Preparation Of Nanocellulose Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of crystalline nanocellulose from keya (Pandanus tectorius) L. fiber as potential reinforcement in sustainable bionanocomposite: A waste to wealth scheme

Preparation and characterization of crystalline nanocellulose from keya (Pandanus tectorius) L. fiber as potential reinforcement in sustainable bionanocomposite: A waste to wealth scheme

Nanocellulose prepared with γ-valerolactone pretreatment and its enhancement in colored paper

New techniques are always demanded to pursuit green and economical ways for nanocellulose preparation. We herein proposed to use γ-valerolactone (GVL) to facilitate the nanocellulose preparation from bleached bamboo pulp fibers as a green and sustainable pretreatment. The GVL pretreatment caused the bamboo fibers to destruct, resulting in an obviously increased fine fiber content, which was systematically studied to disclose the influence of different factors on the fiber changes. The optimum GVL pretreatment conditions were determined as reaction time of 4 h, reaction temperature of 140 °C and the ratio of GVL to water of 4:1. Notably, the GVL pretreatment caused negligible changes in the functional groups on cellulose, as well as its crystalline structure. The resultant nanocellulose (i.e. G-CNF) had a width of ca. 47 nm and it showed good adsorption capacity towards RR195 dye since an impressive dye uptake rate of 46.81 % was attained. The incorporation of G-CNF significantly improved the coloring performance and the ∆E (color difference) value reached up to 33.73. Improvements in the mechanical properties of RR195 dyed paper were also observed with the incorporation of G-CNF. This work sheds light on the nanocellulose preparation with GVL pretreatment and demonstrates a feasible way to apply the resultant nanocellulose in the colored paper manufacture.

Removal of Chromium from Aqueous System Using Nanocellulose Prepared from Defoliated Terminalia Catappa Leaves

Nanocellulose is considered as a sustainable and renewable nanomaterial due to its abundant availability, biodegradability and biocompatibility characteristics. The study demonstrates the synthesis of nanocellulose from defoliated leaves of the Tropical Almond (Terminalia catappa) plant, abundantly available residual plant biomass and its subsequent use in eliminating Cr(VI) from the water system. The study demonstrates the preparation of nanocellulose by chemical means, employing NaOH and H2SO4 as chemical agents. Characterization techniques like FTIR, SEM, and XRD were used to study the chemical composition and morphology of the resulting nanocellulose. The characterization studies confirm the formation of nanocellulose from the plant biomass. The Cr(VI) adsorption study of the produced nanocellulose is carried out through fitting different adsorption isotherm models and kinetic models. According to the study, Cr(VI) adsorption gradually increases as time period of treatment increases. A maximum adsorption of 98.4% is attained for time period of treatment of 75 min. Overall, the study proposes mixed types of adsorption (chemisorption and physisorption) of Cr(VI) on nanocellulose. This comprehensive research contributes in developing affordable, sustainable nanobiomass from plentiful bio-waste for use in the removal of heavy metals from water streams.

Optimizing carboxylated nanocellulose preparation: A kinetic and mechanistic study on the enhancement of TEMPO-mediated oxidation via swelling treatment

This study explored the application of swelling pretreatment as a solution to the high cost and contamination associated with the process of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation for nanocellulose preparation. The results demonstrated that swelling significantly expanded the fibers while preserving the degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose (approximately 95 %). The native crystal structure and hydrogen bonding of cellulose were disrupted after swelling, leading to a reduction in crystallinity and crystallite size, and the decrease of bonding energy and content of intermolecular O6-H⋯O3′. The TEMPO-mediated oxidation processes of cellulose fibers with or without swelling were successfully fitted using a consecutive first-order reaction kinetic model. The fitting results indicated that swelling significantly reduced the activation energy of TEMPO-mediated oxidation and enhanced the reaction rate. Among three swelling systems, the NaOH/thiourea/water system exhibited the optimal promotion effect. Consequently, the swelling treatment enables a significant reduction of 30 % in the catalyst dose for the TEMPO-mediated oxidation while preserving a competitive reaction rate, yield, and product performance. Lower catalyst dosage helps to reduce cost and environmental impact, facilitating the industrial application of the TEMPO-mediated oxidation process.

Preparation of spherical nanocellulose from waste tobacco stem

Tobacco stems constitute a large amount of waste biomass generated during tobacco production, and their recycling is of great significance to the environment and the conservation of resources. In this study, an efficient, inexpensive, and less toxic strategy is reported for recycling waste tobacco stem, wherein the spherical tobacco stem nanocellulose (STsN) with a size of 10 to 100 nm was prepared from waste stems using a NaOH/urea/thiourea aqueous system. The morphology of STsN was characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The crystal structure of STsN was determined using X-ray diffractometry. The nanocellulose exhibited the crystal structure of cellulose II. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the STsN indicated that STsN retained the typical chemical structure of cellulose. The thermal properties of STsN were investigated by thermogravimetry. It is concluded that the STsN had better thermal stability than cellulose. The product has potential for practical application with high thermal stability requirements, such as transistors and batteries.

Preparation and modification of nanocellulose using deep eutectic solvents and their applications

Preparation and modification of nanocellulose using deep eutectic solvents and their applications

Oxidation of p-toluenesulfonic acid fractionated hybrid Pennisetum by different methods for carboxylated nanocellulose preparation: The evaluation of efficiency and sustainability

An innovative two-step process with p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) and oxidation treatment was proposed for the efficient preparation of carboxylated nanocellulose from hybrid Pennisetum. Approximately 90 % of lignin was dissolved by p-TsOH acid under the optimal condition (80 °C, 20 min). Near-complete delignification (down to 0.5 %) and introduction of carboxylate groups (up to 1.48 mmol/g) could be achieved simultaneously during cellulose oxidation treatments without the requirement for bleaching. However, different oxidation methods expressed different efficiency and sustainability. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation has higher selectivity for the carboxylation reaction but with detriment to the aquatic environment. Fenton oxidation is more energy-consuming due to the lower carboxylate contents of products (maximum 188 μmol/g), with the carboxylic groups present as carboxylic acids, but competitive in terms of environmental sustainability, especially when renewable energy sources are available. The nanocelluloses obtained by the two oxidation methods differ in morphology and have different application prospects.

Preparation and characterization of sulfated nanocellulose: From hydrogels to highly transparent films

This study focuses on the production of sulfated cellulose microfibers and nanocellulose hydrogels from native cellulose microfibers (CMF). The process involves using a combination of H2SO4 and urea, resulting in highly sulfated cellulose microfiber hydrogel (SC) with notable properties such as a sulfur content of 7.5 %, a degree of sulfation of 0.49, a surface charge content of 2.2 mmol. g−1, and a high yield of 81 %. The SC hydrogel can be easily fibrillated into sulfated nanocellulose hydrogel (S-NC) with elongated nanocellulose structures having an average diameter of 6.85 ± 3.11 nm, as determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the presence of sulfate groups on the surface of the nanocellulose material. Transparent films with good mechanical properties can be produced from both cellulose microfiber and nanocellulose hydrogels. The sulfate functionality gives the hydrogel attractive rheological properties and makes S-NC re-dispersible in water, which can be beneficial for various applications. This study demonstrates the potential of this process to address previous challenges related to nanocellulose materials production.

Preparation of Nanocellulose from waste of Cotton Lint

Preparation of Nanocellulose from waste of Cotton Lint

Nanocoating from banana peel biomass as an organic bioresource and recycling process

Lignocellulose-derived organic biobased (plant) nanocellulose, nanocoating, biocoating, biofilm, and other components can be implemented in the medical, biomedical, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and bioengineering industries. Nanobiobased bio-coating derived from lignocellulose is edible and naturally biodegradable. The study was carried out to investigate the edible nanocellulose-based nano coating for drug delivery (capsules and pellets) using jackfruit peel biomass coming after bioprocess technology. Jackfruit peel biomass was utilized as a sample to produce edible biobased nanocoating for drug delivery (pellet and capsule) and other industrial uses. Nanocellulose preparation using bioprocess technology, acid hydrolysis and pyrolysis, plasticizer mixture, and food additive dye were used for this experiment. The result exhibited that negligible water percent (0.05%) absorbed by biobased nanocoating was under the ASTM (American Standard for Testing and Materials). The ordor test was examined and found to be completely under the standardization of ASTM. In addition, nanocoating attached to the food additive color, tensile strength, firmness test, pH, and cellulose content have followed the standard value of ASTM compared to the synthetic coating. Besides, inorganic chemical elements tests such as K, P, Ca, CO3, Cl, Na, Mg exhibited positive standardization of biobased nanocoating compared to the synthetic coating in the laboratory using the EN (166)) standardization. Therefore, it can be concluded that organic (nanocellulose) based edible nanocoating may be used for drug (pellet and capsule) coating using jackfruit peel biomass as biomedical, cosmetic, and medical components in the pharmaceutical industries.

Preparation and Surface Modification of Nanocellulose and Its Adsorption Performance on Cu2+

Nanocellulose fibers (NCFs) were converted to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and then modified with diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) to form modified CNCs (DTPA–CNCs), which were investigated as adsorbents for removing Cu2+ from aqueous solution. The adsorption behavior was affected by pH, contact time, dosage and raw Cu2+ concentration. Langmuir model is the best method to fit the adsorption isotherm of experimental results. The optimal conditions for Cu2+ adsorption were 2 h at 35 °C and pH 3, the optimal adsorption capacity is 94.5 mg/g. These functional groups on the DTPA–CNCs provided enhanced adsorption capacity, compared with unmodified NCFs.

Preparation and characterization of crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) from linseed straw fibers: As a potential alternative source of nanofillers in polymer composites

Preparation and characterization of crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) from linseed straw fibers: As a potential alternative source of nanofillers in polymer composites

Characterization of Nanocellulose from Orange Peel Waste

Orange peel is a commercially available natural fiber with an increasing interest in using it as a raw material in a variety of applications due to its high cellulose concentration in the plant. This research aims to determine the preparation of nanocellulose from orange peel waste (OPW) by using chemical treatment of acid hydrolysis method. In order to provide the optimum conditions of nanocellulose of OPW which are possessed high crystallinity in their crystal structure by using acid hydrolysis method and the effects of various acid concentrations on the crystallinity index, crystallite size and morphology of cellulose nanocrystals were studied. However, based on the previous study, using OPW there is limited study has been reported on type of acid and optimum acid concentration as a parameter of using hydrolysis method. Therefore, in this study, the process of preparation OPW nanocellulose by using acid hydrolysis method with the best type of acid used of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), optimum acid concentration (30-40 wt%), constant hydrolysis time (120 min) and constant temperature (45 °C) is comprehensively studied. Based on the achieved outcomes, the H2SO4 emerges as the most favorable approach for acid hydrolysis technique, effectively yielding finely dispersed crystalline cellulose while mitigating undesirable aggregation effects. The optimal acid concentration of 30 wt%, coupled with a 120 minute hydrolysis duration and a temperature of 45 °C, yields the most favorable results in terms of both crystallinity index and crystallite size, reaching remarkable values of 87.69 % and 3.19 nm, respectively. The nanocellulose derived from OPW holds significant potential as an environmentally sustainable material, aligning harmoniously with prevailing global trends in design and development for enhanced sustainability.

Isolation of nanocellulose from Dodonaea viscosa plant: structural and thermal properties

Abstract In this research work, cellulose was isolated from Dodonaea viscosa plant by means of various chemical processes followed by the preparation of nanocellulose through sulfuric acid hydrolysis. These chemical processes begin with the removal of non-cellulosic material such as lignin, pectin, crude wax, and hemicellulose followed by alkaline treatment and chlorine-free bleaching methods. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the successful isolation of cellulosic material after removing hemicellulose, lignin, and other extractives. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) elucidated the thermal degradation profile of the cellulose-based materials obtained after various chemical procedures at each step. Additionally, nanocellulose was prepared from cellulosic material using acid hydrolysis, and its structural and thermal properties were discussed. Nanocellulose extraction from the lignocellulosic biomass sources and its further utilization has been the subject of intensive research as the global community needs the use of green chemistry principles in recent life. Nanocellulosic material due to its unique characteristics and properties is of great importance and has many applications in various industries, including materials science and engineering.

Harnessing Nature's Ingenuity: A Comprehensive Exploration of Nanocellulose from Production to Cutting-Edge Applications in Engineering and Sciences.

Primary material supply is the heart of engineering and sciences. The depletion of natural resources and an increase in the human population by a billion in 13 to 15 years pose a critical concern regarding the sustainability of these materials; therefore, functionalizing renewable materials, such as nanocellulose, by possibly exploiting their properties for various practical applications, has been undertaken worldwide. Nanocellulose has emerged as a dominant green natural material with attractive and tailorable physicochemical properties, is renewable and sustainable, and shows biocompatibility and tunable surface properties. Nanocellulose is derived from cellulose, the most abundant polymer in nature with the remarkable properties of nanomaterials. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the methods used for nanocellulose preparation, structure-property and structure-property correlations, and the application of nanocellulose and its nanocomposite materials. This article differentiates the classification of nanocellulose, provides a brief account of the production methods that have been developed for isolating nanocellulose, highlights a range of unique properties of nanocellulose that have been extracted from different kinds of experiments and studies, and elaborates on nanocellulose potential applications in various areas. The present review is anticipated to provide the readers with the progress and knowledge related to nanocellulose. Pushing the boundaries of nanocellulose further into cutting-edge applications will be of particular interest in the future, especially as cost-effective commercial sources of nanocellulose continue to emerge.

Preparation of Nanocellulose from Coffee Pulp and Its Potential as a Polymer Reinforcement.

Coffee is one of the most valued agricultural products regarding its high commercialization rate. During the production of coffee beans, coffee pulp is obtained as one of the main byproducts with a cellulose content of more than 30% of dry weight. This research focused on the value-added potential of coffee pulp fiber as the reinforcement in composite materials. The nanocellulose coffee pulp (NCP) from the coffee pulp (CP) was prepared and subsequently used as a filler to reinforce the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix for the improvement of PVA composite properties. The CP was treated via alkali and bleaching treatment before the production of NCP using the acid hydrolysis treatment. The TEM result of NCP showed the successful preparation of NCP with an average diameter of 16.03 ± 4.70 nm with increasing crystallinity size and crystallinity index. The effect of glycerol (G) in the PVA matrix was observed. The result showed that glycerol had a play-role as a plasticizer for increased flexibility and decreased hardness and brittleness of PVA nanocomposite film. The nanocomposite film of PVA/G/NCP was fabricated with various ratios of NCP through the casting method. It was shown that the physical properties were improved with the presence of NCP in the PVA matrix compared to the neat PVA film.

Nanocellulose from Preparation to Application: A Mini Review

Abstract: In this paper, the advanced preparation methods of nanocellulose are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are compared, especially the application of using a eutectic solvent to prepare nanocellulose instead of strong acid and strong base solvent is listed. In this paper, the wide application of nanocellulose in medicine, sewage treatment, electrochemistry, gas absorption and other fields is summarized, such as drug transport as a drug carrier and the construction of biological tissue scaffolds for the medical field. Further research is needed, and the expectation of more green and efficient preparation of nanocellulose and its application prospect in more fields is expressed.

Extraction and characterization of novel cellulose nanocrystals from Artemisia scoparia straw and their application in hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) films

Abstract This research study reports on the extraction of nanocellulose followed by structural and thermal analysis and application of nanocellulose in hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) nanocomposite films. The cellulose nanocrystals were isolated from Artemisia scoparia straw through an alkaline treatment and bleaching process, followed by sulphuric acid hydrolysis. The HPMC nanocomposite films were prepared by a solution casting method and dried at room temperature. Fourier transform infrared-ray (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to analyze the structural and thermal properties of the materials, including the cellulosic material, the nanomaterial, and the nanocomposites. The FTIR spectra indicated that the extraction procedure was adequate, demonstrating the removal of lignin and hemicellulose and the preparation of nanocellulose. The TGA results revealed the thermal degradation pattern of the cellulose and showed that the HPMC films had enhanced thermal stability. This research demonstrates that A. scoparia straw has potential for the extraction of cellulosic nanomaterial and a wide range of applications in nanocomposites.

Preparation of Nanocellulose-Based Aerogel and Its Research Progress in Wastewater Treatment.

Nowadays, the fast expansion of the economy and industry results in a considerable volume of wastewater being released, severely affecting water quality and the environment. It has a significant influence on the biological environment, both terrestrial and aquatic plant and animal life, and human health. Therefore, wastewater treatment is a global issue of great concern. Nanocellulose's hydrophilicity, easy surface modification, rich functional groups, and biocompatibility make it a candidate material for the preparation of aerogels. The third generation of aerogel is a nanocellulose-based aerogel. It has unique advantages such as a high specific surface area, a three-dimensional structure, is biodegradable, has a low density, has high porosity, and is renewable. It has the opportunity to replace traditional adsorbents (activated carbon, activated zeolite, etc.). This paper reviews the fabrication of nanocellulose-based aerogels. The preparation process is divided into four main steps: the preparation of nanocellulose, gelation of nanocellulose, solvent replacement of nanocellulose wet gel, and drying of nanocellulose wet aerogel. Furthermore, the research progress of the application of nanocellulose-based aerogels in the adsorption of dyes, heavy metal ions, antibiotics, organic solvents, and oil-water separation is reviewed. Finally, the development prospects and future challenges of nanocellulose-based aerogels are discussed.

Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment for green preparation of nanocellulose

Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment for green preparation of nanocellulose