS analysis of normal cells (MCF-10A) and cancer cells (MDA-MB-468) are verified. As a standalone sample preparation module, the microfluidic chip is compatible with a variety of MS analysis methods, and envisioned to provide a new paradigm in efficient MS sample preparation, and further in multi-modal (i.e., electrical and metabolic) characterization of single-cells.

Novel Fe-MOF@Cu/NiAl-LDH as Photo-Catalysts in Methane Bireforming: Effect of Preparation Strategy

In this work, Fe-MOF@Ni/CuAl-LDH nanocomposites are developed for the first time in photocatalytic CO2/CH4 conversion to ultrapure formaldehyde. The reaction takes place in a dynamic (continuous flow) photosystem working under atmospheric pressure in presence of visible-light irradiation. The visible-light-active photocatalysts are prepared using two strategies in order to enhance both morphology and optical properties of the new composite. First strategy based on growing of MOF on the in-situ N2 exfoliated LDH using solvothermal reaction (FMNHT and FMCHT), where, the MOF is formed on surface and/or inside lamellar layer. The second based on formation of LDH around the previously prepared Fe-MOF via microwave assisted method (NFMMW and CFMMW). The data herein indicate that, both samples NFMMW and CFMMW, have LDH/MOF strong electronic coupling and exhibit an adjustable band gap share in improve charge generation/separation rate, reduce e−/h+ recombination rate and increase light absorption capacity. Those characteristics provide higher efficiency in photocatalytic CH4/CO2 conversion and give high selectivity toward ultrapure formaldehyde formation (99.9%).

Lower revascularization rates after high-speed rotational atherectomy compared to modified balloons in calcified coronary lesions: 5-year outcomes of the randomized PREPARE-CALC trial.

In the PREPARE-CALC trial, severely calcified lesion preparation with rotational atherectomy (RA) before biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) implantation demonstrated higher procedural success and comparable rates of acute lumen gain and late lumen loss compared to modified balloons (MB) (scoring/cutting). We aimed to analyze the 5-year outcomes of both lesion preparation strategies. PREPARE-CALC randomly assigned 200 patients 1:1 to MB or RA, followed by SES implantation. The principal endpoint of the current analysis was target vessel failure (TVF) at 5years. At 5years, MB had comparable rates of TVF to RA (19% vs. 21%, HR 1.14, 95% CI 0.60-2.16, p = 0.687). Subgroup analysis showed a lesion length treatment interaction, favoring MB for short lesions and RA for long ones (p for interaction = 0.042). Target lesion revascularization (TLR) was significantly less common with RA (12 vs. 3%, HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.08-0.98, p = 0.048). In a multivariate analysis, RA was independently protective against TLR (adj. HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.78, p = 0.022), while ostial lesions were associated with higher TLR independent of treatment strategy (adj. HR 11.3, 95% CI 2.98-42.6, p < 0.001). In patients with severely calcified coronary lesions, using MB or RA for lesion preparation followed by biodegradable polymer SES implantation was associated with comparable rates of TVF at 5years. However, a significant reduction of TLR was observed after RA. PREPARE-CALC is the first randomized trial showing potential clinical advantages of RA over MB during long-term follow-up. URL: https://www. gov . Unique identifier: NCT02502851.

Recent Advances in Flexible Pressure Sensors Based on MXene Materials.

In the past decade, with the rapid development of wearable electronics, medical health monitoring, the Internet of Things, and flexible intelligent robots, flexible pressure sensors have received unprecedented attention. As a very important kind of electronic component for information transmission and collection, flexible pressure sensors have gained a wide application prospect in the fields of aerospace, biomedical and health monitoring, electronic skin, and human-machine interface. In recent years, MXene has attracted extensive attention because of its unique 2D layered structure, high conductivity, rich surface terminal groups, and hydrophilicity, which has brought a new breakthrough for flexible sensing. Thus, it has become a revolutionary pressure-sensitive material with great potential. In this work, the recent advances of MXene-based flexible pressure sensors are reviewed from the aspects of sensing type, sensing mechanism, material selection, structural design, preparation strategy, and sensing application. The methods and strategies to improve the performance of MXene-based flexible pressure sensors are analyzed in details. Finally, the opportunities and challenges faced by MXene-based flexible pressure sensors are discussed. This review will bring the research and development of MXene-based flexible sensors to a new high level, promoting the wider research exploitation and practical application of MXene materials in flexible pressure sensors.

Integration of physical solution and ionic liquid toward efficient phase splitting for energy-saving CO2 capture

Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from flue gas is crucial for achieving industrial carbon neutrality. Using a biphasic solvent can significantly reduce the volume of regenerated solvent for energy-saving carbon capture. In this study, a novel strategy for biphasic solvent preparation was proposed by combining amine blends (3,3′-Diaminodipropylamine, DADPA; N-Methyldiethanolamine, MDEA) and composite agents (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, BN; sulfolane, TMS). The screened proportion of DADPA:MDEA:TMS:BN:H2O was 2:6:2:1:2 (labelled DMTB). Experimental evaluation revealed that the DMTB solvent exhibits a high CO2 capacity of 4.59 mol/L (in the 50 vol% rich phase), an efficient phase splitting rate (within 3 min) and a fast CO2 desorption rate. The dynamic phase-splitting capacity was evaluated by a quasi-two-dimensional separator, under various operational condition. The 13C NMR results indicated the formation of DADPACOO- in the CO2-saturated phase in the presence of water rather than bicarbonate while observing dissociative behaviour in MDEA and TMS. Therefore, the phase separation analysis revealed that the products of protonated amines and carbamic acid species were highly polar and preferred to dissolve in the water phase. This study provides an optional biphasic solvent with phase splitting ability for CO2 capture from flue gas.

Supramolecular Modular Assembly of Imaging-Trackable Enzymatic Nanomotors.

Self-propelled micro/nanomotors (MNMs) have shown great application potential in biomedicine, sensing, environmental remediation, etc. In the past decade, various strategies or technologies have been used to prepare and functionalize MNMs. However, the current preparation strategies of the MNMs were mainly following the pre-designed methods based on specific tasks to introduce expected functional parts on the various micro/nanocarriers, which lacks a universal platform and common features, making it difficult to apply to different application scenarios. Here, we have developed a modular assembly strategy based on host-guest chemistry, which enables the on-demand construction of imaging-trackable nanomotors mounted with suitable driving and imaging modules using a universal assembly platform, according to different application scenarios. These assembled nanomotors exhibited enhanced diffusion behavior driven by enzymatic reactions. The loaded imaging functions were used to dynamically trace the swarm motion behavior of assembled nanomotors with corresponding fuel conditions both in vitro and in vivo. The modular assembly strategy endowed with host-guest interaction provides a universal approach to producing multifunctional MNMs in a facile and controllable manner, which paves the way for the future development of MNMs systems with programmable functions.

Boric acid-regulated gelation and ethanol-assisted preparation of polybenzoxazine aerogels

Polybenzoxazine aerogels have gained widespread attention in recent years, but the prevalent use of hazardous solvents in the preparation process has severely impeded their further development and promotion for practical applications. Herein, using ethanol as a solvent, a strategy of boric acid-induced microstructure regulation is proposed to construct boron-doped polybenzoxazine (BPBz) aerogels, which provides a feasible approach to overcome the above situation. The introduction of boric acid enhances the backbone strength by forming intermolecular bridged structures between PBz chains and allows the use of ambient pressure drying. The resulting BPBz aerogel demonstrates high stiffness (specific modulus up to 255.97 kN·m·kg−1), low bulk density (0.203 g·cm−3), and low thermal conductivity (0.043 W·m−1·K−1), exhibiting excellent fire resistance when exposed to a 1200 °C flame (the self-extinguishing interval less than 1 s). More interestingly, the aerogel demonstrates intrinsic and tunable wettability that correlates with the morphology. Combining the environmentally friendly preparation strategy and these advantages, BPBz aerogels hold promise for thermal management and fire protection applications in energy-saving construction and other harsh conditions.

Rapid preparation of P/O doped nano-porous carbon by microwave method for high-performance supercapacitors

This paper proposes a simple and rapid microwave-assisted phosphorus-oxygen doped porous carbon (P/O-PC) preparation strategy is proposed using potassium citrate, Phytic acid (PA), and ethanol under air atmosphere. PA can be used as both a phosphorus source and a microwave absorbing agent. The P/O-PC500–0.75 has a large specific surface area of 905 cm2/g. P/O doping introduces defects into the carbon structure, which enhances the capacitance of the porous carbon. The P/O-PC500–0.75 demonstrates excellent capacitance values of 330 F/g and 389.4 F/g in 6.0 M KOH and 1.0 M H2SO4, respectively (1 A/g). In addition, the symmetrical supercapacitors assembled with the P/O-PC500–0.75 exhibit good electrochemical stability over 5000 cycles at 5 A/g, with a capacitance loss of only 3.6%. This microwave-assisted strategy offers simplicity in operation and low energy consumption, providing a new and efficient pathway to prepare carbon materials in a fast and simple manner.

CdS/ZnS core–shell nanorod heterostructures co-deposited with ultrathin MoS2 cocatalyst for competent hydrogen evolution under visible-light irradiation

Hydrogen generation via semiconductor photocatalysts has gained significant attention as a sustainable fuel generation process. To demonstrate the performance of nanoscale core–shell heterostructure in photocatalytic hydrogen production, we have fabricated CdS nanorods coated with ZnS photocatalyst via wet-chemical reaction followed by deposition of ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets by photo reduction process. The effect of ZnS content and suitable amount of MoS2 loading over the visible-light induced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution was examined in Na2S and Na2SO3 aqueous solutions. Interestingly, it is apparent that a close connection (or heterojunction) between CdS and ZnS is believed to easily tunnel the charge carriers to the surplus surface states, making its electrons and holes energetically favourable to transfer from ZnS to MoS2 for photocatalytic reactions and subsequently, enhances the H2 evolution activity in CdS/ZnS type I core–shell heterostructures. The optimal MoS2 concentration is resolved to be 7 mol% and the subsequent visible-light induced H2 generation rate was 13589 μmol h−1g−1, which is 19 and 158 fold higher than pristine CdS and ZnS respectively. The probable photocatalytic mechanism of CdS/ZnS type I core–shell heterostructure with MoS2 cocatalyst is proposed. Our inexpensive and convenient preparation strategy may offer novel prospects in the engineering of desirable nanoheterostructures with better performance.

High‐Performance Nd: AIZO/Al2O3 Dual Active Layer Design Without Thermal Annealing: High‐Speed Electron Transport and Defect Modification in Thin Film Transistors

Flexible wearable electronics have been developing rapidly in recent years, and one of its core devices, thin‐film transistor (TFT), is also attracting attention. Current TFT preparation processes usually require high annealing temperatures (&gt;350 °C), which is not conducive to their application on most flexible substrates (PET, PEN, nanopaper, etc.). In this article, a strategy for the room temperature preparation of Nd:AIZO/Al2O3 dual‐layer TFT devices is proposed, which has appreciable electrical properties without additional annealing treatment. Taguchi orthogonal experimental methods are used to investigate the effects of three essential process parameters on the performance of the films and devices. As Nd:AIZO deposition time decreases and Al2O3 oxygen percentage and time during deposition increase, the μsat and SS of TFT devices are improved. With the preferred combination of parameters applied to the device preparation, the device exhibits a saturation mobility μsat of 24.3 cm2 V−1 s−1, a threshold voltage Vth of −1.4 V, a subthreshold swing SS of 0.21 V decade−1 and an Ion/Ioff ratio of 4.26 × 108. The ultra‐thin Al2O3 layer act as defect modification and form high‐speed electron transport in channel layer. The room temperature preparation of the dual‐layer TFT process proposed in this article is compatible with large‐size low‐cost flexible substrates. It has great potential for application in green flexible wearable electronics.

TrioConvTomatoNet: A robust CNN architecture for fast and accurate tomato leaf disease classification for real time application

Tomato leaf diseases are a common threat to long-term tomato protection that affects many farmers worldwide. Computer-assisted technology is more prevalent for early and accurate diagnosis of tomato leaf diseases, which may reduce the likelihood that the plant will suffer further harm. The advancement of deep learning techniques has a lot of potential for accurate classification of leaf diseases through an automated feature extraction topology. By changing the network layers and their parameters in the feature extraction topology, it is possible to extract the exact features and improve the classification accuracy. In this study, TrioConvTomatoNet, novel deep convolutional neural network architecture, is proposed, which includes a 3-series convolution layer under each stage of the feature extraction topology to capture and integrate the information from the leaf images efficiently. To improve the network's learning ability and perform accurate classifications, the proposed method incorporates the stochastic gradient descent optimizer. In order to facilitate proper learning, a separate dataset preparation strategy was followed for tomato leaf image dataset collection, which includes existing and real-time images. This research is carried out with varying the number of convolution layers to express the effectiveness of the proposed method in capturing and integrating information from the leaf images. Also, the extensive experiments on an unseen dataset collection with and without augmentation express the superiority and robustness of TrioConvTomatoNet in terms of both accuracy and speed when compared to state-of-the-art methods. The proposed method achieves remarkable accuracy of about 99.39% in disease classification while processing both existing database and real-time images, making it suitable for practical deployment in agricultural settings.

Two-Dimensional Semiconductors and Transistors for Future Integrated Circuits.

Silicon transistors are approaching their physical limit, calling for the emergence of a technological revolution. As the acknowledged ultimate version of transistor channels, 2D semiconductors are of interest for the development of post-Moore electronics due to their useful properties and all-in-one potentials. Here, the promise and current status of 2D semiconductors and transistors are reviewed, from materials and devices to integrated applications. First, we outline the evolution and challenges of silicon-based integrated circuits, followed by a detailed discussion on the properties and preparation strategies of 2D semiconductors and van der Waals heterostructures. Subsequently, the significant progress of 2D transistors, including device optimization, large-scale integration, and unconventional devices, are presented. We also examine 2D semiconductors for advanced heterogeneous and multifunctional integration beyond CMOS. Finally, the key technical challenges and potential strategies for 2D transistors and integrated circuits are also discussed. We envision that the field of 2D semiconductors and transistors could yield substantial progress in the upcoming years and hope this review will trigger the interest of scientists planning their next experiment.

Synergetic improvement of dielectric properties and thermal conductivity in Zn@ZnO/carbon fiber reinforced silicone rubber dielectric elastomers

Dielectric elastomers (DEs) with large dielectric permittivity (ε') but low loss, high thermal conductivity (TC), are highly pursued in artificial muscles. To elevate the ε' and TC of raw zinc (Zn)/silicone rubber (SR), raw Zn particles were oxidized to Zn@ZnO (zinc oxide), and then incorporated into SR. Compared to raw Zn/SR, the Zn@ZnO/SR showcases the enhanced ε' and TC because the ZnO interlayer induces intraparticle polarization and promotes interfacial phonon transport. Further, synergetic improvement of ε' and TC is found when modicums carbon fibers (CF) was added into Zn@ZnO/SR. The ε' and TC of Zn@ZnO/CF/SR are 23.83 and 1.53 W/(m·K), corresponding to 3.41 and 0.48 W/(m·K) for raw Zn/SR at 60 phr fillers. However, dielectric loss and electric conductivity of Zn@ZnO/CF/SR are remained at low levels. This work provides a strategy for design and preparation of robust SR DEs with high ε' and TC but low loss for prospective applications.

N, P codoped hollow carbon prisms for efficient oxidative dehydrogenation reaction with both enhanced activity and selectivity

Carbon materials have stimulated tremendous interest in oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of alkane to olefin molecules at low temperature. Unfortunately, its further development has been seriously hindered due to the unsatisfactory catalytic performance. To tackle these challenges, nitrogen and phosphorus codoped hollow carbon prisms (NPC) are designed with controllable surface functional groups through supramolecular pre-assembly and substitution reaction from guanine and hexachlorotriphosphazene. The resultant catalysts can achieve both high catalytic activity (63 % conversion) and styrene selectivity (90 %) in ODH of ethylbenzene, outerperforming previous reported carbon-based catalysts. Structural characterizations, kinetics measurements and theoretical results unravel that nitrogen doping can promote nucleophilicity of –CO, thus improving the catalytic activity. The phosphorus doping not only changes reaction rate-determining step from activation of O2 in N-doped carbon to activation of –C–H bond of EB in N,P-codoped carbon, but also inhibits the formation of electrophilic oxygen species, which enhances selectivity of styrene. The current work provides a facile strategy for preparation of functional NPC catalyst and physical–chemical insights on the structure–activity relationship of NPC catalysts, paving the way for further development of the highly efficient non-metallic catalytic systems.

Recent Progress of the Application of Electropolymerization in Batteries and Supercapacitors: Specific Design of Functions in Electrodes

AbstractElectrochemical energy storage devices play a vital role in human life, and the requirements for their sustainability and environmental friendliness have been increasing in recent years. Electropolymerization, as a convenient method for polymer synthesis, has attracted increasing attentions in applications in the field of energy storage and conversion. It is not only commonly employed for the fabrication of various self‐supporting electrodes, but also is one of the most promising preparation strategies for organic electrode materials, internal interlayers within electrodes, functional protective layers, and current collector surface modifications. Previously published works have confirmed that the introduction of electropolymerization can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of various energy storage devices. However, there are still challenges in the universality of the synthesis route, in‐depth understanding of interface chemical behavior, and scaled‐up production. This mini review summarizes the main components in electropolymerization, material synthesis mechanisms, and their application principles in batteries and supercapacitors. Additionally, the current challenges and future development directions of electropolymerization have been discussed, offering some perspectives for further exploration.

Droplet photopolymerization as new strategy for the rapid preparation of hydrogel beads for malachite green removal

Green and efficient preparation of hydrogel beads remains a great challenge. In this study, the hydrogel beads (AGSP) were directly prepared within 10 s from drop-out to drop-down of the droplets in paraffin oil under green LED irradiation using sodium acrylate and acrylamide as the functional monomers, methacrylated carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCSG) as a crosslinker based on carboxymethyl chitosan and poly(ethylene glycol) as porogen. Molar ratios of monomers were modified to optimize the adsorption of hydrogel beads, and the optimal adsorption capacity for malachite green (MG) was 503.33 mg·g−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine the structural characteristics of the hydrogel beads. The removal of MG by AGSP was investigated and the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were calculated to understand the adsorption mechanism. Our research provides a green and efficient technique for preparing hydrogel beads for dye removal.

A review on the impact of single-stranded library preparation on plasma cell-free diversity for cancer detection.

In clinical oncology, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has shown immense potential in its ability to noninvasively detect cancer at various stages and monitor the progression of therapy. Despite the rapid improvements in cfDNA liquid biopsy approaches, achieving the required sensitivity to detect rare tumor-derived cfDNA still remains a challenge. For next-generation sequencing, the perceived presentation of cfDNA is strongly linked to the extraction and library preparation protocols. Conventional double-stranded DNA library preparation (dsDNA-LP) focuses on assessing ~167bp double-stranded mononucleosomal (mncfDNA) and its other oligonucleosomal cell-free DNA counterparts in plasma. However, dsDNA-LP methods fail to include short, single-stranded, or nicked DNA in the final library preparation, biasing the representation of the actual cfDNA populations in plasma. The emergence of single-stranded library preparation (ssDNA-LP) strategies over the past decade has now allowed these other populations of cfDNA to be studied from plasma. With the use of ssDNA-LP, single-stranded, nicked, and ultrashort cfDNA can be comprehensively assessed for its molecular characteristics and clinical potential. In this review, we overview the current literature on applications of ssDNA-LP on plasma cfDNA from a potential cancer liquid biopsy perspective. To this end, we discuss the molecular principles of single-stranded DNA adapter ligation, how library preparation contributes to the understanding of native cfDNA characteristics, and the potential for ssDNA-LP to improve the sensitivity of circulating tumor DNA detection. Additionally, we review the current literature on the newly reported species of plasma ultrashort single-stranded cell-free DNA plasma, which appear biologically distinct from mncfDNA. We conclude with a discussion of future perspectives of ssDNA-LP for liquid biopsy endeavors.