Soap Preparation Research Articles

Production of Biopolymer & Preparation of Soap Using Chitin and Chitosan from Brachyura Shell

Collagen, an extracellular protein, was extracted from eggshells using a combination of 5% EDTA, 0.45 M NaCl, 0.2% NaOH, 0.2% H₂SO₄, 0.7% citric acid, and 10% HCl, while chitosan, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, was extracted from crab shells (Brachyura) through demineralization with 1N Hydrochloric acid, deproteinization using 6% sodium hydroxide solution, and deacetylation with 40% NaOH, followed by decolorization using potassium permanganate and oxalic acid. The proximate analysis of chitosan revealed an ash content of 32% and a moisture content of 4.13%, while the protein content of the extracted collagen was found to be 70 µg/dL, with an alternative method indicating 75 µg, equivalent to BSA. The molecular weights of collagen and chitosan were determined to be 300 kilodaltons and 190-310 kilodaltons, respectively, and their purity was confirmed using FTIR analysis. Hydrogels were prepared using a combination of collagen and chitosan and were tested for water absorption capacity and antimicrobial activity, demonstrating that both biomaterials possess significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Additionally, chitosan’s biocompatibility supports its use in creating edible films that can interact with other biopolymers and additives, indicating its potential for various industrial and biomedical applications.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Soap

Crinum latifoliuma - a well-known ornamental species, a well-known domestic herb in India, belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family. Crinum latifolium. The plant is Ayurveda known as "Sudarshana" or Sukhdarshan. It means that just looking at it brings peace and satisfaction (seeing it). The roots, stems, flowers and leaves of Crinum latifolium are used in herbal therapy and are also used as an ornamental plant. Qualitative analysis of different phytochemical components and evaluation of leaves, sieving in different solutions, preparation of leaf juice soap all available information from literature.

FORMULATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF THE PREPARATION CROWN ETHANOL EXTRACT SHOWER GEL PINEAPPLE (Apineapple comosus (L.) Merr) AGAINST BACTERIA Staphylococcus aureus

Antibacterial bath soap is in great demand by the public. This is because it is believed to cleanse the skin and can also treat or prevent diseases caused by bacteria. One of the natural ingredients that are efficacious as a natural anti-bacterial is pineapple crown. Pineapple crown extract has secondary metabolites namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids/steroids. The purpose of this study was to determine the formulation of liquid bath soap preparations with the use of pineapple crown ethanol extract (ananas comosus (l.) Merr) as liquid bath soap and to determine the potential of pineapple crown ethanol extract liquid bath soap (ananas comosus (l.) Merr) to have antibacterial properties against staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The type of research carried out is an experimental method. The work procedure consists of sample preparation, sample identification, simplisia making, characteristic examination, phytochemical screening, extract making, making liquid shower soap preparations, evaluating liquid shower soap preparations and antibacterial activity tests against staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Pineapple crown ethanol extract is formulated in a shower soap preparation whose formulation uses concentrations of 3%, 5% and 7%. The results of the characterization of pineapple crown simplisia showed a moisture content of 9.50%, water-soluble juice content of 19.88%, soluble juice content in ethanol 13.30%, total ash content of 6.76%, acid insoluble ash content of 1.19%. The results of phytochemical screening testing show pineapple crown contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids/steroids.

Formulation and Physical Quality Testing of Solid Soap From a Combination of Citronella Oil with Patchouli Leaf Oil Againts Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Bacteria on the skin can cause infections ranging from mild to quite serious. Bacteria that are commonly found on human skin are the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The choice for making antibacterial solid soap based on active ingredients from patchouli oil and citronella oil is that this oil has inhibitory power in the growth of bacteria on the skin, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this research is to determine how large the inhibition zone is produced by the antibacterial solid soap formulation and to determine the characteristics and physical quality tests of the solid soap preparation combining citronella oil with patchouli leaf oil so that it is safe to use. The method used is a pure experimental method. Data collection was carried out for 4 weeks according to the testing time and then analyzed using the Graphad application. The results of the research on the inhibition zone test used 2 concentrations, namely 50% and 100%, each formulation had different average results, namely at F2 50% the average was 21 mm with a very strong category, at F2 100% the average was 19.5 mm with the strong category, at F3 50% we get an average of 16 mm in the strong category and at F3 100% we get an average of 18.6 mm in the strong category. In the tests that have been carried out, it was concluded that citronella oil and patchouli leaf oil can be made into antiseptic solid soap and can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The results of testing physical quality characteristics for 4 weeks have met the standard requirements for solid soap.

Antioxidant Activity in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Products in The Form of Formulations and Preparations of Telang Flower Kombucha Hand Soap (Clitoria ternatea L)

Free radicals need to be handled and even prevented so that they are not exposed to the skin, especially the hands. One solution to preventing the exposure of free radicals to the skin of the hands is to wash your hands with herbal soap which is made from the active ingredient of telang flower kombucha. Telang flower kombucha was designed as an active ingredient in the formulation and hand washing soap preparation in this research has been proven as a pharmaceutical biotechnology product in warding off free radicals. This research was designed by making a formulation and preparation of telang flower kombucha hand washing soap at concentrations of 20%, 30% and 40% then measuring it using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Based on statistical analysis, especially post hoc analysis of pharmaceutical biotechnology products in the form of formulations and preparations of telang flower kombucha hand washing soap at a concentration of 40%, it is significantly different from 20% and 30% as a source of antioxidants.

Formulation and Evaluation of Soap Containing Extracts of Various Ethnomedicines

The herbal soap’s formulation includes neem leaf; all herbal ingredients are easily obtained from the local herbal market. Use of cosmetics is part of caring for the skin and other body parts due to the damaging effects of modern pollution and UV rays on human health; aloe plants produce a material used in cosmetic goods to treat burns, psoriasis, acne, and other skin disorders; preparation of herbal soap is a medication or therapy with therapeutic benefits for the skin, including antibacterial and antifungal qualities; the raw material used to make soap has a number of properties that make it a good medicinal or cosmetic. The plant used to manufacture soap has properties that can help eliminate acne, soften the skin’s epidermis, increase penetration, and hasten healing and resolution. Natural remedies like aloe vera are used to both prevent and cure a range of skin conditions. The medicinal properties of aloe vera soap include antiseptic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. The aloe vera plant features tubular yellow blossoms, many-seeded fruits, and triangular, fleshy leaves with serrated edges. Each leaf consists of three layers: an inner, transparent gel that contains 99% water and glucomannans, amino acids, lipids, sterols, and vitamins in the remaining 2%. The intermediate layer of latex is composed of a bitter-yellow sap. Neem provides additional medicinal benefits. Studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-ulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic properties of neem and its chemical components. Tulsi provides many skin-benefiting qualities, such as beep-clean skin. Turmeric and vitamin C are also used to help tone the skin when treating breakouts. Homegrown cleaning solutions with medicinal or sedative qualities, such as antimicrobial and antifungal qualities, can benefit the skin. The rough material used in the cleanser formulation has multiple prescription drugs or cosmetics attached to it. The plant used in cleanser formulations has the ability to smooth out skin imperfections, enhance skin texture, prevent breakouts, and hasten healing and resolution.

Utilizing Used Cooking Oil and Organic Waste: A Sustainable Approach to Soap Production

This research examined the potential for utilizing waste materials generated during the production of dishes/meals and organic waste. Specifically, it evaluated the use of orange peel (OP), spent coffee grounds (SCG), and waste cooking oil in the production of soaps. For the purposes of this study, homemade soaps were made from used food oils using the cold saponification method using sodium hydroxide. During the soap preparation, spent coffee grounds and orange peel were added to the samples in increasing concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, and 5%. The quality of the individual types of homemade soaps was evaluated on the basis of physicochemical properties such as pH, moisture, total alkalinity, total fatty matter, malondialdehyde content, fat content, foaminess, and hardness. All soaps produced using the cooking oil met the ISO quality criteria and reveal a high TFM content, low moisture content, and also very good foam stability and satisfactory foaming stability. However, no relationship was observed between the use of OP and SCG in soap production and these parameters. However, according to the ABTS test, OP and SCG significantly contributed to the antioxidant properties of the soaps, while SCG-impregnated soaps performed slightly better in this respect. Soaps with SCG also had the highest levels of flavonoids. On the other hand, the fillers used for the soap formulation reduced their hardness. All soaps showed 100% solubility in water, thus confirming the biodegradability of the product. This study demonstrated the novel potential of incorporating waste products like orange peel, spent coffee grounds, and waste cooking oil into homemade soaps, highlighting their contributions to its antioxidant properties and water solubility while ensuring high quality standards.

The Effect of Bay Leaf (Syzygium Polyanthum) Extract Hand Washing Liquid Soap Preparation on The Growth of Escherichia Coli Bacteria in Vitro

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) is known as a complement to cooking spices, also used by the community for treatment. The content of antibacterial compounds from bay leaves such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins which can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to determine the effect of hand washing liquid soap with bay leaf extract on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. This study uses a Quasi Experiment research design. The population in this study is located on Jalan Atot Ahmad, West Pontianak District. The sample used was liquid hand washing soap with bay leaf extract at a concentration of 3, 6, and 9%, 9 repetitions with a total of 27 samples, using the disc diffusion method. The results of the antibacterial study showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone at 3% concentration was 8.27 mm, 6% concentration was 10.55 mm and 9% concentration was 11.16. The results of the Linear Regression test using the Anova test obtained pvalue = 0.000, which is pvalue < α, with α = 0.05, so that it was stated that H1 was accepted so that there was an effect on the preparation of liquid hand washing soap (Syzygium polyanthum) extract on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria in vitro.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF RED GINGER RHIZOME EXTRACT SOAP AS AN ANTIBACTERIAL

Objective: Current research work aimed to develop a formulation of red ginger into a stable soap preparation, effective as an antibacterial and safe for long-term use. Methods: The maceration method was used to extract red ginger rhizome. In the formulation, there are variations in the concentration of the extract, where Formulation I (FI) 3%, Formulation II (FII) 5%, Formulation III (FIII) 7%, and Formulation IV (FIV) 0%. The evaluation of the preparation includes tests such as sensory evaluation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity and flow properties, density, foam height, and stability, as well as antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25932 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Results: The percentage of extract yield obtained was 2.38%. All three formulations of soap have shown good stability during the 28-day evaluation (significant>0.05), indicating no significant changes during storage, and the inhibitory power of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria in the three successive formulations was 9.03±0.4; 12.21±0.3; 15.26±0.4 (mm) respectively, while that of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was 6.01±0.6; 10.32±0.4; 12.58±0.6 (mm). Conclusion: The evaluation results, all formulations have good stability during storage. The variation in concentration of red ginger extract will affect the inhibitory power against test bacteria. F III, with an extract content of 7% has better antibacterial activity compared to other formulations.

Study of the preparation of soap prepared from oils different

Study of the preparation of soap prepared from oils different

FORMULASI SEDIAAN SABUN PADAT EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT BUAH PEPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA L.)

Papaya skin (Carica papaya L.) has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Escherichia coli bacteria. This research aims to find out whether papaya peel extract can be formulated into solid soap. Solid soap preparations were made in 4 formulas with F0 (formula 0) as the base and the addition of papaya peel extract at Fl (formula 1) 3.5 g, FII (formula 2) 7 g, and FIII (formula 3) 10.5 g. The formulated solid soap preparation is subjected to physical evaluation including organoleptic, pH, foam height tests, water and free alkali content. The research results showed that all formulas met the requirements except for the water and free alkali content tests which did not meet the requirements because they still exceeded the maximum limit for free water & alkali content set by SNI 2016.

TESTING THE ACTIVITY AND FORMULATION OF NATURAL HAND SOAP BASED ON NATURAL SURFACTANTS OF LERAK FRUIT (Sapindus rarak DC.) AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus

Lerak (Sapindus rarak DC.) is a fruit belonging to the Sapindaceae family that usually grows in tropical forests. Lerak fruit flesh contains the main active compound, saponin. Saponin is a natural surfactant with foaming and emulsifying properties. The use of synthetic surfactants in the manufacture of hand soap sold on the market can have negative impacts, such as irritation and denaturation of proteins in the outer epidermis layer in humans if exposed too often. This study aimed to determine whether lerak can be formulated into natural hand soap as a natural surfactant and determine its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Lerak fruit solutions were prepared using a maceration method. The resulting solution was then formulated into hand soap at concentrations of 10%, 30%, and 50%. The evaluation of the natural hand soap preparation from the lerak fruit included organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, foam height, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the disc diffusion method. Based on the research results, Lerak Fruit (Sapindus rarak DC.) can be formulated as a natural surfactant in hand soap at concentrations of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50%. Based on the evaluation of the physical properties in the foam height test, F1, F2, and F3 met the requirements, whereas F0 did not meet the requirements in the foam stability test because it did not contain lerak fruit extract, so no foam formed ...

Formulation dan Phyical Stability Test Of Turi Leaf Extract (Sesbania grandiflora L.) Silver Nanoparticle Soap

One metal that is widely researched is silver (Ag) which can be used as an antibacterial and antifungal. The method that is widely developed is the biological method, also called biosynthesis. Biosynthesis is a synthesis method using media from plant extracts. This research was conducted to determine the best formulation of Ag nanoparticle soap from turi (sesbania grandiflora) leaf extract based on its stability test. To obtain turi leaf extraction using the infusion method, a flavonoid compound test was carried out to determine the flavonoid compound content. After knowing the existence of flavonoid compounds, the wavelength was determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. In the nanoparticle soap formula, a nanoparticle soap preparation was made which was then tested for the physical quality of Ag nanoparticle soap from turi leaf extract (Sesbania Grandiflora L). The gel-shaped preparation has a characteristic oleum rosae odor and a yellow to blackish soap color. Test the homogeneity to see if there are coarse grains on the surface of the soap. The specific gravity test results of all soap formulations meet the criteria for good soap. The high foam value in soap preparations is between 6.1 – 12.5 mM. The results of measuring the absorption values for concentrations of 1 mM, 2 mM, and 3 mM show that the optimum absorption results in liquid soap preparations are a concentration of 3 mM with a wavelength of 300 nm with an absorbance value of 1.105. The research results showed that turi leaf extract (sesbania grandiflora L) had an effect on the physical stability of Ag nanoparticle soap and met the standards set by SNI. Among formulation 1 with a concentration of 0.03, formulation II with a concentration of 0.06 and formulation III with a concentration of 0.09, the turi leaf extract soap preparation showed the best physical properties in formulation 1 with a concentration of 0.03 in the pH stability test.

Preparation and antimicrobial activity of solid soap from kefir cheese wastewater

All Soap made from chemicals causes side effects on the skin. making soap with natural ingredients kefir cheese wastewater whey) is safe for the skin and has antibacterial properties. The research aim was to produce solid soap-made kefir cheese wastewater, with determined physicochemical characteristics, and better antibacterial activity. The materials used in this research are cheese wastewater (whey). This research was making a kefir formula with the main ingredient of a varied concentration of whey added with turmeric. The solid soap kefir cheese whey contains olive oil, palm oil, VCO, sodium hydroxide, and variations of kefir whey. The characteristic test was conducted by determining free alkali, water content, pH, and foam height. The well diffusion method was applied to test the antibacterial activity. The results show that all formulas of solid soap from kefir cheese wastewater indicated that the quality test kefir whey meets the requirements established by SNI 3532: 2016 and ASTM-D 2002. Soap kefir whey cheese with variant dyes Curcuma Longa potential alternative to the cosmetic industry in anti-acne soap production.

Preparation of Liquid Soap Utilising Used Cooking Oil with Aloe Vera as an Antibacterial Agent

Waste cooking oil has been repurposed in the preparation of liquid hand soap, enriched with Aloe vera extract as an antibacterial agent. To ensure the safety and efficacy of the product in bacterial inhibition, comprehensive testing of physical quality and antibacterial activity has been undertaken on the produced liquid soap. The test results affirm that the soap product complies with the Indonesian National Standard for free alkali content, acidity level (pH), foam height, foam stability, and water content. Notably, the soap exhibits a free alkali content of 0.01873%, a pH of 10, a foam height of 65 mm, and a foam stability value of 84.61%. The water content in the soap is measured at 40%. These results collectively position the soap within the criteria for high-quality soap. In the antibacterial effectiveness test against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, the addition of Aloe vera has markedly expanded the inhibitory zone, demonstrating a significant enhancement in antibacterial activity. In light of the above, this study aims to address environmental pollution and health risks associated with improper disposal of waste cooking oil. Moreover, the addition of antibacterial Aloe vera presents an economically valuable solution by repurposing waste cooking oil into a useful product.

LIQUID SOAP FORMULATION FROM ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CASSAVA LEAVES (Manihot esculenta Crantz) WITH COCAMIDE DEA AS SURFACTANT

The ethanol extract of cassava leaves contains various secondary metabolites that have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella sp., and thus can be used as active ingredients in liquid soap preparation. Liquid soap formulations generally use sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant, which can cause irritation and skin dryness. This study aimed to formulate an ethanol extract from cassava leaves into a liquid soap preparation using cocamide DEA as a surfactant to reduce skin irritation. The study was conducted in an experimental laboratory. Cassava leaves were extracted by maceration using ethanol. Three liquid soap formulas from cassava leaf extract were developed with different extract concentrations: F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). The liquid soaps were evaluated in terms of organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, viscosity, foam height, and foam stability. The study showed that cassava leaves extract could be formulated into a homogeneous liquid soap with a pH range of 7.0–7.5, viscosity of 143.6–306.2 cps, foam height of 53.33–60.00 mm, and foam stability of 75.01–82.36%. F3 is the optimum formula with the best physical characteristics of the preparation in terms of organoleptic properties, foam height, and foam stability. Keywords: cocamide DEA, cassava leaves, liquid soap, surfactant

Formulation of babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides) leaf extract natural liquid soap

Babadotan leaf has an antibacterial agent which able to protect the skin from types of infectious diseases. The antibacterial agent is potential to be developed as an antibacterial agent in soap preparation also potential replaced the SLS soap. The purpose of this study is to determine the best concentration extract of babadotan on liquid soap based SNI 06-4085-1996. The concentration treatment of babadotan leaf extract consisted of 9 levels (0-40%). Observations made included the degree of acidity (pH), specific gravity, foam stability, total plate count, sensory test consisting of a scoring test and a hedonic test. Then the data were analyzed using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level. The result is the best babadotan extract liquid bath soap at an extract concentration of 25%. Babadotan extract liquid soap produces the best characteristics with a score color 3.32 (typical babadotan), aroma 3.67 (fresh), texture 2.95 (less viscous), foam 3.32 (like), and overall acceptability 3.52 (like). The 25% extract treatment resulted in a pH value of 6.59, a specific gravity is 1.03 and a total plate number of 3.4x104. The stability of the resulting foam is at 94.35%, antibacterial inhibition formed was 18.41 mm.

Phytochemical Screening and Physical Evaluation of Liquid Soap Preparation with 96% Ethanol Extract of Butterfly Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.)

Telang is a type of plant that is often found in Indonesia. Butterfly pea plants, especially flowers, are widely used as natural dyes and herbal medicines because they have secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins which have antibacterial potential. Based on its potential, it is necessary to innovate in making liquid soap cosmetic preparations using butterfly pea flower extract as an active ingredient that has antibacterial properties. The type of research is experimental laboratory including phytochemical screening of butterfly pea flower extract and formulation of liquid soap preparations with extract variations of 5%, 10% and 15%. The results of the research show that butterfly pea flower extract contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and alkaloids. The results of the physical evaluation showed that the orgonoleptic test results, pH, spreadability, homogeneity and foam height met the requirements for good liquid soap.

Formulation of Body Odor Bacteria Inhibiting Deodorant Spray from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Klika Kesambi

Acne is one of the skin damages caused by acne-causing bacteria. Flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in taro tubers can potentially have activity against acne-causing bacteria. This study aims to determine the formulation of extract transparent solid soap preparation that meets the characteristics and assess the activity of soap preparation as anti-acne against acne-causing bacteria. Taro tubers were extracted by maceration method. The extract was formulated as transparent solid soap preparations with variations in extract concentration, namely F0 0%, F1 2%, F2 4%, and F3 8%. The soap was evaluated for characteristics including organoleptic test, pH, moisture content, free fatty acids and alkali, mineral oil test, and foam stability test. Antibacterial activity testing of transparent soap extracts was carried out against acne-causing bacteria. The extraction results obtained an extract yield of 10.86%, the three extract formulas have transparent solid soap characteristics that meet the requirements. Soap preparation formula 1 has an inhibition zone of 21.66 ± 0.31 mm against P. acnes bacteria, 19.11±0.53 mm against S. epidermidis, 21.74±0.34 mm against S. aureus. Soap preparation formula 2 has an inhibition zone of 18.53±0.26 mm against P. acnes bacteria, 18.71±0.49 mm against S. epidermidis, 20.16±0.34 mm against S.aureus and soap preparation formula 3 has an inhibition zone of 19.03±0.68 mm against P. acnes bacteria, 19.93±0.86 mm against S. epidermidis, 22.75±0.59 mm against S.aureus. In conclusion, formula 2 with 2% extract concentration has the best soap characteristics and has the most optimal inhibition zone.

Production of Biopolymer and Preparation of Soap Using Chitin and Chitosan from Brachyura Shell

Production of Biopolymer and Preparation of Soap Using Chitin and Chitosan from Brachyura Shell